فهرست مطالب h. zeinali

Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is one of the most widespread weeds in the world, and regarding the amount of damage caused to crops, it is the third dominant dicotyledonous weed in the world. It is recommended to reduce the use of chemical herbicides through the replacement of non-chemical methods in sustainable agricultural management, and the use of plants' allelopathic effects is one of these methods. On the other hand, plants in different growth stages have different allelopathy sensitivity.

To evaluate the allelopathic effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) on Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) growth stages, an experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of Kashan Barij Essential Company, Iran. Treatments included aqueous and alcoholic extracts of eucalyptus (50, 75, and 100 %), controlled (0.002 concentration of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Ethanol 70%, distilled water), and three growth stages (five-leaf stage, seven-leaf stage, and stem elongation). The studied traits were measured in all three growth stages one week after treatments. To measure traits, ten plants were randomly selected from each pot. The studied traits included leaf length and width, total leaf wet weight, total leaf dry weight, stem wet weight, stem dry weight, stem length, root length, root wet weight, root dry weight, total plant weight, and shoot/root ratio. A ruler was used to determine the length and width of the leaf, the length of the root, and the length of the stem. Analysis of the variance of the data was done by MSTAC software. If the experimental factor was significant, the LSD test was used to compare the means.

Leaf width, total leaf fresh weight, total leaf dry weight, stem fresh and dry weight, stem length, root length, root fresh and dry weight, total plant weight, and shoot/root ratio were affected by the growth stage where the extracts were used. The effect of the concentration of aqueous and ethanol extracts of eucalyptus on leaf length and width, total leaf fresh weight, total leaf dry weight, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, stem length, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, total dry plant weight, and shoot/root ratio was significant. Spraying at the stem and 5-leaf stages had the highest and lowest leaf width, stem length, and root dry weight, respectively. The extract application at the stem elongation and five-leaf stage had the highest and lowest leaf width, stem length, and root dry weight, respectively. The application of distilled water in the stem elongation phase produced the maximum leaf length (3.06 cm), total fresh and dry weight of plant leaf (1.00 and 0.2764 gr), stem fresh and dry weight (1.35 and 0.393 gr), and total fresh and dry plant weight (2.80 and 0.801 gr), respectively. The application of 75% concentration of eucalyptus ethanol extract at the 5-leaf stage produced the lowest total fresh and dry weight of plant leaf (0.188 and 0.0521 gr), stem fresh and dry weight (0.303 and 0.046 gr) and total fresh and dry plant weight (0.633 and 0.1157 gr), respectively.

The aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly decreased Pigweed growth indices, and its inhibitory effect was not significantly different in most traits with 2-4-D herbicide. The inhibitory effect of alcoholic extract on pigweed growth was greater than aqueous extract. Given that almost all eucalyptus extracts, either alcoholic or aqueous, significantly reduced Pigweed growth, it may be possible to reduce the pressure of this weed on crops by combining and using them as a bio-herbicide.

One of main challenges in worldwide is increasing rate of depression and sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant drug consumption. Regarding the role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis, this study investigated the effect of duloxetine on viability, apoptosis and expression of Bax and Cx43 (Connexin 43) expression in Sertoli cells.

TM4 Sertoli cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 2.5% FBS, 5% horse serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were treated with different doses of duloxetine (3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 μg/ml) for 24 to 72 hours. MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell viability. The rate of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR was performed to evaluate of Bax (proapoptotic gene) and Cx43 (essential for spermatogenesis) genes.

Duloxetine reduced cell survival in a dose and time-dependent manner. On the basis of MTT data, IC50 was calculated as 15 μg/ml duloxetine (p≤0.05). TM4 cell apoptosis increased compared to the control group at a dose of 15 μg/ml duloxetine (p≤0.01). RT-qPCR results showed increased expression of Cx43 (p≤0.05) and Bax (p≤0.01) genes under the influence of duloxetine.

Considering the flow cytometry data and the increased expression of Bax, duloxetine may induce apoptosis in Sertoli cells and may be a negative and destructive factor for spermatogenesis process. On the other hand, by increasing the expression level of Cx43 gene, duloxetine increases the molecular communication via gap junctions between Sertoli cells and transmits apoptosis-promoting signals to spermatogenic cells which can influence spermatogenesis quantification.

