fatemeh zolghadr

History is full of popular struggles against oppression and tyranny. When a government undermines the existing democratic regime and jeopardizes the constitutional order, there is a need for a mechanism to safeguard the rule of the Constitution. To address this, democratic systems worldwide have long recognized the concept of the Right to Resistance (RtR) within their constitutional laws. However, this issue has been overlooked in Iran, leading to a dearth of legal research in this area. This theoretical gap necessitates comprehensive research to advance the public law literature. This article adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to answer this question: What is the position of the RtR IN the international legal system and constitutions, particularly in the Iranian Constitution? The research findings reveal that the RtR is regarded as a fundamental human right within the international legal system. Additionally, this right has been enshrined in numerous constitutional laws due to its dual function (both forward-looking and backward-looking). In the Constitution of Iran, the right to resist can be inferred from the affirmation of "the right to sovereignty and self-determination of the people" or "enjoining the good and forbidding the evil of the people towards the government". Resistance can also be justified as a "non-peaceful assembly" and as a "guarantee of popular implementation of deprivation of rights and freedoms".

Benzene a well-known environmental pollutant is a human carcinogen which is involved in the manifestation of a number of malignancies. Activation of benzene and its reactive metabolites such as hydroquinone (HQ) leads to continuous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative Stress. Curcumin, the yellow pigment of curcuma longa, has been shown to possess antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. However, poor bioavailability is the major drawback about of this drug. By using dendrosome, a nontoxic nanoparticle, we tried to deal with this problem. In the present study, we have investigated the protective effects of encapsulated nanocurcumin-PEGOA (ENC) against the HQ-induced oxidative damage in human mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells (hMSCs).
hMSCs were pre-treated with ENC and then exposed to HQ. Cell viability, intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation extent were assessed by MTT assay, DCFHDA fluorescent dye and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), respectively. Moreover, mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and hemeoxygenase-1 were evaluated by qRT-PCR.
The results showed that treatment of MSCs with ENC (10 μM) for 12 hours prior to HQ exposure, significantly attenuated the cell viability loss, suppressed the elevation of ROS and reduced the extent of lipid peroxidation caused by HQ compared with the control. Moreover, a significant increase in mRNA expression of antioxidant genes of catalase and hemeoxygenase-1 was observed after treatment with ENC.
These results suggest that 10 μM ENC could protect hMSCs against toxic and oxidative effects of HQ. Therefore, ENC may have cancer protective effect.

Evaluating the effects of p-benzoquinone and hydroquinone on the RUNX2 expression and osteoblastic differentiation of human marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Bone marrow MSCs obtained by cultivating marrow mononuclear cells, were exposed to 10μM of either p-benzoquinone or hydroquinone. Following chemical treatment, RUNX2 gene expression was assessed by Real-time RT PCR 1, 6, 24 and 48 hours later and osteogenic differentiation was analyzed using alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase staining methods on days 7 and 14 after ostegenic induction. RUNX2 expression was significantly elevated (up to approximately 8 times) due to chemical exposure but the applied chemicals exert no considerable effect on MSCs osteogenic differentiation. According to the literature, despite the necessity of RUNX2 overexpression on the induction of osteogenic differentiation, but it is not sufficient for osteogenesis to occure so increase in RUNX2 expression observed in our study is not the indicator of the induced osteogenic differentiation. Instead, this elevated expression could be the sign of increased activity of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway thereby its involvement in the development of AML due to exposure to benzene and its metabolites. Moreover, this augmented expression of RUNX2 in MSCs can indicate the RUNX2 overexpression in myeloid progenitors as an expected similar effect of exposure to benzene and its metabolites to contribute in myeloid malignancies developed due to benzene exposure.

Unlike other Arab countries, literature in Kuwait enjoys less antiquity and has not taken into account especially women’s poetry and literature. The current discussion while focusing briefly on books and essays written about Kuwaiti poetess Soad al-Sabah, it also tries to study and analyze some poems of this great poetess hence; and directly or indirectly talking about power and capability of al-Sabah in application of texts, religious indications and secrets, characters and historical events, and finally, unveiling poetess’ success in applying these texts and artistic & appropriate technical and subjective inspiration toward readers. As al-Sabah is acquaintance with principles of poetry, she has played important role in the development of women’s literature in this country and the present paper tries to analyze her poems in this arena.The importance of this discussion is with the fact that “Religious Intra-Text” is a new term in literature and culture and has not enjoyed much analysis and criticism, especially in Kuwaiti literature.