فهرست مطالب hadi faraji

the glory and luxury tended to increase in the Sassanid period, and consequently, various ornaments were used that are unique both in terms of aesthetics and in terms of morphology and variety in species and details of the elements. Along with other cultural findings, jewelry can be considered as one of the most important sources for understanding the Sassanid civilization and culture, so that in many surviving works of this period such as: coins, reliefs, Gypsum busts, metalworking and stamping can be followed. The present research is based on descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies and field studies and visiting the findings of archeological excavations and objects in museums, tries to look at the ornaments left over from the Sassanid civilization. To study, typology and identity of these valuable works and in this regard pursues the following goals:1. Morphology and classification of Sassanid period jewelry2.Identity of individuals based on the type of jewelry or classification of these works based on gender
Studies show that the jewelry of this period is divided into 7 groups of earrings, necklaces, crowns, rings, bracelets, beards and brooches in terms of morphology. Some of these jewels, such as beards and crowns, were reserved for kings, thus indicating the unique position of power and glory of the Sassanid kings. Jewelry such as bracelets, bracelets, and bracelets have been used more by Sassanid women, and necklaces and earrings have been used for both men and women, in some cases, the gender of the people has been involved in their form.

Growth traits in broiler chicken are important economic traits in breeding programs. A major part of the growth performance in birds is the result of the gens combination, which use of these combined effects requires the optimal design for mating system to use the general and specific genes' combining ability. The aim of this study was to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for body weight traits in a crossbred population of four Japanese quail strains from of partial diallel cross design using an animal model includes direct additive and non-additive genetic effects. The estimation of variance components for body weight traits, including hatch weight and weights at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 days-old were performed using a single-trait animal model via Gibbs sampling. Gibbs chains with 1,500,000 iterations were generated, with an initial discard of 150,000 samples and a sampling interval of 100 iterations. The estimated heritability of the above mentioned traits were 0.655, 0.276, 0.201, 0.022, 0.053, 0.04, 0.129, 0.087, 0.417 and 0.046, respectively. The contribution of direct additive genetic variance was lower in early weighting traits and the additive variance contribution was incremented with an increase in the bird's age. Adding non-additive genetic effects, including dominance and epistasis in the model, reduced the error variance and increased the accuracy of additive genetic variance estimates.

The objective of this study was to compare genetic gain, inbreeding rate and generation intervals from three breeding programs, include open nucleus, closed nucleus and sire reference through stochastic simulation. Four levels of herd size, three levels of number of female per male, and four selection indices in three breeding programs (open nucleus, closed nucleus and sire references) were combined to make of 144 scenarios. The highest total genetic gain and genetic gain of traits were obtained in the open nucleus system. The closed nucleus had the lowest generation interval, and it in terms of the inbreeding rate was between the other two systems. The sire reference system had the least amount of inbreeding and maximum generation interval. The generation interval affected by herd size and showed a significant difference in the herd level and increased with increasing herd size. The number of female per male significantly affected the inbreeding rate and generation interval, but total genetic gain and genetic gain of the traits were less affected, and the high value was observed in the 25 female per male scenario. The selected indices showed a significant effect on the total genetic gain, and the highest value was obtained in index 4 (Weight at selling, Number of kidding per year, Litter size).

Many of blood serum biochemical parameters are associated with resistance to disease, meat quality and performance traits, and can be useful in determining animal health status. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of strain and sex on growth traits and blood serum biochemical parameters of quail. For this purpose, a number of one-day-old chicks from each quail strain (125 Wild, 159 Italian speckled, 58 Scarlet, 56 Tuxedo, 81 English white, 92 A and M Texas and 57 White Button), were used. The chicks were weighed weekly until 42 day of age. At 35 day of age, 10 birds (5 male and 5 female) were slaughtered from each strain, and their blood serum was separated. The evaluation of blood serum biochemical parameters including total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes parameters was conducted using autoanalyzer apparatus. The growth traits and blood serum biochemical parameters data were analyzed and compared with R comuter software among strains and sex levels. The effect of sex on body weight at 42 day of age, body weight gain in sixth weeks, calcium, globulin and AST enzyme was significant and strain had a significant effect on all growth traits, cholesterol, triglyceride and phosphorus (P <0.05). All growth traits and blood serum biochemical parameters (with the exception of uric acid and AST enzyme concentrations) were higher in female quails than those of males.

