fereidoon owfi

Length-weight relationship, length abundance, maturity percentage and growth parameters of green tiger prawn caught using trawl nets in Mond and Dayyer-Nakhilo areas located in Bushehr province during the years 2020 (13 August to 15 February) and 2021 (11 April to 9 September). A total of 658 tiger shrimps, including 420 female shrimp and 238 male shrimp were bioassayed. Based on the carapace length of 43.43 mm in the first sexual maturity of the females, 50.71% (213 specimens) were mature and 49.29% (217 specimens) were immature. Also, the relationship between the total length and carapace length of female shrimps was y=0.3679 x - 2.1648 based on linear regression. The relationship between the length and weight of 420 female shrimps and 238 male shrimps caught showed that parameters a, b, and r2 were 0.0099, 3.057, and 0.92 for females and 0.0115, 2.9962, and 0.912 for males, respectively. Based on the Sturges formula, 10 length classes were observed for male and female shrimps caught. The length class of 108-12.3 cm for both males and females had the highest frequency with 110 specimens (46.22%) and 141 specimens (33.57%), respectively. The results of this study showed that the maximum length of male (16 cm) and female (20.5 cm) caught shrimps was less than the infinite length and more than the optimal length. Growth parameters (Clinf, K, t0) for females were -0.057, 2.1 and 72 (mm) and for males -0.075, 1.7 and 62 (mm), respectively. The values of Z, F and M parameters for females were 9.2, 7.4 and 2.16 and for males 7.58, 5.62 and 1.96. The exploitation rate (E) was 0.77 for females and 0.74 for males. These values indicate overexploitation and fishing pressure in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to implement fishing management approaches in these habitats.

This study aimed to investigate the catch per unit effort of target and non-target species and to determine the bycatch composition in boat trawlers used in Mond and Dayyer-Nakhiloo coastal waters in Bushehr province. Field operations were carried out during the years 2020 (13 August to 15 February) and 2021 (11 April to 9 September). During the research, a 27-foot fishing boat with a 200 hp engine was used. The trawl net used was made of polyamide (PA). The sampling operation was performed in 32 steps. During this study, the amount of catch per unit effort, the ratio of by-catch to the target species, and the amount of by-catch were calculated. The highest frequency of Penaeus semisulcatus in July 2021 (96.67%), the highest frequency of Metapenaeus affinis in August 2021 (21.74%), and the highest frequency of Parapenaeopsis stylifera in July 2021 (63.75%) were recorded in Mond. 37 aquatic species were observed as a bycatch composition during fishing operations. Species including Saurida tumbil, Cynoglossus arel, Portunus segnis, Gerres filamentosus, Drepane punctata, Solea elongata, and Epinephelus coioides were permanently present in the catch composition. The highest rate of shrimp fishing effort was observed in the Mond region (58 kg/h) and the lowest rate was observed in the Dayyer-Nakhiloo (1 kg/h). Also, the ratio of by-catch to target (r) was 2.32 and the weight of by-catch during the fishing season was 1478.96 kg. The results indicate high fishing pressure on commercial and non-commercial species in this area and can be used to assess the damage caused by shrimp trawl nets on fish stocks in ecological risk assessment models. In addition, the findings showed that the deletion of some species can make the food chain longer due to their role in the food chain and reduce the resistance of the ecosystem food web, and ecological and habitat efficiency.

The aim of this study was to study the archeology, breeding and review of fish in the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormozand the Gulf of Oman, and to obtain new information on the final list of fish species in this sea basin with emphasis on the Iranian waters. Accordingly, cataloging the scientific and approved names of families and species based on sources from 1940- 2021, and classifications at the family, genus and species taxon, and coding of the International Zoological Standard (ICZN) was done.The result was showed that final list of approved species is 974 species (169 families), of which 26 families with 93 species of chondrichthyes (12 families with 50 species of sharks, and 14 families with 43 species of rays) and 143 families with 881 species it is related to osteichthyes. Of the chondrichthyes, carcharhinidae (26) of the sharks and Dasyatidae (13) of the rays have the largest families in terms of species diversity. From the group of osteichthyes, 23 families with more than 20 species have the most diversity, of which Gobiidae and Carangide (48), Labride (41), Blenniidae (39), Apogonidae (33), Pomacentridae (32) and Lutjanidae (31), the most family are considered in terms of species diversity. There are also 67 families, including 8 families of chondrichthyes and 59 families of osteichthyes are mono species in the area. The two families Clinidae and Creediidae have also been identified and introduced based on their larval stages specimens in the area.

