فهرست مطالب gh. akbari

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an immunosuppressive medication which is primarily used to manage and treatt of neoplasms, including breast cancer, lymphoma and Leukemia. CP as well possesses many side effects, including hepatotoxicity which leads to mitochondrial oxidative stress, cell death and hepatic necrosis. Empagliflozin (EMPA) is a Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor used to treat diabetes and has antioxidant activity. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Empagliflozin on hepatotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in male rats.

The present experimental study was conducted at the School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group, CP group, EMPA+CP group and CP+EMPA group. All groups were treated for 11 days. Moreover, blood samples were obtained and the liver was removed. Plasma levels of ALT, AST and ALP were measured. Homogenized liver tissue was used to measure malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO). Liver histology was also performed. The results were analyzed by one- way ANOVA and Tukey's Post Hoc test.

The results indicated that cyclophosphamide triggered a significant increase in the plasma level of AST, ALT enzymes and the level of NO and MDA metabolites in the liver tissue (p<0.001) and increased inflammation, edema, congestion and tissue necrosis compared to the control group. The administration of Empagliflozin led to a decrease in plasma levels of AST and ALT enzymes and tissue levels of NO and MDA and decreased tissue changes compared to the cyclophosphamide group. Furthermore, Empagliflozin reduced histological changes both as prevention and as treatment.

According to the results of the present study, Empagliflozin can reduce the hepatotoxicity of cyclophosphamide probably with reduction of oxidative stress.

Copper-based alloys are one of the most popular materials in the power distribution, welding industry, hydraulic equipment, industrial machinery, etc. Among different methods for the fabrication of Cu alloys, mechanical alloying (MA) is the major approach due to the fact that this approach is simple, inexpensive, suitable for mass production, and has a high capacity for homogeneous distribution of the second phase. However, the prediction of the hardness of products is very difficult in MA because of a lot of effective parameters. In this work, we designed a feed-forward back propagation neural network (FFBPNN) to predict the hardness of copper-based nanocomposites. First, some of the most common nanocomposites of copper including Cu-Al, Cu-Al2O3, Cu-Cr, and Cu-Ti were synthesized by mechanical alloying of copper at varying weight percentages (1, 3, and 6). Next, the alloyed powders were compacted by a cold press (12 tons) and subjected to heat treatment at 650˚C. Then, the strength of the alloys was measured by the Vickers microscopy test. Finally, to anticipate the micro-hardness of Cu nanocomposites, the significant variables in the ball milling process including hardness, size, and volume of the reinforcement material, vial speed, the ball-to-powder-weight-ratio (BPR), and milling time; were determined as the inputs, and hardness of nanocomposite was assumed as an output of the artificial neural network (ANN). For training the ANN, many different ANN architectures have been employed and the optimal structure of the model was obtained by regression of 0.9914. The network was designed with two hidden layers. The first and second hidden layer includes 12 and 8 neurons, respectively. The comparison between the predicted results of the network and the experimental values showed that the proposed model with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.7 % can predict the micro-hardness of the nanocomposites.

There are a lot of major parameters in the mechanothermal approach which play a key role in the quality and quantity of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this study, these factors were optimized to maximize the efficiency of the process, and also the growth mechanism of CNTs was investigated. For these purposes, the milling of graphite was performed in a high alloy steel vial for 330 h at the vial speed of 300 rpm in a planetary ball mill. The morphology and crystal structures of the graphite powder during the mechanical activation were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta-Sizer, and scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). After the heat treatment of amorphous carbon at 1400 ˚C, the CNTs were synthesized and their quality and quantity were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA). A special type of tip-growth mechanism based on the motion of the catalyst particles was proposed regarding the TEM images. According to this mechanism, the diameter, length, and shape of the CNT are completely dependent on a random motion of the catalyst particle at the tip of the nanotube. As a consequence, the growth mechanism in the mechanothermal process does not follow a certain pattern and this is the main reason for the spring-like and curved shape of the nanotubes. Furthermore, results of the differential thermal analysis revealed that the yield of fabricated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is more than 97% of the precursor.

