flora mohammadi zadeh

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary ethanol extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves on the growth performance, survival, and biochemical composition of Litopenaeus vannamei. The experiment was conducted using 600 shrimp juveniles (2 g) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates, with 50 shrimp per replicate for a duration of 60 days. The experimental treatments included: 1- Basal diet (control), 2- Basal diet + 1 mg ethanol extract of mangrove leaves, 3- Basal diet + 2.5 mg ethanol extract of mangrove leaves, and 4- Basal diet + 5 mg ethanol extract of mangrove leaves. At the end of the experimental period, various growth, biochemical, and survival parameters were measured. The results showed that body weight gain, daily growth rate, and specific growth rate were significantly higher in the 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg ethanol extract of mangrove leaves compared to the control group (P<0.05). The highest carapace length was mesured in 2.5 mg/kg compared to the other experimental groups (P<0.05). Besides, the survival rate was significantly increased in all extract treatments compared to the control group (P<0.05). The highest crude protein content of the carcass and the lowest moisture content were observed in 2.5 mg/kg (P<0.05). The control group showed the lowest lysozyme activity, while the 5 mg treatment exhibited the highest lysozyme activity, followed by the 1 mg and 2.5 mg treatments (P<0.05). The 1 mg treatment showed the highest phenoloxidase activity (P<0.05). Based on the results, the 2.5 mg and 5 mg treatments were associated with the highest protein and albumin contents, while the control and 1 mg treatments had the lowest contents (P<0.05). Overall, it can be concluded that the inclusion of 2.5 mg/kg of mangrove leaf extract in the diet had positive effects on the growth, biochemical composition, and survival of whiteleg shrimp.

In this study, the impact of marigold and spirulina, both in isolation and in conjunction with one another, was analyzed on several indicators relating to growth, immunity, survival, and levels of astaxanthin present in zebrafish tissue. 120 zebrafish were randomly allocated to 10 litre aquariums across four different treatment groups (with three replications in each group, each containing 30 fish). The control diet is based on the basic diet, the second treatment diet contains 25 g/kg of spirulina powder (SP) on the basic diet, the third treatment diet contains 25 g/kg of marigold powder (MG) on the basic diet, and the fourth treatment diet It also contains 25 grams of marigold powder (MG) and 25 grams of spirulina (SP+MG)/kg of the basic feed. At the end of the experiment, some immune indicators and astaxanthin were checked in the tissue. The results of this study show the significant effect of spirulina (SP), marigold powder (MG), and the combination of spirulina and marigold powder (SP+MG) on immunity, and astaxanthin. Especially the marigold and the combined treatment of spirulina and marigold showed better performance (P<0.05). respectively, SP+MG and MG treatment significantly increased total protein, lysozyme, and astaxanthin in fish tissue, and the highest amount of IgM was observed in MG treatment (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in relation to growth and survival.

This study was aimed to compare the halo diameter (mm) caused by the lack of bacteria growth (Vibrio harvey) in the post-larvae of Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under the influence of methanolic, acetone, and aqueous extracts (ppm) of razor clam (Solen vagina). Based on the obtained results, the methanolic extract stopped the growth of Vibrio harvey bacteria at 450 ppm. Although the use of this extract stopped the growth of bacteria at a concentration of 450 ppm, the diameter of the created halo was smaller compared to the halo of non-growth caused by antibiotics. Acetone extract prevented the growth of Vibrio harvey bacteria at 250 ppm and higher concentrations and created a lack of growth halo with a diameter of 2.8 cm. Also, the aqueous extract did not have any inhibitory effect. The results of the mean comparison test showed that there was a significant difference between different concentrations of methanolic and acetone extracts (P<0/05). Also, significant differences were observed between the same effective concentrations of different treatments (250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 ppm) (P<0/05). Therefore, methanolic and acetone extracts of S. vagina can be used as a bioactive substance to prevent vibriosis in Litopenaeus vannamei. However, more studies are suggested to investigate other extracts of this species and their effects.

