h. mumivand

 Salinity stress impairs the absorption of elements such as potassium, leads to decrease in water and minerals, or due to an increase in Na+ effects the absorption of other elements. Salinity of water and soil is one of the obstacles to the expansion of agriculture in most part of the world. Salinity causes several physiological and morphological changes in plants and affects growth and photosynthesis. Salinity stress also affects the absorption of nutrients, and finally the plants sensitivity to stress increases. High concentrations of Nacl in rhizosphere reduce the water potential and cause physiological drought stress. In addition, salinity stress can cause ion toxicity and imbalance, which can damage the plant. Salinity stress has been shown to reduce plant biomass by decreasing photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content. As stress increases, stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation decrease, which both negatively impact photosynthesis and lead to a decrease in plant growth. Dianthus is an annual or perennial plant that produces velvety flowers in various colors. Due to its resistance to cold and wide range of colors, it is commonly used in landscaping. However, limited research has been conducted on the response of Dianthus to environmental stress, making it important to investigate its behavior under such conditions.

 This research was conducted at greenhouse of municipality of Khomein, Iran. The statistical design was used in the factorial experiment based on CRD. Experimental factors included salinity stress (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 mM) and cultivars (Barbarin and Diana). After preparing the seeds, it is first disinfected using sodium hypochlorite and then planted in plastic pots containing soil, sand and manure. At the end of the experiment, morphological traits, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, Na+, K+ and Na+/K+ was also examined. Gas exchanges were measured using an exchange measuring device (LCA4, ADC Bioscientific,Ltd., Hoddesdon, England). At the time of measuring gas exchanges, the temperature under chamber was 26-29 C and relative humidity was 58-62%. (stomatal conductivity is based on mmol/m2/s and photosynthesis in µmol/m2/s). To measure the concentration of Na+ and K+, the leaf first turned to ash (at 550 C). Then 5 ml of hydrochlorid was added to dissolve the sample and the volume of the filtered solution was reduced to 50 ml with distilled water and the concentration of Na+ and K+ was measured with flame meter. In order to measure the fresh weight of leaves and roots, plant components were separated. Fresh weight was recorded with a scale and then samples were placed in the oven (for 48 h) and weighted again to measure dry weight. Leaf area was measured with a leaf guuge device (A30325) and plant height and root length using a ruler. Statistical analysis of data was performed using Mini Tab and Excel software.

 Results showed that salinity stress generally affected the growth of both carnation cultivars and reduced vegetative and reproductive growth. According to the results obtained from the study, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and leaves, root length, plant height, stem diameter, diameter and number of flower, lateral shoot number, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, K+ concentration in Diana and Barbarin cultivars decreased with increasing salinity level. Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ increased with increasing salinity and these two traits were higher in Diana than Barbarin cultivar, which indicates lower resistance of Diana cultivar. The plant's first response to stress is to reduce its leaf area, which reduces the supply of photosynthetic material to the growing parts and consequently hinders growth and flowering. Salinity stress and high osmotic potential in the rhizosphere greatly affect photosynthesis as they decrease pore conductivity. Moreover, excessive absorption of Na+ can interfere with the absorption of other elements, thereby restricting plant growth. Potassium (K+) is an essential inorganic molecule that plays a crucial role in increasing plant resistance to stress. It helps in maintaining turbidity, promoting cell development, and regulating stomatal function. In this study, salinity stress affected the growth and yield of both carnation cultivars, and with increasing stress, all morphological traits decreased. This stress also reduce photosynthesis by reducing stomatal conductance and subsequently reduce other growth characteristics. Growth reduction was observed at high salinity stress concentrations in both cultivars. However, barbarin cultivar showed higher resistance than Diana

Citrus canker disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and bacterial leaf spots caused by X. gardneri and X. perforans are critical bacterial diseases. The control of these pathogens is a serious challenge due to the problems caused by the restrictions on the use of poisons and antibiotics, and the issue of toxic resistance. Therefore, plant essential oils can be a suitable alternative to control plant pathogens. In the present study, the effect of Lippia citriodora, Mentha piperita, M. aquatica, M. saulavens, M. spicata and M. pulegium essential oils against X. citri subsp. citri, X. gardneri and X. perforans have been evaluated.

After plant essential oils extraction by clevenger, their constituent compounds were identified by GC-MS. Then, the antibacterial effect of essential oils was surveyed using the disk diffusion method. Also, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), the combined effect of plant essential oils, and the effect of M. pulegium essential oil against X. gardneri were investigated using Transmission electron microscopy.