The success of plant breeders depends on the genetic diversity amount in plants and their wild relatives. Awareness of genetic distance and similarity makes it possible to organize hereditary reserves, effective sampling of genotypes, and better use of diversity. This research was carried out to study the genetic diversity of six basil populations (Ocimum basilicum L.) and to evaluate their biochemical response to low irrigation and two densities in the greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Isfahan, Iran using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Basil populations as Afghan (green), Ghaemieh (violet), Qahjavaristan (green), Ardestan (green), Mobarakeh (green), and Mahyar (violet)) were sown in two densities of 6.6 and 20 plants/m2 in row distance at 50 cm with plant distance of 30 cm (equal to 6.6 plants/m2) and 10 cm (equal to 20 plants/m2). Drip irrigation was performed using evaporation pan in the form of three treatments of 60, 80 and 100% of field capacity (FC). In addition, 12 pairs of AFLP primers were used to study genetic diversity. According to the results obtained in all the irrigation conditions, the Afghan population showed the highest percentage of essential oil. Among the populations, the highest amounts of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were belonged to the Qahjavaristan with the values of 0.62, 0.44 and 0.53 µmol.m-1/FW, respectively. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a and b (1.49 and 0.76 mg/g FW) were belonged to the Mobarakeh. Regarding dehydration stress, it was found that the application of 80 and 60%FC led to an increase of 4% and 19% of catalase, 6% and 22% of peroxidase and 5% and 20% of superoxide dismutase, respectively. In general, the Afghan population showed the highest stress-tolerance level. Based on the analysis of AFLP results, each primer produced an average of 10.51 polymorphism bands, and primer 11 had the highest band production among the primers. Based on the genetic similarity matrix, the highest genetic similarity between Mobarakeh and Ardestan populations was at the rate of 0.99. The lowest genetic similarity (0.71) was related to Ardestan and Mahyar populations. Totally, populations with the least genetic similarity (Ardestan and Mahyar) could be used as parents in breeding programs, which leads to progeny with higher genetic diversity. The Afghan population can also be considered as parent in stress-resistant breeding programs.

Astragalus hamosus L. is an annual, herbaceous belonged to Leguminosae family. Understanding the pattern of plant species diversity is important in breeding programs and leads to awareness of evolutionary processes. This study was conducted on protein diversity of the ecotypes of this plant species. According to the protein variation analysis of A.hamosus, the polymorphism index content (PIC) was calculated as 0.49. Cluster dendrogram was drawn using Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA method. The ecotypes were classified into three subgroups with cophenetic correlation coefficient 0.88. Out of the 13 ecotypes, 11 were grouped together with relatively high similarity. Kermanshah ecotype no1 was significantly separated from other ecotypes. According to the results of the expression of seven peptides studied in 13 ecotypes, the highest and lowest cumulative expression levels belonged to peptides6 and 7 with 24195 and 4328 units by PhoretixPro software, respectively. Based on biplot analysis, the highest expression of peptides in all different ecotypes was related to peptide 4 of Kermanshah ecotype 2. Peptide 7 was not expressed in any other ecotypes, even at very low levels. It was concluded that a new protein was added to the protein profile of A. hamosus in the Kermanshah ecotype with the emergence of this peptide.

Selecting optimal location of gas power plants is one of challenging issues in the environmental assessment of development projects. This article aimed to study the optimal location for the construction of a thermal power plant in Sirjan, Iran based in environmental criteria using an integrated method (AHP1 and TOPSIS2). In this research, we studied the certain regional features. Delphi was used to identify the environment, power plant-related parameters affecting the location process. AHP was employed to prioritize and determine the weights of criteria and sub-criteria in Expert Choice. Then, TOPSIS and prioritized criteria by AHP were employed to form the decision matrix for 6 sites based on 13 macro indices and 36 sub-criteria. In this study, combined components were taken into account including power plant factors; environmental, physical, and biological factors, technical-economic factor, and background contamination. The results showed that Technical-Economic Factor with the weight of 0.4830 was prioritized first followed by Physical and Biological Index with weights of 0.272 and 0.157, respectively. Then, expert judgments were used in TOPSIS decision-making process in order to form the initial matrix. Once this stage was complete, the matrices were weighted using the weights of criteria. The distance of each option was estimated from the Positive Ideal Solution and Negative Ideal Solution. Accordingly, Closeness Coefficient was calculated. Eventually, the best site scenario was determined. Among the six proposed sites, Site II was found to be the best option in terms of environmental, economic, and technical factors.