The purpose of this study is to identify suitable areas for aquaculture development and to determine the suitable locations for the establishment of marine cages for Epinephelus coioides in the waters around the Qeshm Island, with an attitude on environmental considerations and aquaculture development approach. In this regard, the ecological conditions of the studied area for the purpose of introducing the Epinephelus coioides for aquaculture in marine cages, the suitable areas for deploying marine cages through hydro biological studies, hydrography, geomorphology, geographic information system (GIS) application as a model for determining the suitable locations for deploying marine cages and prioritizing and rating the selected areas based on the (SWOT) analysis model were determined. The 16-month period of this study continued from October 2016 to January 2017 and the studied area was in Hormozgan province, the peripheral waters of Qeshm Island. Based on a series of studies on the geomorphologic features of the coastal area and the hydrography of the studied area, it was determined that the intended areas included the southern coastal area of Qeshm Island in the western part, as well as the marine range of the island are suitable and environmentally safe places that the taken measures were successful in establishing cage systems with respect to scientific management. Due to the high coefficient of confidence of the region through the PASTAKIA model and the combined matrix method, these areas had high scores. This criterion and score in the middle group are descriptive of the effect and a quantitative criterion of 50 -25 which, requires observance of the management principles in terms of decision making and action.

This study has been done during nine month (2016-2017), with the purpose of recognition, classifying and coding coastal ecological environment of Boushehr port (central part) by using Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS), which is the newest model of ecological classifying. This study has been accomplished, based on library research, free investigation, seasonal sampling (for determination of the probable effects which are derived from climate changing), analysis of pictures which are sent through satellite, maps, site covering, and by using G.I.S. According to this model, 3 groups of information layers of CMECS model contain surface geology component (SC), Geoform Component (GC) and biotic cover component (BC). In regard to the extent of the case study and based on coastal geomorphologic features in 20 stations, 13 standard codes are recognized in the coastal area of Boushehr port. There is little of biodiversity in the coastal zone that resulting the expansion of industrial development centers and service units as human-made sectors, which has limited natural and untouched areas in the coastal zone. human-made sectors are supported effecting factors on animal and plant communities in coastal habitats of Bushehr port.

During a research cruise in the waters of Bushehr province in 2008, Prorocentrum was sampled as dominant group which was collected from 15 selected stations in Bushehr waters of Persian Gulf. Samples were taken seasonally from surface layers (Prorocentrum changes with the hydrological factors on non- normal data. Among the hydrological factors measured (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, silicate, phosphate and nitrate) the results were shown salinity was affected on Prorocentrum in surface layers (p<0.05). High density of Prorocentrum genus was in warm season than cold period it was 110808.7±28632.7 individual /10m2 . In comparing of spatial distribution of Prorocentrum, This genus was more in southern part of area in border of Hormuzgan province than others (368800± 434635 individual /10m2 ). There were not significant differences between stations in the base of ANOVA analyses.

The hermit crabs in the intertidal zone of the Hormuz Island, Persian Gulf, were identified by seasonal sampling at six intertidal stations during 2010–2011. Nine species were identified, including one Coenobitidae (Coenobita scaevola) and eight Diogenidae (Clibanarius signatus, C. longitarsus, Diogenes avarus, D. planimanus, D. tirmiziae, D. karwarensis, Areopaguristes perspicax, Dardanus tinctor). All species in this study are new records for the Hormuz Island. Information on the habitats and geographical distribution of these crabs in the island is presented.

This study was conducted to survey distribution pattern and seasonal and spatial abundance of hermit crabs in six stations located in the intertidal zones of Hormuz Island. Sampling was conducted during four seasons. Hermit crabs were fixed in 70% ethanol and were transported to the laboratory. With valid identification key, nine species in two families of hermit crabs were identified. SPSS, PAST, TAL (4.2) and R software were used for statistical analyses. ANOVA test using LSD showed that the abundance of identified species were significantly different among some of the stations (P

Present study were executed during 2014 - 2015 with the aim of the revised new information of the Persian Gulf (and the Strait of Hormuz) ichthyo fauna zoogeography and biogeoghraphy and to obtain new information about the habitat overlapping and fish species similarity of Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf (and Hormuz Strait) and Indo-Pacific region seas.Based on the results, the final list of approved fish of the Persian Gulf (including the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman border region) are 907 species in 157 families, of which 93 species of fish with 28 cartilaginous families (including 18 families with 59 species and 10 families with 34 species of shark and batoids); and 129 families with 814 species of bony fishes are. In this study, it was found that out of 907 species have been reported from the study area, 294 species (32.4 %) to benthic habitats (Benthic habitats) and 613 species (67.6 %) in pelagic habitats (Pelagic habitats) belong. Coral reefs and rocky habitats in the range of benthic fish (129 species - 14.3 %) and reef associated fishes in the range of pelagic fishes (432 species – 47.8 %), the highest number and percentage of habitat diversity (Species habitats) have been allocated. As well as fish habitats with seagrass and algae beds in benthic habitata (17 species- 1.9 %) and pelagic - Oceanic (Open sea) in the whole pelagic fish (30 species – 3.3 %), the lowest number and percentage of habitat diversity into account. Also, 13 species as well as endemic species introduced the Persian Gulf and have been approved in terms of geographical expansion of the Persian Gulf are unique to the area. From the perspective of animal geography (Zoogeography) and habitat overlaps and similarities (Habitat overlaping) fish fauna of the Persian Gulf compared with other similar seas (tropical and subtropical, and warm temperate) in the Indian Ocean area - calm on the surface, based on the presence of certain species that the fish fauna of the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea and the Bay of Bengal (East Arabian Sea) compared to other regions in the Indian Ocean (Pacific) is closer (about 50%), and the Mediterranean (East area) and The Hawaiian Islands have the lowest overlap and similarity (about 10%) of habitat and species.