The current study aimed to determine the effect of metformin (MET) on histopathologic evaluation and antioxidant enzyme activity in experimental varicocele-induced rats. A total of 60 rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups. Group 1 (control) received no medication and underwent no surgery. In group 2 (sham), the rats received no medication and the abdominal cavity was opened; however, there was no varicocele induction. In group 3 (varicocele), the abdominal cavity was opened and the rats underwent varicocele induction and received no medication. In group 4, the abdominal cavity was opened and the animals received 25 mg/kg of MET for 42 days and were varicocele-induced. Groups 5 and 6 were similar to group 4 except that the animals received 50 and 100 mg/kg of MET, respectively. At the end of the 21st and 42nd days, the rats were euthanized and the left testis was removed for histological analysis and measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant status levels. According to the results, a dose-dependent difference was observed in testis damage grade in the MET treated groups, compared to that reported for the varicocele group (p <0.05). No difference was observed between 25 and 50 mg/kg of MET (P>0.05). Tissue MDA levels significantly increased in varicocele rats (p <0.05); however, MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner decreased varicocele-induced MDA (p <0.05). Experimental varicocele significantly decreased SOD activity, compared to that reported for the control group (p <0.05). The administration of MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased tissue SOD activity in varicocele rats (p <0.05). The MET (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner increased GPx activity in varicocele rats (p <0.05). There was no difference in MDA, SOD, and GPx levels between 25 and 50 mg/kg MET groups (P>0.05). The aforementioned findings suggested that MET treatment had beneficial effects on varicocele.

The purpose of the present work is to investigate the influence of the number of weld-passes on microstructure, hardness and residual stresses of composite coatings composed of Ti-Al-Si intermetallic compounds. In this regard, surface coating of pure Ti was carried out using one and two passes of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding with an Al filler alloy (grade 4043). Phase and structural evaluations of the coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopies. microhardness and residual stress values of the coatings were measured using ASTM E384-HV device and the Sin2ψ method, respectively. The results showed that as the number of welding passes increased or the dilution ratio decreased, the volume fraction of Ti5Si3-Al3Ti intermetallic phases within the fusion zone increased and the volume fraction of martensite phase in the heat affected zone decreased. As a result, the average hardness value of the coating increased to be about 130 % compared to that of the pure Ti substrate. The tensile residual stresses at the center line of fusion zone were 165 ± 30 and 210 ± 35 MPa for the coatings prepared in one and two welding passes, respectively.

In order to study the effect of biological and chemical phosphate fertilizers on growth trend, physiologic indices and biological and grain yield of maize under deficit irrigation conditions in Karaj region, an experiment was conducted as split-split plot arrangement based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experiment treatments were included: irrigation (full and deficit irrigation), phosphate biological fertilizer (co-application of mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, application of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, application of mycorrhizal fungi and control) and chemical phosphate fertilizer (optimized consumption of triple superphosphate, consumption of rock phosphate and control). The results showed that the maximum leaf area index was equal to 3.9 with 1350 GDD and maximum crop growth rate was equal to 3.4 g m-2 with 1150 GDD obtained with co-application of mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria treatment under full irrigation condition. Application of mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria compared to the control treatment increased leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and biological and grain yield of maize under both full and deficit irrigation conditions. The co- inoculation of seeds with fungi and bacteria increased 5.13 and 11.76 percent leaf area index and crop growth rate in terms of the optimized consumption of triple superphosphate than rock phosphate, respectively. Grain yield and biological yield at co-application of AM fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens along with optimum consumption of triple superphosphate were also higher by 15% and 13.6%, respectively, than application of microbial inoculants along with consumption of rock phosphate. Overally, results of this experiment showed that application of mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria reduced negative effects of stress on investigated traits. Application of microorganisms along with balanced consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizers also increased growth indices and grain yield and reduced consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizers.

In order to evaluate the effect of balanced application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacterium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and on the yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) under normal and limited irrigation conditions, a split-split plots arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Treatments consisted of two levels of irrigation including: irrigation of 60 (normal irrigation) and 120 (limited irrigation) mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation; combination of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus and phosphate solubilizing bacterium) at four levels; and phosphate chemical fertilizer at three levels includes: no consumption of phosphate chemical fertilizer (control), consumption of 50% triple superphosphate fertilizer needed based on soil-test results and consumption of rock phosphate (based on the quantity of consumed phosphate of triple superphosphate source). The results showed that the irrigation levels had significant affect on all traits except harvest index, and the phosphate solubilizing microorganisms had significantly affected all traits except harvest index and number of row in ear. The results of mean comparison indicated that the maximum of amount most traits related to normal irrigation treatment, and co-application of phosphate solubilizing bacterium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. The effect of phosphate chemical fertilizer on all traits was significant. Results of interactions between irrigation and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in both normal irrigation and limited irrigation conditions showed that the co-application of phosphate solubilizing bacterium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus increased grain yield more than other treatments; Also, the result of balanced application of phosphate chemical fertilizer with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms showed that effect of balanced application of triple superphosphate fertilizer along with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on investigated traits was more than rock phosphate.

