fatemeh mohammadkhah

Pain and its control is a significant health problem worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the effects of white noise (bird sound) on the severity of muscle vaccination pain in children under two years old.

This study was a case-control study conducted in 2021. The samples included seventy children under two years old referred to the health centers in Ramsar City, Iran. The samples were selected using the convenient sampling method and divided into experimental and control groups. The data were collected using the demographic characteristics questionnaire, facial expression, and pain assessment in pediatric patients (FLACC). They were then analyzed by SPSS16 using an independent t-test and analysis of covariance (P<0.05).

A significant difference was observed between the severity of muscle vaccination pain in children in the two groups (p=0.042); the pain intensity mean in the experimental group (6.45±2.01) was lower than the control group (8.94±1.28).

This method can be a harmless and inexpensive intervention to reduce pain intensity and behavioral pain responses in infants during painful procedures, especially vaccination.

Due to the importance of breastfeeding and the necessity of identifying the factors affecting the creation and promotion of this behavior, this study aims to determine the relationship between sleeping place, duration of weaning time, and breastfeeding in Children aged 2-3 years.

This study was descriptive and analytical-correlational research in 2021. The participants were 214 children aged 2-3 years old from the health centers of Ramsar city, Iran. The sampling method of the present study was convenient. The tool of the study was a researcher-made questionnaire on infant sleeping places and breastfeeding. The data were entered into SPSS 16 and analyzed using the univariate chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance(P = 0.05).

Exclusive feeding 69.2% (148 people) of children who were exclusively breastfed and in the usual place of sleep, 36.4% (78 people) of children slept in a shared bed with adults, and 57.5% (123 people) shared a room. However, in a separate bed, 1.6% (13 people) slept in a separate room. The average age of weaning in children sleeping in a shared room in the mother’s bed and next to the mother is 1.27 times and 1.30 times that of children sleeping in a separate room, respectively. The relationship between Infant’s sleeping place and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding (P = 0.005), age of weaning onset (P = 0.007), length of weaning (P = 0.018), and definite age of weaning (P = 0.014) was significant. 56.5% of infants (n = 121) were female, and 56.1% (n = 120) had the first birth rank. Breast milk exclusively fed 69.2% (n = 148) of infants.

The results showed that the place of sleep has a significant relationship with the exclusive feeding of milk and the age at which the child is weaned. The results of this study can be useful in planning interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding and increase the duration of feeding infants with breast milk.

One of the most common complaints of women is premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This study aimed to determine the effect of text messages online Education on PMS using Mediabased Support.

The present research was an interventional quasi-experimental study from May 2021 to August 2021 in all female students in Ramsar city, Iran. Sixty-eight cases were selected and divided into two groups (the intervention and control groups). Demographic characteristics questionnaire and Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire (PSQ) were used. Each case in the experimental group received text messages for three menstrual cycles. PMS symptoms were compared before and after the intervention in two groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16), independent t-test, paired t-test, and covariance analysis (P = 0.005).

The participants were 18-25 years old and were studying for a bachelor’s degree. Before the intervention, the mean of the PMS score was (11.25 ± 10.05) in the Intervention group and (31.38 ± 14.31) in the Control group (P = 0.041). After the intervention, the mean PMS scores in the Intervention and Control groups were (21.85 ± 8.25) and (33.26 ± 14.45) (P = 0.001). In the intervention group, psychological and physical symptoms were statistically significant before (25.11 ± 10.05) and after the intervention (21.85 ± 8.25) (P = 0.007).

The study results showed that media-based support is an efficient and effective method in reducing premenstrual symptoms, which can be used in related interventions as an effective, easy, and low-cost method.

Toddlerhood is an important period of a child’s development to master the functioning of the bowel and bladder sphincters. In this regard, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between parental awareness, self-efficacy, and defecation control skills in Iranian toddlers.