This research was conducted with the aim of estimation of environmental factors affecting survival and estimate the genetic parameters survival from 1 to the last recording date in Zandi sheep. The survival records of 9558 Zandi sheep from 273 rams and 2328 ewes collected by Animal Breeding Center of Iran during the 25 years (1987 to 2011) were used in the analysis. The effective factors on survival and culling risk were estimated by Survival and cmprsk package. Estimation of variance components was performed by using of exponential distribution for censored dates by the fitting of model with additive genetic effect (model 1) and joint additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental of effects (model 2) under Bayesian approach and Gibbs sampling. A total of 1000000 samples with a burn-in of 100000 and a sampling interval of 75 were generated to estimate the posterior distribution of variance components. The results showed that year, month, birth weight, type birth, sex (P<0.001) and dam age (p<0.01) had significant effect on survival trait. the direct heritability of survival trait using models 1 and 2 was 0.184( 0.136-0.264) and 0.162( 0.120-0.202), respectively. the proportion of permanent variance to phenotypic variance was  0.046( 0.063- 0.031). According to the results of this study, genetic improvement of survival trait in zandi lamb is possible by genetic selection and the culling risk reduction is effective via management of environmental factors.

The objective of this study was to compare some nonlinear functions (Wood, Dhanoa, Wilmink, Ali-Schaeffer, Cappio Borlino, Cobby – Le Du, Dijkstra, Rook, Gous and Nelder) to describe the milk production curve of Iranian Holstein cattle. A dataset consisted of 6079976, 4879486 and 3312416 test-day milk yield records related to first, second and third three lactation periods, respectively, from 3550 herds collecting by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran from 1983 to 2017, were used. The average of test day milk records for three lactation was 31.17, 34.08 and 33.83 kg, respectively. The nlme package of R software (version 3.4.3) was used for fitting nonlinear functions. The nonlinear functions were compared using four goodness of fit criteria, including Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), Root mean square error (RMSE) and Durbin-Watson index (DW). The Rook function showed the best fit for the milk production curve shape for three lactations in Iranian Holstein cattle when compared to other functions. The Gous and Rook functions showed the highest accuracy in predicting peak time, peak yield and persistency of milk production parameters in different lactations, but in general, the Rook function has a high predictive value in estimating the milk curve parameter descriptors.Therefore, Rook function is recommended for describing the milk production curve of Iranian Holstein cattle.

The aim of this study was to design the base breeding plan in Sistani cattle by using of stochastic simulation. For this purpose, three population size (500, 1000, 2000 heads), three levels of herd number (5, 10, 20), two levels of selection intensity (high and low) and two levels of mating method (random and Minimum co-ancestry) were combined together and in total 36 scenarios were compared for 30 years. Results showed that the effect of all factors on the annual genetic gain for total merit, the annual genetic gain of birth weight (except in mating method and selection intensity) and yearling weight, the annual inbreeding rate (except in herd number), generation interval (except in mating method and selection intensity) and selection accuracy of sire and dames was significant. The annual genetic gain in high selection intensity, population size of 2000 and less number of herd (5 herds) was 8.5, 93.2 and 38 percent higher than low selection intensity, population size of 500 and more number of herd (20 herds). Despite having less total genetic gain (11 percent) in Minimum co-ancestry mating, the annual inbreeding rate in this mating method was 18 percent lower than random mating. The results of this study showed that less number of herd, large population size and high selection intensity considered in breeding plans of Sistani cattle and minimum co-ancestry mating used for control of population inbreeding.

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters coupled with genetic and phonotypic trends for age at first calving (AFC) and first and second calving interval (CI1 and CI2) in Iranian Holstein cows. Records of reproduction from 1983 to 2007 for AFC, CI1 and CI2 were 261116, 163234 and 92661, respectively. Single and two trait animal model was used to estimate genetic parameters by restricted maximum likelihood procedures using Average Information algorithm in ASREML software. Estimates of heritability were 0.19±0.005 for AFC, 0.04±0.003 for CI1, and 0.04±0.004 for CI2. Genetic trends for AFC, CI1 and CI2 were - 0.75±0.11, 0.004±0.02, - 0.02±0.01day per year and phonotypic trends were -2.35±0.38, - 1.13±0.39, - 0.28±0.23 day per year, for AFC, CI1 and CI2, respectively. The genetic, phonotypic and environmental correlations were – 0.049, 0, 0.002 for AFC and CL1; 0.014, - 0.004, -0.004 for AFC and CL2; and 0.877, 0.081, 0.043 for CL1 and CL2, respectively.