In this study, the effects of different levels of Bacillus subtilis probiotic in the diet of Asian sea bass (Late calcarifer) on carcass composition, serum biochemical parameters and liver enzymes over a period of 8 weeks were investigated. This study in one control treatment (zero) and three experimental treatments were 106 × 1 (treatment 1), 106 × 1.5 (treatment 2) and 106 × 2 (treatment 3) colony unit (CFU) per gram of diet, respectively. , And was performed with 3 replications for each treatment. Juveniles with an average weight of 12.50 ± 0.14 g were raised in 12 fiberglass tanks with a density of 25 pieces per tank. The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments in terms of carcass composition except ash between other carcass parameters (p <0.05), and between treatments treatment 2 showed a significant difference in terms of crude protein and dry matter with other treatments. (P <0.05). In terms of serum biochemical parameters, there was no significant difference between treatments in terms of glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride (p> 0.05), but in terms of hematocrit, hemoglobin and red and white blood cells, there was a significant difference between treatments. (P <0.05) and between treatments, treatment 2 showed a better condition than other treatments. Regarding liver enzymes, although there was a significant difference between treatments and control (p <0.05), but there was no significant difference between treatments containing different levels of probiotics (p> 0.05). The results of the present study showed the positive effect of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis in most of the studied indices that among the treatments, treatment 2 had the best and most favorable conditions in Asian sea bass.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Lactobacillus acidophilus and red grape vinegar on growth performance, morphology intestine and carcass composition of rainbow trout. For this purpose rainbow trout with an average weight of85 ± 2 g were distributed in 24 fiberglass tanks with 30 rainbow trout density and were fed for 56 days with different concentrations of Lactobacillus acidophilus and red grape vinegar in eight groups with three replicate including 0 (control), T1 (%1 of red grape vinegar), T2 (%2 of red grape vinegar), T3 (%3 of red grape vinegar), T4 (Lactobacillus acidophilus CFU/g 8×106), T5 (Lactobacillus acidophilus+%1 of red grape vinegar), T6 (Lactobacillus acidophilus+%2 of red grape) and T7 (Lactobacillus acidophilus+%3 of red grape). the results showed that The highest final weight was observed in T7 treatment and the lowest values are observed control. In general, the effect of different Lactobacillus acidophilus red grape vinegar and Lactobacillus acidophilus, level of microspores and number of lactic bacteria (LogCFU/g) in Fish intestines survival and chemical composition was positively and significantly evaluated. Considering the results of Growth factors, intestinal morphology and microbial flora of rainbow trout digestive system by Lactobacillus acidophilus red grape vinegar, it is recommended to use this supplement at a concentration of 3 percent.

The present study was done in 2019 to investigate the effect of nutmeg hydroalcoholic extract and white Piper nigrum hydroalcoholic extract In amounts of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml per liter for anesthesia 72 carp with a medium weight 34/45±3/33 grams and its effect on some blood indicators were examined. For this purpose, for each extract, 30 fish in 5 treatments and a total of 60 fish in 10 treatments and a group of 12 fish as a control were not affected by any of the extracts. Blood samples were taken from the fishchr('39')s heart during anesthesia and 24 hours after the fish regained consciousness, and blood parameters including white and red blood cell counts and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were measured in the fishchr('39')s blood. The time of loss of balance (onset of anesthesia), complete anesthesia, and time of return of consciousness showed a significant difference. The average number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in anesthesia with the nutmeg hydroalcoholic extract during anesthesia and 24 hours after anesthesia were not significant compared to the control group, but there was a significant difference in the amount of white blood cells 24 hours after anesthesia. In common carp fishing with white pepper hydroalcoholic extract, it was found that the mean number of red blood cells during anesthesia and 24 hours after anesthesia was not significantly different from the control group, but in the number of white blood cells 24 hours after anesthesia and Significant differences were observed in hematocrit and hemoglobin during anesthesia compared to the control. Due to less changes in blood factors in anesthesia with nutmeg extract, this substance can be used as a more suitable substance for anesthesia.

Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) is one of the most valuable fishes in the Caspian Sea and has great value due to its marketability, appearance and taste of meat. This study was carried out to determine the effects of oxygen changes on survival, some stress indices and hematological and immunological factors in Caspian Sea salmon (Salmo trutta caspius). 210 fish (50 10g) were randomly selected and placed in tanks with aerator and oxygen capsule. Fish were divided in 3 treatments with 3 replications including treatment hypoxia (2-3 mg/L oxygen), treatment control or normoxia (7-8 mg/L oxygen) and treatment hyperoxia (12-14 mg/L oxygen). Blood sampling were performed for 12 and 24 hours. The results showed that fish had no mortality in the different oxygen treatments. The effect of oxygen showed that there were significant differences in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophil, lymphocyte, cortisol, glucose, lactate, lysozyme, total immunoglobulin, IgM, albumin, and total protein (P<0.05). In general, 7-8 mg/L oxygen is the most favorable condition for Caspian brown trout. Because the most appropriate values of factors were observed more in this group, which showed a significant difference with other treatments.