The present study was descriptive cross-sectional research. The questionnaires on Demographic information of children and parents, parental awareness and self-efficacy, and defecation control skills were completed by 72 mothers of children aged 18-24 months old in the city of Ramsar. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18, descriptive tests of mean and standard deviation, analytical tests of analysis of variance, independent t-test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

The results showed that the awareness and self-efficacy level was at a medium level of 17.70 ± 2.9230.54 ± 7.15, and their children’s defecation control skill was at a high level8.88 ± 2.91 respectively. Also, there was a positive significant relationship between parental awareness (r = 0.19, P = 0.02) and self-efficacy (r = 0.20, P = 0.01) with defecation control skills. There was a significant relationship between the mother’s occupation (P = 0.04), the father’s age (P = 0.04), and parental selfefficacy (P = 0.04). In addition, a significant relationship was found between the child’s age (P = 0.03) and the mother’s age (P = 0.01) with the child’s defecation control skill.

Promoting awareness and self-efficacy in training defecation control skills is a necessity for parents, and the policymakers should include the integrated care of children in the educational programs of the Ministry of Health so that it is included in the agenda of routine care of health centers in the country.

High-risk behaviors among different strata are one of the most severe health threats in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of high-risk behaviors among college students in Iran.

This study was a cross-sectional study with 144 new students in Tehran City, Iran, performed in 2018 using random sampling. The data collection tools included questions on demographic variables and Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire. Students completed the questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and descriptive tests.

In this study, all students were in their first year of university. The results showed that 66% of students were girls and 34% were boys. 6.9% and 9% of students did not wear helmets when riding motorcycles or sitting in the driver’s seat, respectively. Also, threatened and beaten once with a weapon such as a knife or a stick and physically assaulted or beaten once were seen in 9% and 3.6% of students, respectively.9.7% had taken money from their parents or others once without permission.

Based on the findings, many participants engage in high-risk behaviors that endanger their health; Therefore, designing and improving health programs and strategies is essential to reduce the risks and factors that cause high-risk behaviors. 

Preventive behavior is the best way to control COVID-19 disease. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between spiritual health and religious beliefs with the preventive behavior of COVID-19, based on the health belief model.

The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on 400 citizens of Shiraz, Iran, who were selected through available sampling. For data collection, questionnaires of demographic variables, health belief model, Ellison’s spiritual well-being scale, and God lucus of health control scale were used. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using descriptive and analytical statistical tests.

The mean age of participants was 36.95 ± 10.52 years. Around 61% of the participants were women and 27% of them had university education. Correlation coefficient test showed a significant correlation between COVID-19 preventing behaviors and the structures of health belief model, spiritual well-being, and God's place in health control (P<0.05). The constructs of perceived benefits, spiritual health (existential and religious), God's place in health control, perceived sensitivity, and self-efficacy were the strongest predictors of behavior (P<0.05). In regression analysis, the studied variables predicted 64.6% of the variance of COVID-19 preventive behaviors.

The results of this study showed the relationship between spiritual health and religious beliefs with COVID-19 preventive behaviors, based on the health belief model. It should be mentioned that in carrying out an educational intervention to prevent the COVID-19 disease using the health belief model, spiritual health, and religious beliefs of people should be considered.

 There are scarce Iranian and worldwide research articles on designing the questionnaires of the factors influencing violence prevention. This indicates the need to design a specific questionnaire on factors affecting violence prevention and examine its psychometric properties before using it.

 The present study aimed to design and evaluate psychometric properties (the reliability and validity) of factors affecting violence prevention questionnaire in female students.

 The current psychometric research was conducted in Rudsar, Iran during 2017 - 2018. In the first part (designing the questionnaire), data were collected from 50 participants by purposive sampling and using Waltz methodology. In the second part (evaluating psychometric properties of the questionnaire). The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using face, content, and structural validities. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient, and SPSS 20 software was used for data analysis.

 The initial version of the questionnaire was designed with 212 items. After confirming the validity and reliability, the second version of the questionnaire was extracted with 56 items with an impact score of > 1.5 for all 56 items, the mean CVI = 0.94, and the mean CVR = 0.88. Concerning construct validity, 48 items were extracted with a predictive power of 38.16 based on exploratory factor analysis. The Internal Consistency of Reliability (α = 0.88; ICC = 0.92) was also confirmed.

 In general, the questionnaire represented acceptable reliability and validity for use in the student population. Therefore, the present questionnaire can predict the risk of violence against female adolescents.

