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Researchers believe that separation and divorce are the most important stressful events that can happen in life. Therefore, divorce is a complex and painful process that leads to changes in different areas of life and requires coping strategies. This is despite the fact that more studies have focused on women and children after divorce, and men's divorce has been neglected. The present scoping review seeks to investigate, identify, and plot the main concepts relating to men's divorce and its dimensions, domains, impacts and factors based on the main references and evidence. The scoping review method was used to search electronic databases for relevant articles. Of the 3025 abstracts initially identified, after screening both abstracts and full texts, 26 studies were selected for inclusion in this review. After abstracting key information from each study, a content analysis was conducted. Five themes were identified from the content analysis: 1) Demographic, 2) child custody, 3) Psychological factors, 4) attachment style and 5) Coping strategies. This study explained and identified the men's divorce components, its results can reduce the negative effects of divorce on men.

Divorce is one of the most major stressors in life . has potentially negative consequences for mental and physical health. So, One’s ability to cope with divorce breeds in more general health. the focus of studies is more concentrated on the effects of divorce on children and women, while the consequences of this phenomenon on men are regrettably neglected. researches showed that divorced men are at highly significant risk for early death based on the cumulative number of years that men lived as divorcees. hypertension is mainly known as a consequence of distress among divorced men. A limited number of heterogeneous researches have concentrated on the experience of divorce in men. However, they are heading for more negative consequences and sometimes the positive consequences are neglected. to eliminate these shortcomings, the Scoping review method will be used for running an exploratory study on the current heterogeneous literature and It will be useful for future research

The “Aghd” period is one of the first stages of the life cycle of Iranian families. Since the “Aghd” period is a period when people are married but have not yet started living together under one roof, it seems necessary to pay attention to this period as the first stage of marriage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of Iranian married people during the “Aghd” period. The present study, which was conducted in 1399, was a qualitative study in which 13 participants (based on the principle of data saturation) were selected by purposive sampling method from the study population, which included people who were in the “Aghd” stage living in Tehran, and with the In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify their lived experiences. Finally, the interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis method and topics such as challenges and developmental tasks were extracted. Challenges included challenges related to the family of origin and the spouse's family, as well as challenges between spouses. According to the participants, the developmental tasks were divided into three categories: developmental tasks related to the couple, developmental tasks related to the families towards the couple, and individual developmental tasks. Finally, it can be concluded that the results of this study and similar studies can be used in designing premarital education packages based on the challenges and developmental tasks of the “Aghd” period.

Middle and old age are two of the most important periods in human life, and people in this period face some physical, sexual and mental disabilities. Due to the increasing population of the middle and old age people in Iran, paying attention to this important period seems necessary. Therefore, the present study was to identify the lived experiences of middle and old age married people. To this end, 16 participants (based on the principle of data saturation) were selected by purposive sampling method among the middle and old age people living in Tehran. Participants were interviewed using semi-structured in-depth interviews to identify their lived experiences. Finally, the interviews were analyzed using the Van Mannen method (interpretive phenomenological approach). Findings were divided into two categories: “challenges” and “developmental tasks”. The main themes in the challenges section were “concerns about family’s future”, “spouse relationship”, “individual challenges”, and “taking new roles by spouses”. The main themes obtained in developmental tasks included “developmental tasks focused on children”, and “developmental tasks focused on couples”. As a result, it can be concluded that the challenges and developmental tasks middle and old age people facing appear to be more focused on family and relationship. Applying the results of the present study, experts can design educational packages based on the challenges and developmental tasks these people facing in their lives, in order to increase the quality of life in middle and old age people. Besides, therapists working in the field of the elderly can take advantages of the findings of the present study to lead the process of therapeutic sessions.