Due to the many effects of dietary nucleotide such as increasing the immune system, reducing stress, disease resistance, better growth and longer survival, the present study was designed and performed to investigate the effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation (ascogen) on hematological parameters and carcass composition of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Ascogen has optimal levels of RNA and nucleotides. In this regard, 450 fish (39.77 ± 10.24 g) were distributed in 15 tanks (300 liters). Fish were fed with 5 nucleotide treatments including control treatment (0 g/kg), treatment 1 (0.2 g/kg), treatment 2 (0.4 g/kg), treatment 3 (0.6 g/kg) and treatment 4 (0.8 g/kg) was selected in 3 replications for 63 days. Fish were fed about 3% of body weight in 4 meals. At the end of the period, it was determined that the fish were fed with treatments 3 (0.6 g/kg) and 4 (0.8 g/kg) in terms of hematological indices and treatment 4 (0.8 g/kg) in terms of carcass composition had better performance than other treatments. Therefore, treatments 3 (0.6 g/kg) and 4 (0.8 g/kg), especially treatment 4 (0.8 g/kg) had the most positive effect and nucleotides were able to induce their positive effects in fish and improved conditions and increased efficiency.

Caspian brown trout is one of the most valuable fishes in the Caspian Sea and has great value due to its marketability, appearance and taste of meat. This study was carried out to determine the effects of oxygen stresses on histopathology of gill and spleen in Caspian brown trout in Shahid Bahonar reproduction and breeding Center of Kelardasht in winter 2016. 210 fish with average weigh 50±10 gr were randomly selected and placed in tanks with aerator and oxygen capsule. Fish were divided into 3 treatments: treatment 1 or hypoxia (2-3 mg/l oxygen), treatment 2 or normoxia (7-8 mg/l oxygen) and treatment 3 or hyperoxia (12-14 mg/l oxygen) and each treatment had three replications. At the end of the experiment, sampling gill and spleen were performed for measuring histological injuries. Gill and spleen specimens were transferred to Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center for histopathological examination. The results showed symptoms in all treatments, which included hemorrhage, clubbing or torsion of the lamella, epithelial hypertrophy, local and diffuse hyperplasia, necrosis, hyperemia, telangiectasia, lamella adhesion and the separated epithelium from lamella in gill and hyperemia, necrosis, vacuolation in the cytoplasm of cells, hemosiderin and sinusoids in spleen. In general, it can be said that the oxygen level of 7-8 mg/l is the most favorable condition for Caspian brown trout.

Digestarom P.E.P is a standardized commercial blend of phytogenic compounds (i.e. carvacrol, anthoole, and limonene) and perbiotic compounds (i.e. fructoliosaccharides) that have the main function of stabilizing the beneficial microbial flora of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary Digestarom P.E.P. on some growth performance, intestine morphology, and intestine microbial flora of the giant Gourami. Therefore, four experimental treatments containing 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg of Digestarom powder inn kg of feed were designed with three replicates. The diet with no additive substances was considered as a control group. Fry fish (initial weight of 1.3 ± 0.2 g) were fed with the supplement for a period of 60 days. At the end of the trial, some gastrointestinal traits (visceral index, intestinal lactobacilli bacteria, intestinal villus length and width) were measured. The results showed that the addition of Digestarom P.E.P. positively affecting the final weight, specific growth rate, and reduced feed conversion ratio in fry compared to control group (P<0.05). Also, that the maximum body weight (22.62 g) was related to 15% Digestarom P.E.P. and the lowest value (10.13 g) was related to control treatment (P<0.05). Results of visceral index showed no significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). Also, the highest number of lactobacilli bacteria was observed in treatment with 15% Digestarom P.E.P. and lowest in control treatment. The highest length of the intestinal villus was observed in treatments of 10 (963 μm) and 15 (962 μm) mg/kg Digestarom P.E.P. (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that the addition of phytogenic Digestarom P.E.P. at 15% in the fish diet may have a significant positive effect on growth performance and microbial flora of the gastro-intestinal tract.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation as an antioxidant source. In this experiment, rainbow trout with average weight of 22.16 ± 0.02 g were studied in four treatments with three replications for eight weeks. Experimental diets included control (non-supplemented commercial diet), 500 mg/ kg ALA, 1000mg/ kg ALA and diets containing 1500 mg/ kg ALA. After eight weeks, growth parameters, fish muscle composition, levels of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity were measured in muscle, liver and intestine. The results of growth factors showed that percentage of weight gain, length increase and specific growth rate were significantly (p<0.05) different between treatments and highest in 500 and 1000 mg/ kg ALA. Results of rainbow trout carcass fed with ALA showed a significant difference in protein and dry matter (p<0.05), and treatment containing 1500 ALA concentration showed the highest carcass protein and dry matter. In addition, the effect of different concentrations of alpha lipoic acid on the activity of GST, GSH and CAT enzymes in muscle, liver and intestinal tissues was significant (p<0.05). In muscle, CAT increased with increasing ALA concentration. Also, the highest and lowest amounts of GSH and GST were observed at 1000 and control concentrations, respectively. In the intestinal and liver tissues, the activity of GSH, GST and CAT enzymes was higher in treatments containing ALA. Considering the results of growth, increase of carcass protein and improvement of antioxidant enzymes activity by ALA, it is recommended to use this supplement at a concentration of 1000 mg/ kg.