 Loneliness can increase stress, anxiety, and engagement in social deviances (SDs) among adolescents and youngsters. The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship of loneliness and attitude towards SDs among nursing and health students during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

 This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2020. Participants were 105 nursing and health students of Ramsar Faculty of Nursing, Mazandaran, Iran. Data were collected using the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Social Deviances Attitude Scale. Data were entered into the SPSS software (v. 16.0) and analyzed through the independent-sample t, Mann Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, the analysis of variance, the Spearman’s correlation analysis, and the multiple regression analysis.

 Most participants were female (73.3%) and single (90.5%) and studied nursing (55.2%). The mean scores of loneliness and attitude towards SDs were 40.19±10.51 and 68.57±8.32, respectively. The highest dimensional score of attitude towards SDs was related to the drug abuse dimension (15.31±2.65). Loneliness had significant relationship with attitude towards SDs and all its dimensions (P<0.05). The significant predictors of loneliness were attitude towards SDs, its aggression dimension, family income, father’s occupation, and father’s educational level (P<0.05).

 Students have low level of loneliness and negative attitude towards SDs. Attitude towards SDs, its aggression dimension, family income, father’s occupation, and father’s educational level are the significant predictors of loneliness. Health and education policy makers need to use strategies to reduce students’ loneliness in order to reduce the risk of their engagement in SDs.

Since the vast majority of patients with hypertension have relatively low medication compliance and self-efficacy as well as have no adequate control over their blood pressure despite routine training, the aim of this study was to determine the knowledge of medication use and self-efficacy in patients with hypertension.

In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 133 patients were selected through the convenience sampling method. Data were collected via questionnaires of demographic characteristics, abbreviated mental test (AMT), knowledge of medication use and self-efficacy in patients with hypertension. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 through Kruskal-Wallis, U Mann-Whitney and logistic regression tests.

The majority of study patients (74.4%) were 50-70 years old. Mean knowledge of medication use was 9.67±1.10 (moderate level) and mean self-efficacy was 360.03±96.59 (high level). There was a significant positive relationship between self-efficacy and status of knowledge of medication use in patients with hypertension (r = 0.407, P<0.001).

In this study, there was a significant relationship between self-efficacy status of knowledge of medication use in patients with hypertension. Therefore, health system policymakers can use appropriate educational interventions to raise knowledge of medication use and self-efficacy of patients to increase the likelihood of timely medication use in these patients.

Occupational and social exposures to COVID-19 are among the significant stressors that threaten the health of Healthcare workers (HCWs) in various dimensions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Corona disease anxiety and the general health of health care workers in the summer of 2021.

This is a descriptive correlational study. Sampling was done by the available method. Study samples included 170 HCWs. Data were collected using tools such as the Demographic Questionnaire, the Corona disease Anxiety Scale(C-19 AS) and the General Health Questionnaire. The data were collected using Porsline software (online). Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using the Kruskal-Wallis test, U Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The significance level was P<0.05.

There was a positive and significant relationship between Corona disease anxiety and general health (p<0.01), and the variables of physical anxiety (β coefficient = -0.233) and marital status (β coefficient = -0.147) had the highest regression effect on public health.

Health policymakers and managers of health care systems take preventive and curative measures such as providing psychological counseling and implementing training programs such as problem-solving skills training and resilience when necessary, especially for married healthcare workers to reduce the level of Corona disease anxiety.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently one of the most challenging and worrying epidemics. One of the ways to combat the COVID-19 pandemic is to use primary health care (PHC), which is a community-based approach. The present study is based on the authors' experiences and the references at the end of the article. This approach includes health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care. PHC principles include multifaceted problem solving, people participation and self-reliance, use of appropriate technology, government political commitment, principle of justice, principle of comprehensiveness of services, use of reliable information system, use of appropriate research results, motivation, love of service staff, logistical support, and facilities at the national and international level to set up and continue the work of primary health care. These principles can be used as an appropriate solution to combat the COVID-19 epidemic.

 Family and parents’ supervision and performance affect the proper socialization process of adolescents and their behavioral development. Therefore, this qualitative study was conducted to examine the family factors affecting violence in adolescents.

 This qualitative study was conducted using the conventional qualitative content analysis method in 2017 in Roodsar. Data saturation was obtained with 50 individuals using 4 questions. The data were collected using in-depth interviews with purposive sampling among female primary and secondary school students as the main participants of the study and their teachers and family as contributors. All interviews were recorded and then typed. Data analysis was done continuously and simultaneously by collecting data using Lundman and Graneheimm constant comparative method.