The results of GC-MS essential oils analysis showed that a total of 28, 28, 30, 36, 39, and 42 compounds were identified in M. saulavens, M. piperita, M. pulegium, M. aquatica, M. spicata, and L. citriodora essential oil compounds, respectively. The highest and lowest amount of inhibitory zone was related to oregano species on the bacteria X. citri subsp. citri with an amount of 24 ± 2.08 mm and apple mint essential oil on X. gardneri with an amount of 5.66 ± 0.66 mm, respectively. MIC and MBC for the examined essential oils against the pathogenic bacteria were between 1-5 and 2-6 μg/ml, respectively. Also, the synergistic effect was observed between different essential oils such as M. piperita- L. citriodora, M. pulegium- M. spicata, M. pulegium- M. aquatic, M. aquatic- M. piperita, M. aquatic- M. pulegium, M. pulegium- M. saulavens on pathogenic bacteria. Transmission electron microscope photos related to the effect of M. pulegium essential oil against X. gardneri bacteria showed complete cell destruction, cell wall damage, swollen nuclear, area and changes in the cytoplasm density of bacterial cells.

Essential oils are regarded safe substances when considering the control limitations of bacterial infections, bacterial resistance to toxins, and environmental issues associated with the use of toxins. Also, due to the different compositions of essential oils and the observation of synergistic properties between them in this study, the risk of developing resistance to them decreases, and their antibacterial effect increases.

The aeroponic system is a promising technique for the future of agriculture, growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium. In aeroponic, plants are suspended in a closed or semi-closed environment by spraying the plant's dangling roots and lower stem with an atomized or sprayed, nutrient-rich water solution (30). Increased aeration of nutrient solution delivers more oxygen to plant roots in aeroponic in compare to conventional hydroponic systems, stimulating growth and helping to prevent pathogen formation (1). Cultivation of medicinal plants under controlled conditions of aeroponic and hydroponic systems commercially provides a better result in terms of quality improvement, bioactivity and biomass production (5, 4).Mint (Mentha) is one of the most important genus of Lamiaceae family. Different species of the genus have high economic value, due to their active and aromatic substances and are used as raw materials in food, cosmetics, health, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. M. piperita, M. spicata and M. suaveolens are the most common and popular species of the genus for cultivation. M. aquatica is also a perennial plant of the genus that is cultivated in Europe, North and Northwest Africa and Southwest Asia (2). Aeroponic system is more cost effective than other systems. Because of the reduced volume of solution throughput, less water and fewer nutrients are needed in the system at any given time compared to other nutrient delivery systems. However, due to lack of research and sufficient technical information, the use of aeroponic system is not common among farmers and greenhouse owners. In addition, many tips are not yet scientifically known about the cultivation of different plant species in this system (4). Despite the benefits of aeroponics, no research has been previously conducted on the cultivation of different species of mint in this system. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigation of growth, yield and morpho-physiological characteristics of five mint species in the aeroponic system.

This study was conducted in greenhouses of faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Lorestan University in 2020. The experiment was performed as a split plot design. Mentha species (including M. aquatica, M. pulegium, M. spicata, M. suaveolens and M. piperita) were considered as the main plot and harvest time (first and second harvests) was used as sub-plot. In each experimental block, one row (with ten plants) of five mint species was planted. In the early stages of growth, plants were fed with half Hoagland nutrient solution and then with complete Hoagland solution. Finally, morphological and physiological traits and some biochemical characteristics of plants were measured. After harvesting the first batch of plants and in order to better evaluation of species in the aeroponics system, all studied traits were measured about two months after the first harvest. Analysis of variance was performed based on the experimental design using SAS software. The comparison of means was also done with the least significant difference (LSD) test at the level of 5%.

The results showed that M. spicata and M. suaveolens had the highest leaf to stem ratio. The highest stem dry weight and plant height were related to M. pulegium. While, the highest leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, stem fresh and dry weight, stolon fresh and dry weight, shoot fresh and dry weight, total plant dry weight and relative water content were related to M. aquatic, followed by M. piperita. In addition, M. piperita had shown the highest fresh root weight. The highest amount of carotenoid and chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate and CO2 under the stomata was obtained in M. piperita. In this experiment, most of the yield-attributes traits including leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and total plant dry weight, as well as relative water content and photosynthesis rate were higher in the second harvest than the first one.

