hamdollah sojasi ghidari

The International Carbon Sequestration Project addresses issues related to natural resources, carbon sequestration and green space development, and the conservation of natural resources with the full participation of local people. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the development effects of carbon sequestration project with the approach of sustainable rural development in Esfarayen. The type of applied research is the descriptive-analytical method used and library and field methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of this study includes the statistical population of the study including 8 villages whose total population is covered by the carbon sequestration project in Esfarayen city. Therefore, based on the Cochran's formula and a reliability coefficient of 0.95, 244 heads of households were randomly selected as a sample among rural households. Data were also collected through a structured questionnaire. Data analysis showed that achieving the desired result based on analysis of variance test is not equal and there is a difference between satisfaction with the dimensions of the design. So that the carbon sequestration plan has not had a positive effect on the region's economy, but in social dimensions (such as empowerment, participation, reduction of migration) and environmental (environmental protection, rangeland conservation, optimal use of resources) has been relatively desirable. Because the local people are not completely satisfied with the economic results of the project based on its goals and it has not been able to affect the family's livelihood.

Quality of life and its promotion is the most important approach in rural and urban planning. Several factors and can have an impact on the quality of life of villagers, one of them is livability and standard housing. Rural housing as a basic human need, with wide economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions, has a significant impact on the quality of life and sustainable rural development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between livability housing and quality of life of villagers in the village of Zirkooh. This study was done by the descriptive-analytic method. The sample size is 313 households that was selected by using the Cochran formula with a 5% error measurement. According to the results, the livability variable with a Pearson statistic of 0.616 with high quality of life has a strong direct correlation. Also, due to the significant level that is less than 0.05, the livability variable has a significant relationship with the quality of life and has the ability to be generalized to the whole society. The effect of livability variable on both objective and subjective dimensions was confirmed but according to the adjusted coefficient of determination for the mental dimension of quality of life is 0.307 and for the objective dimension is 0.328, which indicates that 30.7% of the subjective changes and 32.8% of the objective dimension changes in the dependent villages is livability housing. more effect of the livability housing variable on the objective dimension of quality of life.

Purpose- Today, tourism is mentioned as a suitable approach for socio-economic and physical development in rural areas. Therefore, rural areas have capabilities and potentials in terms of tourist attractions; however, not all areas have the same capabilities for development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential of the study area and to find the relationship and alignment between tourism capacity and ecological potential in rural areas of Mashhad tourism sphere of influence.Design/methodology/approach- The present theoretical study was conducted with applied purposes using the descriptive-analytical method. GIS and SPSS software and CoCoSo multi-criteria decision-making model were used to analyze the data.Findings- According to research findings the most influential indicator was the distance to tourism water resources and the least influential indicator was the distance to fault. Therefore, the highest ecological potential belongs to the foothill villages of the study area. Also, in terms of tourism capacity, the most effective factors have been the natural attractions of the village and its suburbs and the quality of village road.Original/value- On this basis, the highest tourism potentials belong to villages of Pivehzhan, Virani, and Radkan, respectively. According to the results of the study there is a significant positive relationship between ecological potential of the studied villages and their tourism capacity and there is no relationship between the number of tourists and ecological potential of the studied villages.

Reverse migration refers to the migration from urban areas to rural areas. The census conducted by the statistical center of Iran regarding the immigration from urban to rural areas provide data which actually reflects the total number of immigrants returning from the urban areas to their place of origin, rural areas, together with the immigrants born in the city but immigrated to the villages forever. The purpose of this research is studying and doing comparative analysis of return migration, from urban to rural districts, on the provincial scale based on the descriptive-analytical method. The information required by this research were collected from 2006 & 2016 censuses data, official website of statistical center of Iran. According to the results obtained by the present research, the migration balance between rural and urban areas has resulted in a new equilibrium state in contrast with the decade before that.In terms of volume, the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Mazandaran and Gilan have attracted 33% of the entire reverse migrants. In all provinces of the country, a negative correlation coefficient of 0.477 between the deprivation index and the ratio of reverse migrants than the rural population, has shown that the provinces with more deprived rural areas in terms of environmental, social, economic, have fewer reverse migrants..Finally, ARC and GIS software indicate that the spatial interactions throughout the country in terms of return migration is very strong in favor of densely populated cities of northern Gilan, Mzandaran, Bushehr and to some extent around the metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Ghom, as well as Semnan, Yazd and Ilam. Therefore, in the spatial planning for the Iranian regions, the rural districts in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Zanjan, Kurdistan, North Khorasan and Hormozgan are of a higher priority.