Fish fossils of the Alborz (central) and the Zagros (central and southern) region, and some of the central plato from Iran has been collected, with the aim of identification and systematic revise and defining the period of the fossilized typology (Taphonomy) and paleontology was used. Fossil samples were including bone plates, teeth, skeleton (skull, spine) and fish scales into four categories Placoderms, Chondrichthyans, Osteichthyans and Acanthodians were identified and coded. Of the 125 fossil specimens, 37 species belonging to 21 families were identified which samples belonging to three families Gonostomatidae, Clupeidae and Dussumieriidae have the highest abundance of fossilized fish. The main distribution areas were in the central Zagros region. All samples of marine fossils from in sedimentary formations and limestone of Zagros had been found. The oldest examples were of the Mesozoic period, 250-200 million years old of Bangestan formation, and the youngest samples of the Tertiary Period, dating back 5.2 million years old of Makran formation.

Although there are different groups of invertebrate in the world, little information about ascidian species from Iranian coastal waters exists. The present study attempts to describe the presence and distribution of Phallusia nigra intertidal zone of Hengam Island. P. nigra specimens were collected in intertidal zone traversal From Ship hulls and metal plates were remained in the area. Samples were placed in the closed jar with formaldehyde and then transferred to the laboratory and Taxonomic identification was carried out using authoritative keys and literature. In this study, unlike previous results which limited to shallow waters were influenced by the various phenomenonand and residing in shallow area. It seems that lower depth is not distribution limitation factor. The basic data in the region, a tool to estimate the possible effects on animals as biofouling invasion sites in the future.

This study has been applied within a one-year period 1391-1392 (2012-13) with the objective of habitat classification and determination of coastal-marine biotypes in Hengam Island based on CMECS ecological standard model. Members of echinoderms branch are assumed as the well-known and most frequent marine invertebrates and are considerably important. In the primary examinations, 8 stations were selected non-randomly based on geomorphologic characteristics and exclusive habitats that were easily accessible. The sampling was performed seasonally and in full ebb condition or best state of ebb. Each station was examined completely as coastal survey. The samples collected from stations after stabilization in alcohol 70%, were transferred to environment laboratory of Bandar Abbas. The samples were identified based on scientific resources and valid identification keys. Accordingly, altogether 10 echinoderm species belonging to 6 types and 6 families were identified including 5 species of sea cucumbers, 3 species of echinoidea, 1 species of brittle stars and 1 species of sea star. Frequency of echinoderms population in western half of island is lower than eastern half due to bed type, high slope and waves action. Out of echinoderms, Echinometra mathaei species; Holothuria leucospilota species out of sea cucumbers; Ophiocoma scolopendriana species out of brittle stars and Linckia multiflora species out of sea star had permanently present in the studied zone and introduced as exclusive species of island. The results present research to introduce greater potential is effective Persian Gulf waters.

A survey on the abundance and diversity of fish larvae along the Iranian waters of the Oman Sea, extending from Hormuz Strait to Gowatr Bay, was carried out in 2009 (before and post monsoon). Fish larva were collected by a Bongo net (300 µ mesh size) and temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, chlorophyll-a, clarity, nitrate, nitrite, silicate and sulfate by oceanic data recorder (CTD) and Rosette oceanography instrument were measured. In total, 26 fish families were identified and their abundance calculated as 768 individuals per m2. In pre-monsoon, 9 families were identified with Pomacentridae as dominant taxon. But in post-monsoon, 23 families were identified in which Myctophidae was dominant. The Shannon index was calculated as 0.583 ± 0.31 in pre-monsoon and 0.865 ± 0.73 in post-monsoon. The result of Principle Component Analysis (PCA) revealed a higher diversity among ichthyoplankton in post-monsoon compared to that of pre-monsoon. The abundance of fish larva was correlated with chlorophyll-a in post-monsoon, whereas samples from pre-monsoon were more positively correlated with in nutrients.