All studied species in this experiment were successfully growth in the aeroponic system. Due to high water use efficiency, no need for soil and high crop production, mint cultivation in the aeroponic system can be a healthy and profitable alternative to in soil cultivation approach. According to the results of the present study, M. aquatica has shown higher performance than other species in terms of the yield attributes traits (including leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plant, fresh and dry weight of shoots and fresh and dry weight of leaves). Among the other species, the highest shoot dry weight and plant dry weight was obtained by M. piperita. Finally, the high potential of M. aquatica and M. piperita for cultivation in the aeroponic system can be concluded.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L. Gaertn.)) is a plant with various medicinal uses which is adapted to different climates. To investigate the effects of different concentrations of chitosan (CS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) on increasing yield and biochemical indices of milk thistle ecotypes, a farm factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two crop years. Experimental treatments included milk thistle ecotype at five levels (Budakalazi, Sari, Khomein, Khorramabad, and Ahvaz) and type and elicitor concentration at nine levels (foliar application of distilled water (control), bulk CS (50 and 100 mg L-1), nano CS (50 and 100 mg L-1), bulk TiO2 (50 and 100 mg L-1), and nano TiO2 (50 and 100 mg L-1)). The results showed that foliar application of CS and TiO2 (bulk and nano) effectively increased yield and defense enzymes. In all these traits, foliar application of CS and TiO2 in nano form was more effective compared to the bulk form and control. Based on the mean comparisons results, the plant yield increased with foliar application of nano CS at the concentration of 50 mg L-1. Also, foliar application of nano CS at the concentration of 100 mg L-1 increased the activity of defense enzymes. In general, foliar application of nano CS increased the yield as well as improved the biochemical traits of milk thistle ecotypes, especially the Budakalazi one, which could be considered as a suitable way to increase the yield of this plant. Considering the higher yield of Budakalazi ecotype, it could be also recommended to be used in breeding programs.

 Due to their pleasant and soothing taste and odor, attractive colors, and medicinal purposes, Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers have been widely used as food, tea, ornamentation, and medicine. It has been reported that C. morifolium can reduce hyperactivity of the liver, improve eyesight and regulate cellular immunity. Pharmacological investigations have shown that Flo's chrysanthemum exhibits antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and heart-protective characteristics. Previous phytochemical studies on caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids have been isolated from Flo's chrysanthemum. In this study, chrysanthemum cultivars were evaluated in terms of having secondary compounds and desirable medicinal properties, as well as antibacterial effects to introduce superior cultivars and purposeful planning for breeding research. The purpose of the present study, 25 cultivars of C. morifolium were compared in terms of essential oil content, leaves total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity.

 In this experiment, 25 chrysanthemum cultivars were studied in terms of essential oil percentage, antioxidant index, total phenol and flavonoid content and antibacterial effects in a randomized complete block design in Lorestan University research farm in the year 2016. Essential oil was extracted from dried flowers in the shade using a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the extract was measured by DPPH method based on the method of Kulisic et al. (2004). The amount of flavonoids was measured by aluminum chloride and total phenol by Folin - Ciocalteu reagent colorimetric. Ward analysis was done to classify the cultivars.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the studied chrysanthemum cultivars had significant differences in terms of all studied phytochemical traits. According to the obtained results, among different cultivars, the total amount of phenolic compounds is between 14.52-47.90 mg/g dry weight, the total flavonoid content is between 11.59-55.62 mg/g DW and IC50 index varied between 83.92 and 257.43 μg/ml. The highest amount of total phenol was present in Avadis and Dila cultivars (45.86-47.90 mg/g dry weight), while Yasamin cultivar (14.52 mg/g DW) had the lowest amount. Also, in terms of total flavonoid content, Golnar and Farahnaz cultivars had the highest total flavonoid content with 55.62 and 53.01 mg quercetin/g DW, respectively. Cluster analysis divided all studied cultivars into five groups. The percentage of essential oil among different cultivars varied between 0.41 to 0.62% and a high variability was observed in terms of the amount of essential oil in the studied cultivars. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to Farhnaz and Elmira2 cultivars. In general, the results showed high antioxidant activity of most cultivars. Therefore, chrysanthemum extract can be introduced as a suitable source of natural antioxidants. Also in this study, Paridokht, Sana and Ashraf cultivars were studied in terms of antioxidant and antibacterial index and Farahnaz and Elmira 2 cultivars appeared superior to other cultivars in terms of essential oil production. Hedaei et al. (2018) studied evaluation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of leaf methanolic extract and flower essential oil content from different cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium, in this review, total phenol and flavonoid contents and IC50 values in different cultivars were ranged from 17.63-33.20 mg/g DW, 12.62-53.17 mg quercetin/g, and 54-228 μg/ml respectively. The highest phenolic content was in cultivar “Poya3” (33.20 mg/g DW), whereas the cultivar “Sahand2” (17.63 mg/g DW) contained the lowest value. Also, in terms of total flavonoid content, cultivars “Marmar” and “Sahand 2” had the highest and the lowest flavonoids with 53.17 and 12.62 mg quercetin per gram, respectively. 