The purpose of this study was to “investigate the attachment-based pathological and satisfaction experiences in sexual relationship between Iranian spouses”. Sexual relationship has been considering as one of primary motivating factors bringing about innermost feelings and close relationships. A phenomenological qualitative method was adopted to meet the demands of study purposes. By means of purposive sampling method, twenty-four married couples with minimum length of marriage around three have participated in two groups of satisfied(self-report) and dissatisfied (in the first three sessions of the couple therapy process or in the legal process of divorce) couples. Using the Colizzi and the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methods, two main clusters of "Sex enhances couple relationship" and "relationship vulnerability Spouses of Sexual Separation" have been revealed. Eight sub-clusters have also discovered appositely. Findings of this study confirm that attachment theory strikingly provide a fundamental framework for a deeper understanding of spouses' sexual behaviors and experiences.

Extramarital relations are among the main problems in the relationships of married couples that can result in psychological disorders, tensions between couples, and even physical problems in the people involved. The risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, is high among the people who have extramarital relations. A large number of studies have addressed this issue, but there is no consistency in the results, and no research has reviewed them systematically. This study aims to depict a comprehensive image of the relationship between extramarital relationships and contracting HIV/AIDS. This systematic review will be conducted using Pubmed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as the grey literature with no restriction regarding the language. All types of studies investigated the relationship between extramarital relations and HIV/AIDS will be included. The population of the study will be considered the people more than 18 years old with extramarital relationships in their lives at the time of research or before. Two independent reviewers will perform the study selection and data extraction. The assessment of the risk of bias will be implemented using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Publication bias will be assessed by funnel plots, Begg’s, and Egger’s tests. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I2 statistic and the χ2 test. Also, we will conduct subgroup analyses for the population and all Meta-analyses will be performed using Stata V.13 software. The findings will reveal a comprehensive picture of the relation between extramarital relationships and HIV/AIDS that can improve policy decisions, leading to a reduction and providing improved special services for individuals, couples, and families, and society who faced this problem.

Extramarital infidelity has serious consequences for relationship and the people involved. one of the way that help the betrayed person to control the effects of these consequences on himself and his relationship is forgiveness. In clinical setting, Forgiveness is used as therapeutic strategies to decrease the anger and emotional suffering from infidelity. If it is needed to use forgiveness in a clinical setting in order to recover from complications of infidelity, it should be considered that what is forgiveness is and what factors lead to its formation. In this case, these factors can be identified and planned to develop or reinforce them during therapeutic interventions. At the prevention level too, applying these factors in the field of parenting and education help societies to cultivate generous people. People who are equipped with these factors when confronted with errors such as betrayal can protect themselves from its consequences.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive- Behavior (CBT) group therapy (Borkovec model) and mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on signs and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and cognitive mediators. An experimental design with control group and random assignment using pre and post-test and a four month follow up was used. The statistical population comprised of women with generalized anxiety disorder who had at least one primary school age daughter in Tehran. Participants’ selection was based on availability. First of all, several primary girl schools were purposefully selected from all primary girl school of Tehran. All mothers were asked to complete the GAD-7 questionnaire. Those mothers who scored above the cut- off point of seven were selected as generalized anxiety disorder (91 women). This was confirmed by a diagnostic structured interview after which participants were asked to take part in the research (32 women). In this research the following measurement tools were used: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Why Worry Scale (WW-II), data were analyzed using repeated measure analyze of variance. Results showed that both CBT and MBCT were effective in reducing GAD signs and symptoms and its cognitive mediators in post- test and follow up. so these two methods were effective in reducing GAD signs and symptoms and its cognitive mediators

Enhancement of marital satisfaction is an important approach for improvement of family cohesion and community health. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on psychological distress, emotion regulation and enhancement of marital satisfaction in women. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest-follow up design with control group. Statistical population included every married woman with more than 18 years of age in Tehran in the year 1396. Research sample was composed of 60 married women with moderate marital satisfaction. They were chosen using convenient sampling technique and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Experimental group took apparent in eight 90-minute sessions, mindfulness based Stress Reduction program. Participants answered Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS, Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI, Funk & Rogge, 2007) in three stages of pretest, posttest and follow up. Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA test. Results demonstrated that mindfulness-based stress reduction program had an influence on improvement of psychological distress (F=8. 65, p<0. 01), emotion regulation (F=31. 39, p<0. 0001) and marital satisfaction (F=19. 92, p<0. 0001) in married women. Accordingly, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction program while reducing psychological distress and increasing emotional adjustment skills in women, may have beneficial effects for couple therapy and can be used as one of the methods for promoting marital relationship. Mindfulness training may have beneficial effects for couples' therapy and relationship enhancement.