The “Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard” is one of the new and complete approaches to understand of marine habitats. We were applied Biotic Cover and Surface Geology as the two components of the classification to the northern intertidal stretch of Qeshm Island. Considering the extent and geomorphology of the area، 9 sites were designated. Density and temporal distribution of biotic community were determined using 0. 5×0. 5 m quadrate، and sediment was sampled up to 15 cm below the surface to determine its type and material. Totally 32 codes were determined for 40 habitats (biotopes)، and their positions were displayed on map. Our result show that the biotope diversity decreases westward. Also، the highest and lowest numbers of species were observed in sandy and muddy-sand substrates، respectively. It seems that habitats distribution is mainly determined by the substrate type، but other factors can also affect this distribution.

This study was carried out to determine the diversity of gastropod species in the intertidal zone of Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf. Seasonal sampling was conducted in 7 selected sites by throwing nine random quadrates (0.5×0.5 m) in each site. Samples of each site were separately transferred to the laboratory and identified by the standard keys and verified by the Conchology Museum of Tokyo University of Science. Forty -nine gastropod species were identified, from which 2 species, Turicula nelliae and Linatella caudata were recorded for the first time from the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf. The highest number of gastropods in one site was 28 species in site 1 (East of Marine Research Center), Also highest number of gastropods in one season was 35 species in winter and lowest number was in 28 species in summer. Simpson dominance index, Shannon-Wiener species diversity index, Margalef richness index and evenness index were calculated in the different sites and results showed that site 1 contained the most amount of the Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices and site 6 (West of Island) contained the most amount of the Simpson index. Also, site 3 (Mangrove forest) showed the lowest amount of the Simpson, Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices, while maximum amount of evenness index occurred in this site.

Spatial and temporal variation of the plankton assemblages were analyzed by PCA with supplementary variables. Seasonal sampling was performed one year (2001). Samples were collected from offshore Bushehr waters. Phytoplankton was collected by Niksin bottle sampler، and zooplankton by plankton net (100 μm) at 10 selected stations. Temporal compositions of the plankton assemblages were found to be different with hydrological parameters. Dominant phytoplankton assemblage during the warm period were included; Oscillatoria، Phormidium and Alexandrium، and zooplankton assemblage were included; Nauplius، Harpacticoid and Bivalves. Dominant phytoplankton assemblage in cold condition included; Pleurosigma، Thallassiothrix and Oscillatoria، while zooplankton were; Nauplii and Cyclopoid. There was a significant difference between warm and cold season period in phytoplankton diversity whereas zooplankton diversity did not have significant differences. The result of PCA on Phytoplankton assemblage showed negative correlation with temperature and conductivity and positive with nutrient. Also، the most different situation was in layers of more than 50 m. Zooplankton assemblages were correlated with different parameters of different depth layers. This relation changed with different hydrological conditions.

This study touches the abundance and distribution of sea urchin Stomopneustes variolaris in the intertidal zones of Chabahar Gulf in the Gulf of Oman, IR. Iran during November 2008 to September 2009. The area of study was at the farthest end of south east of Iran in province of Sistan and Balouchestan from 25°16 61̋ N to 25°22 47 N and from 60°39 90 E to 60°24 38 E. Sampling was done bimonthly during low tide from 5 stations, using 1m×1m quadrate randomly. Then, samples were counted, identified and their abundance, distribution and stability were investigated. The results showed that the abundance of S.variolaris was maximum in February 2009 (3/33±1/03ind.m-2). Investigation of distribution and stability indicators revealed that S.variolaris dispersion was more random and sometimes patchy and its stability was rare.

Survey of fish larvae abundance, diversity and distribution was carried out in different habitats of Khark and Kharko coralline islands and islets from July 2006 to June 2007 over 12 stations. Khark and Kharko ecosystems are protected areas and wildlife refuges in northern point for fringing coral reefs in Iranian side of the Persian Gulf. This investigation was a part of the national Integrated Coastal Zone Management project to have been carried out during 2006-2008. Sampls of fish larvae were collected using Bongo- Net plankton sampler with 500μ of mesh size every month in 12 stations. Selected stations located around the Islands with maximum depth of 20 m. In total, 1808 larvae belonging to 45 families were collected among which Clupeidae, Blenniidae, Atherinidae, Sillaginidae and Tripterygiidae were the most frequent families comprising 69% of total samples, respectively. The highest abundance was observed in spring, similar to other fish larvae abundances reported from other parts of Iranian waters in the Persian Gulf. Clupeidae and Sillaginidae were indicators in warm and cold periods, respectively. The mean abundance of total fish larvae in Khark and Kharko was 18.7083 per 10 m² of sea surface. Distribution patterns of indicator fish larvae families were mapped using GIS.