 The results of the present study indicate a significant difference between different cultivars in terms of the total amount of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds that the existence of such diversity can be the role of cultivar and genetics in the production of these compounds. According to the results of this study, chrysanthemum cultivars with desirable levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds can be used as a source of natural antioxidants as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. In this study, Sana, Paridokht and Ashraf cultivars appeared superior to the existing genotypes in terms of phytochemical and antibacterial traits. The results of this study can be used to select the correct parents for purposeful crosses in subsequent chrysanthemum breeding programs in order to improve the phytochemical traits of existing cultivars.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are one of the small and non-coding regulatory molecules, which regulate gene expression by transcriptional cleavage or translational suppression. miRNAs are involved in regulating a wide range of metabolic and physiological processes in plants.The mint family plants, especially Satureja khuzistanica, are well known herbs for its flavor, fragrance and medicinal properties. To date, no miRNAs have been identified in Satureja species. In present study, a computational approach based on homology search was used to identify miRNAs and their targets of Satureja khuzistanica. Non-coding unigenes were identified and considered for candidates of miRNAs precursor. After evaluating the general parameters such as GC percentage, minimum folding free energy (MFE), minimum free energy index (MFEI) and secondary structure, 58 miRNAs were identified, which among them, by applying plant specific parameters and filtring the miRNAs from several transcripts, overall ten miRNAs were identified. Then, 930 target transcripts were predicted using psRNATarget website and the annotation of them was performed by using BLASTx tools of NCBI Blast+ software (v2.6.0). Examination of target genes showed that auxin-responsive genes, GRAS, AGO2 and LAC family genes are the main targets of the identified miRNAs in S. khuzistanica. Pathway enrichment analysis of the target genes revealed that the secondary metabolic pathway is significantly among the targets of the identified miRNAs. This is the first study describing miRNAs and their role in the regulation of target genes in S. khuzistanica.

The present study was conducted with the aim of symbiotic integration of Cyprinus carpio and five species of mint in the aquaponics system. The experiment was performed as a split plot design in time. Mentha species including Mentha aquatica, Mentha pulegium, Mentha spicata, Mentha suaveolens and Mentha piperita were considered as the main plot and harvest times (first and second) were used as sub-plots. The highest leaf number, internode length, number of stolon and leaf area were belonged to M. aquatica. On the other hand, M. aquatica, M. piperita and M. pulegium showed the highest shoot dry weight and stem diameter, while, the highest dry weight of stem and plant height were obtained in M. pulegium. The highest leaf/stem ratio was also observed for M. suaveolens, M. spicata and M. aquatic, respectively The highest relative water content (RWC) was related to M. piperita, which was not significantly different from those of M. aquatica, M. spicata and M. suaveolens. The highest greenness (SPAD) index was obtained in M. aquatica and M. piperita. Almost all of the studied traits including leaf fresh weight, stolon fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, leaf number, plant height, number of stem, leaf area, RWC and SPAD index were higher in the second harvest of mint species. Overall, M. aquatica and M. piperita showed a better performance than other species in terms of most of the studied traits and may be recommended for cultivation in the aquaponics system.

In the last decades, human activities have had adverse effects on the atmosphere and the stratospheric ozone layer, resulting in an increase in the ultraviolet radiation on the ground, especially in highlands. Among living organisms, plants are the most exposed to ultraviolet rays due to their high and unavoidable need to light for photosynthesis, and are therefore more vulnerable to them. Plants show different responses to ambient UV radiation. The response of plants to ultraviolet light is manifested in two general ways, including tolerating the destructive effects of this radiation or/and avoiding it. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet light on growth, morphological and phenological characteristics of three cornflower cultivars under greenhouse conditions in 2018.