 Data analysis was conducted using the conventional qualitative analysis method resulted in the extraction of 357 primary codes, 21 sub-sub-categories, 4 sub-categories, and one main category. At the end of this stage, the family factors affecting the violence of adolescents in the whole family provided insecurity to the adolescents, and an insecure family was defined according to the findings as follows: "a broken family with incorrect parenting practices and open borders that provide an insecure environment for the student and lead to violent behavior in adolescent".

 According to the results of this study family factors are related to adolescent violence. Regarding the independence of adolescents at this age and the role of other socializing formal and informal institutions that affect adolescent behavior, the strong and influential role of the family on adolescent behavior is quite obvious.

COVID-19 is an infection caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) virus. Today, the goal of health providers and policymakers around the world is to prevent and control the severity of disease outcomes by making and using vaccines. The present study is a letter to the editor based on the authors' experiences and other studies around the world. It is possible to increase the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in the community with solutions such as sensitization through education and information about vaccines, encouraging the production of COVID-19 vaccines for factories producing, creating exponential demand for vaccines, secure access to vaccines, approving preconditions for receiving vaccines to register and enter Government centers and the employment of manpower, and the provision of educational and health facilities. Vaccine acceptance strategies can increase the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in the community, and take useful and effective steps to prevent or reduce the consequences of the disease.

One of the consequences of anxiety is a decrease in life satisfaction and quality of life (QOL) in individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of Corona anxiety with life satisfaction and QOL in Iranian adults.

This descriptive- analytical cross-sectional study was performed on adults living in Iran in 2020. Totally, 381 adults were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected through "Demographic Information", "Corona Anxiety Scale", "Quality of Life" and "Life Satisfaction" questionnaires via social networks and analyzed in SPSS 16 with independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression.

The mean age of the subjects was 28.74±9.54 years. The means of Corona anxiety (9.82±5.64), life satisfaction (19.86±7.03) and QOL (77.63±13.03) were moderate. Moreover, Corona anxiety had a significant negative relationship with life satisfaction and QOL (p<0.01).

Corona anxiety among Iranian adults has negative consequences on QOL and life satisfaction, so such psychological symptoms related to the Corona pandemic should be identified, and the necessary measures should be taken to combat its consequences.

Understanding public attitudes for planning policies and actions to control air pollution is important. Attitude is partially socially constructed and thus must be studied in each area separately, rather than inferred from other settings. This study was aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of university students about the air pollution sources and solutions in Tehran.
Material and 200 students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) during 2015 - 2016 years were selected by random sampling. The questionnaires were used to collect data consisted of four parts: demographic information, knowledge, attitude, and solutions for reducing air pollution.
Most of the participants were 18 - 22 years old, male, single, studying in bachelor degree, and from Tehran. Significant correlations were found between attitude on one side and age, gender, marital status, and education level on the other side. The most approved solutions for air pollution by students were improvement of the quality of fuel (84.7%) and vehicles (79.7%), and development of green space (76.2%).
Educational programs must be designed to raise the level of public attitude about air pollution. Citizens should be a part of any solution for environmental problems.

Oral health is one of the most important parts of public health which significantly affects on quality of life. The purpose of this study is to assess the socio-economic statues as well as oral health behaviors among a sample of Iranian students studying in elementary level. This was a cross-sectional study which was conducted from April 2012 to November 2012. Data obtained from a face-to-face interviews with students studying in elementary schools of Chahbahar, Iran. Considering inclusion criteria, 300 eligible students were selected through a two - stage random cluster sampling. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics using SPSS version 11.5. Totally 300 students who studying in grade four or five of elementary schools took part in the study. The mean age of subjects was (11± 2.81). Of all students, 11/7% (n = 35) never brush their teeth, 18% (n=54) never floss and 20% (n= 62) never used mouth wash. Furthermore, 94 students (31%) of students had no dental visits regularly. As the results showed, there were significant relationship between lower parents’ educational level (P=0.02), not to access to dental caries services (P=0.04) and lower income (P=0.03) and reasons for not doing oral health behaviour. According the results of this study the students who were in lower socio economic levels, doing less dental healthy behaviors.