In order to evaluate the effect of balanced application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacterium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and on the yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) under normal and limited irrigation conditions, a split-split plots arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. Treatments consisted of two levels of irrigation including: irrigation of 60 (normal irrigation) and 120 (limited irrigation) mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation; combination of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus and phosphate solubilizing bacterium) at four levels; and phosphate chemical fertilizer at three levels includes: no consumption of phosphate chemical fertilizer (control), consumption of 50% triple superphosphate fertilizer needed based on soil-test results and consumption of rock phosphate (based on the quantity of consumed phosphate of triple superphosphate source). The results showed that the irrigation levels had significant affect on all traits except harvest index, and the phosphate solubilizing microorganisms had significantly affected all traits except harvest index and number of row in ear. The results of mean comparison indicated that the maximum of amount most traits related to normal irrigation treatment, and co-application of phosphate solubilizing bacterium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. The effect of phosphate chemical fertilizer on all traits was significant. Results of interactions between irrigation and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in both normal irrigation and limited irrigation conditions showed that the co-application of phosphate solubilizing bacterium-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus increased grain yield more than other treatments; Also, the result of balanced application of phosphate chemical fertilizer with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms showed that effect of balanced application of triple superphosphate fertilizer along with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on investigated traits was more than rock phosphate.

In order to assess drought stress and planting date effects applied on original plant, on the electrical conductivity rate of the subsequent seeds, this research was performed in two parts at the Research Field and Laboratory during spring 2008. The field experiment was performed as a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 20 treatments and three replications. Treatments included the seeds of five cultivars of canola, two planting dates and two levels of irrigation, which in previous year (2006-2007) had been cultivated as a factorial split plot based on CRBD. In the field experiment the characteristics measured including: Final Emergence Percentage (FEP), Mean Time of Emerging (MTE), Mean Daily Emerging (MDE), Daily Emerging Speed (DES), and at the laboratory Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the seed leakages was measured. Results indicated that there is no correlation between FEP and EC and so EC test cannot be used for predication the number of emerging plants in the field. In the results of variance analysis laboratory, the cultivar of Modena due to high level of EC had the lowest quality and other cultivars had no significant difference. The interaction between the time of exertion the stress × canola cultivars two cultivars, Opera and Modena had the lowest and the highest in after cutting off the irrigation during stem elongation and in normal irrigation, Sarigol had the lowest EC. The interaction between planting date × Canola cultivars, Modena cultivar in planting date two had highest EC and other cultivars had no significant difference with each other. Based on variance analysis field data planting date and drought stress had no significant effect on measured characteristics.

The aim of this study was to determine feasibility of Gamma irradiation in broiler chicks’ diet and scrutiny of productive performance of broiler due to gamma irradiated diets. There were 256 broiler chicks (male and female) from Arian strain. Experiment was statistically analyzed using balanced complete randomized design with four factors (including four irradiation doses: 0, 6.7, 7.7 and 8.7 Kilogray) and four replicates in each treatment. The results showed that there were significant (P≤0.05) difference in body weight gain and feed intake between control and irradiated groups. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in feed conversion ratio (FCR) between irradiated and control groups. Statistical comparison for mortality rate indicated that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference between irradiated and control groups.

During the 2003-2004 growing season, an experiment was conducted at the Plant Protection Research Institute in Karaj, Iran, to compare the competitive ability (CA) of eight wheat cultivars released during the last 50 years. Each cultivar (Tabasi, Roshan, Karaj2, Azadi, Niknejad, Mahdavi, Shiraz and Pishtaz) was grown in weed-free conditions or infested with rocket (Eruca sativa). The results indicated that grain yield competitive indices differed significantly between the cultivars. An old cultivar, Karaj2, showed a high ability to withstand competition (AWC), high competitive indices (CI) and low grain yield in the weed-free plots (3865 kg ha-1). Cultivar Tabasi, a less competitive cultivar, had the lowest AWC and CI amongst the cultivars. There was a significant negative correlation between AWC and grain yield in the weed-free plots. Also, no significant correlation was observed between CI and AWC. The number of spikes m-2, number of fertile tillers * Corresponding author. R. Deihimfard; [email protected]. R. Deihimfard et al. 54 plant-1, number of plants m-2, and number of kernels spike-1 were the most influenced components of yield in weedy conditions. This study showed that local adaptation is important for the Karaj2 cultivar to prevent yield loss (tolerance) in weed-infested conditions, and more suppression ability in the presence of rocket.