The experiment was performed as a split plot in a completely randomized design. Ultraviolet light was considered as the first factor in four levels (including: control, ultraviolet –A radiation, ultraviolet -B radiation and ultraviolet A + B radiations) and three cornflower cultivars (including: ‘Kornblume pink’, ‘Kornblume rot’ and ‘Kornblume blau’) as the second factor. The UV treatment was applied by lamps made by Q-Lab Co, USA. It should be noted that the 40-watt lamps used in this study were broadband and had the highest compliance with ultraviolet B (in the case of UV-B lamps) and ultraviolet A (in the case of UV-A lamps) received from the sun on the ground. So they provided the best possible simulation. During the growth period of plants, phenological traits were recorded and morphological traits and biomass traits were measured at the end of the experiment.

The results showed that UV-B radiation and simultaneous application of UV-A and UV-B radiations resulted in the reduction of the most morphological traits and yield traits including plant height, internode length, leaf width, leaf area, flowering stem length, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf dry weight, flower dry weight and number of flowers. However, flower yield was not affected by ultraviolet radiations. UV-A treatment reduced the flowering stem length and fresh and dry weight of plant in compared to the control treatment, but it had no significant effect on plant height, leaf width, leaf dry weight, flower dry weight and number of flowers. Plants response to ultraviolet radiation is very different. In many species, it has been observed that UV-A does not have a negative effect on plant growth, while, UV-B reduced the growth and yield of plants. It seems that the main reason for the reduction of plant growth and production is prevention of cell division caused by ultraviolet radiation. Degradation of plant pigments (chlorophyll) is also one of the main reason of photosynthesis decrease led to plant growth and yield reduction. The results of the present study showed that the application of UV-A reduced the number of days until the emersion of the first flower bud and the number of days until the opening of the first flower in cornflower cultivars compared to the control. UV-B treatment forced cornflowers to earlier flowering than UV-A. However, the fastest entry into the reproductive and flowering phase of cornflower cultivars was observed with the simultaneous application of UV-A and B radiations. Plants mechanisms against environmental stresses mainly depend on their origin and genetic factors. These mechanisms include three main strategies including “avoidance”, “tolerance” and “escaping”. One of the most important ways to reduce the life cycle is early flowering. It seems that the process of early flowering and completing the growth in cornflower species is a kind of stress escaping under ultraviolet radiation stress.

In this study, ultraviolet radiation reduced the growth and development of all three species of cornflowers. However, UV-A treatment showed the least negative effect on flower yield of plants. On the contrary, UV-B radiation and simultaneous application of UV-A and UV-B radiations reduced the growth and development of cornflowers, but did not have any significant negative effect on the flower yield (as the main useable organ of plant). Therefore, it seems that the ultraviolet radiation can be considered as a positive factor due to its positive effects on the production of secondary metabolites and early flowering and lack of significant negative effects on plant flower yield. Finally, ‘Kornblume pink’ cultivar, with higher flower yield and earlier flowering, is more suitable for cultivation than other cultivars.

The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of ginger extract on some quality parameters of rooster spermatozoa during liquid storage. A total of 10 healthy adult native roosters were selected and sampled twice a week for three weeks. Treatment groups were made up of basal extender supplemented with various concentrations of ginger extract including 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 μg/mL. Sperm plasma membrane integrity, viability, and motility were assessed at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after semen collection. However, the sperm DNA fragmentation test was determined only after 48 hours of storage. The sperm membrane integrity was high at 24 (81.66%) and 48 (58.66%) hours in control and 60 µg/mL of ginger extract, respectively. The highest sperm viability (70.50%) and motility (76.50%) were obtained in 20 μg/mL ginger extract at 48h. The lowest sperm DNA fragmentation (32%) was observed in the 20 μg/mL of ginger extract. According to the results, the ginger extract showed a protective effect against time-associated harmful changes in semen quality of roosters during liquid storage.