The sense of security in rural areas is associated with many factors, including the presence of foreigners and strangers from outside the village. As rural security is one of the most important factors in expanding tourism in rural areas, sometimes tourism in a village plays a significant role in improved sense of security of local people. Therefore, villages as a biological location that includes a dense population of diverse individuals and unique attractions will be able to perform their special functions only if the residents have an acceptable level of sense of security. For this reason, in this study, we tried to measure the sense of security among the villagers living in rural tourism destinations. Neyshabur County attracts many tourists thanks to its geographical and historical situation, as well as proximity to main roads. In addition, as the villages in this county are situated on the slope of the mountains, they are surrounded by numerous springs, waterfalls, and other natural attractions which attract many local and non-local tourists, which can serve as an important source of increased income for the villagers. Nevertheless, one of the important factors in development of tourism in the villages is the satisfaction of the villagers with the presence of tourists and the sense of security of the local people. Therefore, this research analyzes and evaluates the sense of security of local people in tourism villages.

Security in tourism destinations is one of the main factors of tourism development. Security is one of the fundamental principles in the development of tourism strategy, because the long-term sustainability of tourism industry depends on provision of security, and the disruption of its mechanism makes way for insecurity of that tourism destination. Security and tourism are the parameters of an equation which are directly co-related. Today, security is the most important and fundamental principle in formulating the tourism development strategies. There is a mutual relationship between tourism, stability, development and security. Thus, tourism and security are interdependent and they mutually interact with each other, as they can have a decreasing or increasing effect on each other. Following are some studies on the subject of research: (Heydarnejad et al, 2015: Investigating the role of security feeling in the development of border tourism (case study: Chabahar border town)), (Golshiri Esfahani et al, 2013: Spatial Analysis of Health Tourists Security in the Rural Areas of Iran), (Karami Dehkordi et al, 2013: Identification and Prioritization of Security Obstacles in Rural Tourism Development by using Delphi Technique (Research Area: Chehar-Mahal & Bakhtiary)), (Hezar Jaribi, 2011: Feeling Social Security from the Viewpoint of Tourism Expansion), (Khosravi, 2009: Security is the most important component in attracting tourists), (Choon Chiang, 2000: Strategies for Safety and Security in Tourism: A conceptual framework for the Singapore Hotel Industry), (Ghaderia et al, 2017: Does security matter in tourism demand?), (Prashyanusorn et al, 2010: Surveillance system for sustainable tourism with safety and privacy protection) & (Fan et al, 2013: AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and Computer Analysis Software Used in Tourism Safety).

This study was an applied one conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. Five security dimensions (human life, cultural, social, economic and environmental incentives) have been used to measure the sense of security among the locals in tourism villages. The data were collected using a questionnaire containing questions about security dimensions. In total, 39 items were designed and questioned in 5 dimensions. The statistical sample of this study consists of 10 tourism villages in Fazl and Mazol rural districts of Neyshabur County which in 2016 had a population of 2417 households. Therefore, according to Cochran formula and with a 0.1% error rate for households in sample villages, the sample size was 95, after some modifications it was raised to 117.