There is a growing body of literature on the effectiveness of second and third wave psychotherapies for treating generalized anxiety disorder.
The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive- behavior (CBT) group therapy (Borkovec model) and mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on quality of life and parent-child relationship in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among female participants.
A semi experimental design using pre and post-test and a four-month follow up was used. The statistical population comprised of females with generalized anxiety disorder, who had at least one primary school-aged daughter in the first and third district of Tehran. The sample consisted of 36 females with GAD. Participants’ selection was based on availability and they were assigned randomly to 2 groups of CBT and MBCT. The research was conducted in the first half of 2014. The following measurement tools were used, GAD-7 questionnaire, world health o quality of life scale (WHO-QOL BREF), and Parent Child Relationship Scale (CPRS). Data were analyzed via Repeated measures analysis of variance test.
Although the results showed efficacy of CBT and MBCT after the intervention and during follow up (P 0.05).
It could be inferred from the results that MBCT could be utilized similar to CBT as an effective treatment in adjunct to pharmacotherapy for females with GAD.

Spouse abuse against women is the most prevalent type of family violence, and its harmful consequences threaten both women’s health and their well-being in family and society. It is very important to find the factors that eliminate these deleterious effects and protect women’s health. The aim of this study was to explore the moderator effect of personality characteristics in the relationship between spouse abuse and symptoms of depression among women.
For this purpose, 300 married women were provided with questionnaires measuring spouse abuse, depression symptoms (Beck depression inventory) and personality characteristics (NEO-FFI).
According to the results, depressive symptoms in women were correlated with spouse abuse. Agreeableness was found to serve as a moderator between spouse abuse and depressive symptoms.
From these findings, one can conclude that women who experience spouse abuse suffer from depressive symptoms. The battered women who were more agreeable experience less depressive symptoms.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavior (CBT) therapy (Borkovec model) and mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in mediator variables of generalized anxiety disorder. A Semi experimental design using pre and post-test and a four months follow up was conducted. The statistical population comprised of women with generalized anxiety disorder in Tehran. Participants’ selection was based on availability and they were randomly assigned into two groups. In this research, the following measurement tools were used: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Cognitive Avoidance Scale (CAQ), Problem Solving Inventory (PSI), Dysregulation of Emotion Scale (DERS), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Participants completed the tools in pre&post test and 4 months follow up. Data were analyzed via repeated measure analysis of variance. Results showed that CBT was effective in reducing cognitive avoidance, improving problem solving and emotion regulation in post-test and follow up compared to MBCT. MBCT was significantly effective in improving mindfulness attention awareness and self-compassion. It is inferred from the results that the effectiveness of the two treatments in mediator variables is different.

Abstract: One of the most important factors affecting marital satisfaction is early childhood experiences with parents. These experiences have an important role in developing attachment and early maladaptive schemas. The present study was performed to investigate the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in relationship between attachment styles and marital satisfaction. A total of 333 participants (194 women and 139 men) completed the Hazan and Shaver''s Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ)، Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues، Communication and Happiness (ENRICH). The results showed that there is no significant relationship between avoidant-attachment style and marital satisfaction، but marital satisfaction had significant positive relationship with secure attachment style and significant negative relationship with ambivalent-attachment style. Also، the early maladaptive schemas mediate these relationships. Based on the results of the present study it can be concluded that individuals who have more secure attachment style develop more positive concept of self، as the result، they have less maladaptive schemas. So they follow more adaptive behaviors and less maladaptive behaviors in their marital relationships، therefore they will experience more marital satisfaction. In contrast، the individuals who have more insecure and ambivalent attachment style have more negative concept of self، therefore they own more maladaptive schemas about self، hence more maladaptive behaviors and less marital satisfaction.