To investigate the effects of planting date (March 20 and April 21), full fertilizer (PLANTFEED) (zero and two per thousand), and harvest time (8 am, 12 noon, and 19 pm) on the quantitative and qualitative yield (leaves and stems dry weight, stems to leaves ratio, yield and percentage of essential oil, and carvacrol percentage) of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017. Based on the results, all the mentioned traits except the stems to leaves ratio were affected by planting date and full fertilizer treatment. The planting date of April 21 and the application of full fertilizer increased all the studied traits except the carvacrol percentage and the stems to leaves ratio. The morning harvest time treatment increased the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage of carvacrol (93.66%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × full fertilizer (two per thousand) × harvest time (evening) and the lowest one (82.77%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × no fertilizer application × harvest time (morning). The results showed that in the planting date of April 21 treatment, the application of full fertilizer caused better results in most of the mentioned traits. Also, the morning and evening harvest treatments caused the highest percentage and essential oil yield and carvacrol percentage. To investigate the effects of planting date (March 20 and April 21), full fertilizer (PLANTFEED) (zero and two per thousand), and harvest time (8 am, 12 noon, and 19 pm) on the quantitative and qualitative yield (leaves and stems dry weight, stems to leaves ratio, yield and percentage of essential oil, and carvacrol percentage) of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017. Based on the results, all the mentioned traits except the stems to leaves ratio were affected by planting date and full fertilizer treatment. The planting date of April 21 and the application of full fertilizer increased all the studied traits except the carvacrol percentage and the stems to leaves ratio. The morning harvest time treatment increased the percentage and essential oil yield. The highest percentage of carvacrol (93.66%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × full fertilizer (two per thousand) × harvest time (evening) and the lowest one (82.77%) was obtained in the triple interaction of planting date (March 20) × no fertilizer application × harvest time (morning). The results showed that in the planting date of April 21 treatment, the application of full fertilizer caused better results in most of the mentioned traits. Also, the morning and evening harvest treatments caused the highest percentage and essential oil yield and carvacrol percentage.

To study the effect of biochar and superabsorbent on the chemical composition of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad essential oil, under drought stress conditions, a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 at the Medicinal Plant Research Farm of Lorestan University. Treatments included drought stress as the main plot at three levels (100, 80, and 60% of water requirement) and cow manure biochar at two levels (0 and 10 ton ha-1), and stockosorb hydrogel at three levels (0, 60, and 120 mg plant-1) as subplots. Twenty-four compounds were identified in aerial parts essential oil of the plant using GC-MS. The main constituents included carvacrol (76.6%), γ-terpinene (5.8%), p < /em>-cymene (3%), terpinen-4-ol (2.5%), 1,8-cineole (2%), and linalool (0.9%). The results showed that the highest amount of carvacrol (90.8%) was observed in severe moisture stress+biochar+60 mg stockosorb and the lowest (73.8%) was observed in stress-free control treatment with biochar+120 mg stockosorb. The results showed that interactions between drought stress and biochar had a significant effect on essential oil yield. Also, no correlation was observed between the presence and absence of stockosorb superabsorbent with different compounds of Satureja rechingeri essential oil.

Salvia sharifii Rech. f. & Esfand. is an endemic medicinal plant in Iran and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. In the current study, different plant parts (flower, leaf, and stem) of this species were collected from the Bokhon region of Hormozgan province in March 2018 and were studied in terms of the amount of essential oil and variability in their composition. The essential oils of air-dried samples were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil yield of flower, leaf, and stem was obtained 1.38, 1.14, and 0.84% (w/w), respectively. The total number of essential oil compounds identified and quantified was 45 in flower, 42 in leaf, and 43 in the stem. The results of essential oil compounds analysis revealed that linalool (38.7%), hexyl isovalerate (13.8%), hexyl caprylate (6.2%), hexyl isobutyrate (4.6%), hexyl-2-methyl butyrate (4.4%), trans-caryophyllene (3.8%), and n-hexyl hexanoate (3.7%) were the major compounds in flower. In leaf, linalool (17.0%), hexyl caprylate (11.1%), α-humulene (7.8%), trans-caryophyllene (6.2%), sclareol oxide (5.9%), nootkatone (3.7%), hexyl isovalerate (3.5%) and agarospirol (3.0%) had the highest amounts in essential oil. In stem essential oil, linalool (18.7%), sclareol oxide (8.0%), α-humulene (7.5%), trans-caryophyllene (7.2%), hexyl isovalerate (5.2%), caryophyllene oxide (5.0%), n-hexyl hexanoate (4.8%), nootkatone (4.1%) and dibutyl phthalate (4.0%) were the major compounds. The major and common compound in the different organs essential oil of this species was linalool which was the highest in flowers and the lowest in leaves. The presence of chemical diversity in the essential oil of different organs of this species can be considered by the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries, as well as medicinal plant breeders in selecting the appropriate organ for consumption and breeding purposes.