haleh hosseini akbarnezhad

“Sustainable development” is an international and internal concept with different dimensions, both economic and environmental aspects are important. In the international arena, with the Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals 2030 by the UN General Assembly in 2015, several goals under the concept of the Sustainable Development Goals have been offered to different countries for implementation. Although the nature of the Sustainable Development Goals Document 2030 is not legally binding, since its agenda, there has been extensive international streamlining by United Nations, its pillars as well as specialized UN agencies for its comprehensive implementation. Therefore, it is important to identify the obligations of governments in the context of this document.The approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been a partial and case approach to the sustainable development goals 2030, and some axes such as training (below target 4, and related to the education document 2030 and the Incheon Declaration) are particularly considered for cultural and social issues.But beyond this, the criticism of this document is now required in the international procedure so that we to be able to find concepts, goals and strategies, regardless of the streaming of international institutions and the negligence of some internal institutions, and as an Islamic country, we must take firm positions based on Islamic norms and national interests.

Empirical data show that increasingly children are engaging in online activities. Children and youths use electronic technology such as the Internet more than any other medium through which to communicate and socialize. Many children lack experience and knowledge of the implications and practices related to information and communication technologies, then the phenomenon of cyber abuses from children's and youths' perspectives has become a common concern in the international community as a whole. Findings revealed the regularity and importance of the Internet and communication technology for socialization; the forms, extent, and impact of cyber abuse; and children' fear of disclosing cyber abuse to adults, particularly parents. So the role of the states and international organizations in this relation is vital to protect the children from the online abuses and the criminalization of online abuses of children is one of the protective and important measures. Iranian lawmaker criminalizes dissemination of pornographic contents and private pictures, also training and facilitating these crimes in cyberspace. English Law and international documents criminalize possessing, distributing, sharing or making pornographic images of a child is an offense. Therefore, the lack of specific protection for children and precise distinction between these types of acts committed in the Iranian legal system are felt. It will lead to many lawsuits concerning child labor, child crimes and privacy violation in the future.

The practice of targeting some persons and killing them has been criticized in recent years in the international community. Now targeted killing is defined as the use of lethal force attributable to a subject of international law with the intent, premeditation and deliberation to kill individually selected persons who are not in the physical custody of those targeting them and recognized as a clear violation of international human rights and international humanitarian law. It violates some fundamental rights of human beings such right to life and right to fair trial. Some basic rules of humanitarian law are also in conflict with this policy, for example it opposes the obligation of state for protection of civilians in armed conflicts and violates the principle of proportionality. UN human rights experts challenge targeted killing policies and consider it in relation to extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary Executions. Therefore non-Justiciability of the policy of targeted killing is reaffirmed in humanitarian law and human rights.

There are some important and remarkable developments in the international law common aspect of which is the humanity considerations. The rise of the notion of international community implies fundamental interests and values of the community and this approach is considered as a fundamental goal in the modern world. States and other actors such as international organizations in the international community have proposed and used many different means for protecting these values but some of them aren’t effective and suitable and it seems that the criminal guarantee is needed for the stability of community. Therefore, the rise and development of international criminal law is one of the most important issues in this century and there are some intended and unintended consequences of the rise of international criminal law. So, mutual interaction between international criminal law and international community is true. Some other notions such as international legal order, public order and common good also play notable roles in this relationship and the practice of the International criminal tribunals and national courts is very important.

International criminal law is one of the new branches of international law that the main purpose of it, is to prosecute, trial and punishment of the perpetrators of the most serious and gross international crimes. Prohibition of committing them has been recognized as jus cogens and all members of the international community have the duty to prevent it. The nature of this duty is known as erga omnes. In fact, international crimes violate the fundamental and human values which constitute the basis of the international community, so the international criminal law protects the community against the international crimes and mass violations of human rights. For this goal, by realizing the criminal responsibility for individuals, it prima facie regulates some obligations for persons not to commit those crimes and then addresses the states to cooperate to combat against the impunity of international crimes and to attempt to prosecute criminals by application of universal jurisdiction. Nowadays, humanization the concepts of the international crimes and relating them to the international conscience collective, changes the nature of some obligations of states as the non-reciprocal ones toward the international community, therefore non-reciprocity is realized in some field of international criminal law. In this article, non-reciprocal considerations in modern international criminal law will be discussed.

In the modern international system, restitution of the cultural property and alternative methods of it are important measures to settlement international disputes on the transport or robbery of cultural properties. This article explains about the situations in which such methods might be preferred to the classical judicial means and to examine the problems that might arise. An important point to this respect is that the development of other fields of international law especially human rights and humanitarian law affects on this issue. The promotion of the roles of some legal personality such as museums is an other considerable factor. Also the consideration of non-legal factors and a sense of “moral obligation,” can help the parties find a path to consensus and protect the cultural properties well.

This article analysis the current state of environmental public interest litigation before the three regional human rights bodies of Europe, America and Africa in the light of their constituting treaties and case law and in practice of the national courts. It also assesses the chances of reform to broader access to justice in environmental matters in the European human rights system. It argues that, although national and international jurisdictions generally point towards broader access to justice, the legal systems currently employed by the European and Inter-American human rights institutions are not apt for a concept of public interest litigation.

This article examines the concept of complementarity jurisdiction and its relation with national judicial systems, the concept leads to an interaction between international and national legal systems which are influential in ending impunity. Hence, complementarity does not put the Court in conflict with other domestic courts.The concepts of “ability” and “willingness” tend to ensure an indirect harmonization of national criminal systems based on common criteria. To this end, some states have adopted legislations for preventing the cases related to them not to be brought before the Court. Thus, complementarity creates strong incentives for adopting national legislation for criminalization of crimes falling under the jurisdiction of the court not only in states parties but also in non- parties states.

This article explains Gaza war in view of the rules of human rights law. Human rights, being complementary to humanitarian law, remain applicable during times of armed conflicts. The actions of the Zionist regime are bound by its obligations under the international human rights treaties that it has ratified, as well as customary rules of international human rights law. According to the reports by human rights bodies, numerous violations of human rights rules including civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights have been committed in recent Gaza war. The situation, requires to carry out a prompt, thorough, independent and impartial investigation of all serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed in the course of the conflict. Furthermore, individual persons can be held criminally responsible for certain violations of international human rights and humanitarian law. All states have an obligation to investigate and, where enough admissible evidence is gathered, prosecute these violations.