Growth and immunity resistance of fish are the most important factors in aquaculture. therefore, many types of research in probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for improving growth and immunity in fish have been studied in the last years.

In this study, effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and MOSon growth performance, digestive enzymes activity and intestine morphology of Oncorhynchus mykiss were studied. Juvenile rainbow trout (n=270) in 6 administration  groups in 18  tanks were kept and fed with diets containing different doses (0.3 and 0.5 g kg-1 feed) of the probiotic,  (2 g kg-1 feed) of prebiotic, (0.3+2 and 0.5+ 2g kg-1 feed of probiotic and prebiotic respectively) and  a control group for 45 days.

Results showed a positive effect on growth performance  and digestive enzymes activity in probiotic (0.3 and 0.5 g kg-1 feed of probiotic) and synbiotic groups  compared to the control group(p<0.05).

Zooplanktons are important elements of an aquatic ecosystem such as ponds. They are involved in rotation of materials, control of algae communities and microbial production. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and identification of zooplankton in sturgeon fish ponds of Shahid Beheshti aquatic reproduction and reconstruction complex and their relation with physical and chemical factors of water. Five ponds were studied. Physical factors such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and saturation, and chemical factors such as nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and orthophosphate were measured twice a week with 3 replicates. A total of 22 genera were identified from 4 branches of Cladocera (5 genera), Copepoda (3 genera), Protozoa (2 genera) and Rotifera (12 genera) in the studied ponds. The highest variety and abundance were found in Rotifera and Copepoda respectively. Nauplius, Daphnia and Cyclops had the highest percentage of zooplankton with 46%, 25% and 15% respectively. The results of measurement of physical and chemical factors of water indicated optimal water conditions of the ponds and only the orthophosphate factor was higher than the limit. There was a significant negative correlation between pH and orthophosphate factors (P> 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between cladocera and orthophosphate factor as well as zooplankton and nitrate factor in all ponds (P<0.01). Based on the results, the ponds were in optimum condition in terms of physical and chemical factors and zooplankton population and only the orthophosphate factor was above the permissible limit which could be controlled by proper management.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of 4 experimental diets including diets contain astaxanthin, turmeric and spirulina (100mg per Kg diet) and diet without adding pigment, on growth, hematological and immunological parameters and coloration of the tiger oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). For this purpose, 120 fingerlings of tiger oscar, with a mean weight of 7.5±0.5g, were fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks. At the end of this period, fish were sampled to measure the parameters. The results of data analysis statistically showed that there was a significant difference between the treatment fed with astaxanthin and other treatments in WG, FCR, SGR, BWI, length increase and lysozyme activity (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between treatments in other immunological parameters (total immunoglobulin, IgM), hematological parameters and total carotenoids (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that the pigments used can improve the growth, immunity and coloration factors of the tiger oscar. Among these pigments, astaxanthin has a better performance than other pigments.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of four experimental diets on growth, immunological parameters, and coloration of the white Oscar, Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1831).  So that, 120 individuals, with an average weight of 7.5 ± 0.5 g, were randomly distributed in 12 aquaria (10 fish in each aquarium). The fish were fed with 4 diets as follows: pigment-free (as the control), astaxanthin, turmeric powder, and spirulina powder (100 mg kg-1) for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment, growth and immunological indices, as well as coloration were measured. There was a significant difference between control and the astaxanthin treatment in all growth indices except for condition factor (p<0.05). There were also significant differences between control and the spirulina treatment in the survival rate and growth rate; between control and the turmeric treatment in the increased length; and between control and turmeric and spirulina treatments in food conversion ratio (p<0.05). The results also indicated that there was a significant difference between the astaxanthin treatment and other treatments in lysozyme activity as well as between control and the spirulina treatment in terms of IgM level (p<0.05). However, such a significant difference was not observed in total immunoglobulin and total carotenoids (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between some treatments in the intensity of primary and secondary colors (p<0.05). The findings exhibited that all three types of pigments employed in this study could improve the growth factors, immunological parameters, and coloration of white Oscar; however, astaxanthin outperformed the others.