ontribution of polyamines (PAs) in response to cold stress (4◦C) were studied in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. The content of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), Spermine (Spd), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and relative expression of Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) genes that involve in Put biosynthesis pathway were investigated in cold-tolerant (Sel96th 11439) and cold-sensitive (ILC533) genotypes. In the tolerant genotype, H2O2 accumulation was gradually decreased (up to 4.7%) from the first day to 6th day of cold stress treatment and its accumulation decreased while its accumulation in sensitive genotype increased up to 50% compared to the control. Under cold stress, as damage index (H2O2) was decresed, PA and Put content increased comparing to control conditions (up to 116%), while Put content in cold-sensitive genotype was lower compared to cold-tolerant genotype on the sixth day (up to 14%). Therefore, Put accumulates as an osmoprotectant in response to induced damage caused by cold stress. Under cold stress, increasing in Put content was accompanied by increasing of Spd and Spm comparing to control conditions (up to 66% and 69%) while, their increases in cold-tolerant genotype was more than cold-sensitive one. Also in both genotypes, under cold stress the transcript levels of ADC gene was increased up to 26-fold and the transcripts of ODC gene was increased up to 2-fold comparing to control conditions. These results showed that in chickpea under cold stress, increase of Put biosynthesis dependent on ADC pathway was dominant compared to ODC gene. Possibly increasing relative expression of the ADC gene with the production of Put improved cold tolerance mechanisim. Therefor, increasing PAs content particularly Put which is probably synthesized by the up-regulation of ADC gene, plays an important role in cold tolerance development in chickpea.

This research was carried out to find genetic markers linked to drought tolerance in a barley doubled haploid population. In two separate experiments, 158 doubled haploid lines together with their drought tolerant parents (W i2291 and Tadmor) were evaluated in Tel Hadya and Breda (Syria) with 100 millimeter difference in rainfall. They were planted in each environment using an alpha-lattice design with two replications. Linkage map was constructed using 50 SSR and 93 AFLP markers that included 8 linkage groups for the seven chromosomes. QTL analysis was performed using composite interval mapping. Number of QTLs, their genomic location and additive effects were identified between 0.5 and 2.5 gram in Tel Hadya and Breda, respectively. Seven QTLs were determined for grain yield, one of them was common in two environments, and two separate QTLs in mean of environments in each environment. Susceptible stress index (SSI) had three QTLs which two of them were common in controlling grain yield. Bmag13 marker, which is located on third chromosome, had simultaneous linkage with QTLs which control 1000KW, grain yield.

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is one of the world ’ s main sources of vegetable oil. The quality of the oil derived from oilseed rape is determined by its fatty acid composition. Breeding oilseed rape for enhanced oleic acid is one of the most important breeding programs that increases oil shelf life. In order to identify molecular markers associated with high oleic acid, a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between the lines T099-5318-20 and DH12075, RAPD and ISSR markers and bulked segregant analysis method were used. Six markers were found to be associated with oleic acid. The markers UBC 2830 and UBC 5381650 accounted 43% and 34% of genetic variation for oleic acid, respectively. In order to make SCAR marker, UBC 2830 was cloned and sequenced. From sequenced information, specific primers were designed. SCAR marker produced a 399 bp fragment linked to oleic acid. The markers identified in this study and the SCAR marker should be useful tools for the selection of high oleic acid genotypes in oilseed rape breeding programs.

To determine the relationships between yield and its components, and to find the direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on soybean yield, 240 genotypes were grown in the Research Station, College of Agriculture, Karaj, Iran, in 1997-98 using an augmented design. The study of correlation analysis showed that number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant had the highest significant correlation coefficient (r=0.92). Other significant correlation coefficients were found between biomass per plant and yield (r=0.86) and between number of pods per plant and yield (r=0.67). Results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that number of seeds per plant, seed weight, and number of seeds per pod were the three major traits affecting seed yield in soybean. However, path analysis showed that only two of the three above-mentioned traits, namely, number of seeds per plant and seed weight, are quite important for soybean selection programs. Stepwise regression analysis was used again, omitting number of seeds per plant, which showed that number of pods per plant, seed weight, plant height and number of days to 90% maturity, are important contributors to yield. Path analysis, this time, revealed that the correlation effects to plant height and number of days to 90% maturity on yield is due to the indirect effects exerted through other traits. It is concluded that three traits, namely, number of seeds per plant, seed weight and number of pods per plant have notable effects on soybean seed yield.