Cichlasomaseverum sp. is one of the most beautiful ornamental freshwater fish that is a favorite of many breeders in Iran. This fish is very strict in selecting pairs after choosing the perfect pair, if the availability of suitable environmental conditions, these fish can reproduce in the aquarium environment. Unfortunately, hatchability and survival of Severums' larval is very low. In this study, use of hormone therapy with carp pituitary extract (3 mg/KgBW and 5 mg/KgBW) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (10 µg/KgBW and 20 µg/KgBW) with domperidone as anti-dopamine (5 mg/KgBW and 10 mg/KgBW, respectively) in the induced egg lay Severum fish was studied. Then, the effects of hormone therapy on physiological response spawners, fecundity, hatchability and larval survival have been investigated. Based on the results, although the fish are spawning after hormone administration to induce ovulation and stimulate, reproductive efficiency has reduced in treated fish when compared with control group (P<0.05). This phenomenon may be due to stress and hormone administration during manipulation and injection or inappropriate hormone concentrations is used in hormone therapy.

With regard to the nutritional value and the relative equity value of proper food of polychaete Perinereis nuntia in diet of types of aquatic requirements such as shrimp broodstock, achieving its breeding and culture bio technique is an important goal in shrimp industry. For this purpose, usage of diets inducing the highest growth and the lowest mortality is of importance. In this study for the purpose of effect of different dietary treatments on the growth and survival of polychaete worms (Perinereis nuntia),  three nutritional treatments included concentrate food, green macro algae (Entermorpha sp.) and red macro algae (Gracillaria sp.) were used to feed the worms for two months. After the trial, the worms were tested for the growth rate and survival. Results showed that the average final weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and survival were significantly different among different treatments (p < 0.05). The maximum amount of above cases were (1.980 ± 0.005 g), (1.44 ± 0.02) and (84± 2.3 %) respectively that have been associated with red algae treatment. Regarding the results of the growth rate and survival rate of P. nuntia fed on red algae (Gracillaria sp.), it is recommended to use of     co-culture algae with polychaete worms in raring Perinereis nuntia polychaete.

For study on effect of some environmental factors such as bottom structure, depth, dissolved oxygen on density and diversity of bivalves in the Iranian coasts of Gulf of Oman ( Hormoz strait – Gwatr Bay ) 10 stations were selected. A 0.1 m2 Van-Veen grab sampler was used for collecting sediments in addition to the physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH using the CTD device. 95% Ethanol and Rosebengal were used for fixing and staining. In this study, 43 genera of 19 families of bivalves were identified. Lucinidae (55%), Nuculidae (13%), Tellinidae (7%), Veneridae (5%) and Yoldiidae (5%) were dominant groups. Pearson analysis results showed correlation among bivalves abundance and pH , dissolved oxygen and silt ( P

This study aimed to investigate the population structure of benthic communities in Haji Abad River, West of Hormuzgan province. The study was conducted from October 91 till September 92. The three sites were determined based on regional topography and large benthic fauna. Sampling was performed monthly using a 500 micron Surber sampler with three replicates at each station. Samples were fixed in 4% formalin and identified. A total of 5 classes, 9 orders, and 24 families were identified in which the greatest diversity and abundance was recorded for aquatic insect larvae. The order Diptera and Ephemeroptera were dominant in all three stations. Maximum number of animals during the sampling period was 4195 individual at station 3, and the minimum was 2,935 sq m at station 1. Data on large benthic community structure metrics were summarized using the EPT richness (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera), the ratio of EPT frequency to Chironomidae family, the Shannon diversity index and Biological indicators Bauer.