The results of the t-test indicate that the local community has a low sense of security. Besides, according to the results of the independent two sample t-test, women feel more secure than men. However, it's worth noting that men feel less secure than women because they are much more in contact with the tourists than women do. According to the results of the factor analysis for the items of ‘dealing with intruders’, ‘the sense of security while leaving the house unguarded during the day’ and ‘the tourists following the ethical standards’ had the highest factor loads. This reveals that villagers in rural tourism destinations believe that the above items have the highest impact on the security of the area. The results of spatial analysis of the differences in the sense of security in sample villages showed that the village of Bojabad with the score of 0.371 and the village of Ghar with the score of 0.291 respectively have demonstrated the highest and lowest levels of the sense of security, as these villages have numerous attractions which attract tourists from different cultures and tastes and usually favor the youth.

In general, the presence of tourists in the rural tourism destinations of the region has led to decreased level of the sense of security among local people. Accordingly, local people feel that crimes have increased in villages due to the presence of tourists. Therefore, as the presence of tourists makes villagers feel less secure, the following suggestions are made to improve tourism security in the region: - To make promotional programs for development of tourism culture - To develop and improve security services - To encourage the family tourism - To establish NGOs in the region

IntroductionPolitical development, as an indicator, is a process of transition from underdevelopment to development which is also mentioned as democratization. Political participation and free choice based on meritocracy is an objective manifestation of the political development index. In addition to the national laws, the representative election by the local people, is affected by the local conditions, attitudes, and values which very remarkable in developing countries. Besides, tribal and sectarian identity is selected as one of the most important factors of choice. It should be noted that the relationship between the sponsor-pursuant in the third world and the developing countries is considered to be a major constraint of transition to democracy the typical example of which can be seen in systems based on solely tribalism and clan-oriented.Mostly in the Iranian local communities, political participation with ethnic biases orientation and weaknesses of various intensity are observed due to the historical, social, ethnic and tribal structure. In fact, geographical segments may be pointed to the tribes who are living in Nurabad Mamasani the dependence intensity of its roots and the social structures of which havebeen remained somewhat strong.
Theoretical FrameworkThe social structure of the Iranian tribes includes tribes, threatening, camping, and family. The tribe is one of the main basis of the social system of tribes. Essentially, the tribe is an Arabic term and is a social and political unit that is comprised of smaller components called race, descent or lineage, and family. The term trend, is mainly a way to stretch intellectually, emotionally, and mentally that is directly attributed to identity and epistemological issues that can be used to analyze the economic, political, social, and environmental protection. One of the most important functions in the social analysis, in particular tribe, is tribe. So, it can be said that the clan –orientation is defined as the person’s tendency to deem the best for their particular culture which is important regardless of belonging to a clan. The tribe structure , basically, is based on the organizational social model and the informal and the " Jamin shaft " and " Guzel shaft " of Ferdinand Toennies along with the traditional systems of Talcott Parsons. Jamin shaft is established as the traditional model based on kinship ties. Communities of Guzel shaft are characterized by bureaucratic organizations or the new industry. Kinship ties are irrelevant and relations between persons are characterized as formal having lack of emotions. According to Tönnies, the evolution trend of public is from Jamin Guzel shaft to the shaft.One of the latest attempts to classify the traditional and modern societies ' is Talcott Parson’s model variables of action recognitionscheme.
In Parsons traditional society, member’s relations are based on Kinship, informal relations, and Patriarchy. These features can be seen in a structure called the tribe oriented systems. Political development theorists have gained govermental power and efficiency as the most important factors in the political development. For example, Huntington(1927) argues that the strength increases in communities that have concentrated government. Pye(1921) see the increase of system’s capacity in responding to the needs and wants of the people due to the diversity of structures and structural specialization and knows the Increase of political participation necessary for political development. Regarding the elections and political development, it is important to note that although the election is one of the political development indicators, it is not the absolute component. Election is one transition from tradition to modernity to achieve power through peaceful, and legal channels.
Despite the increase in citizens political participation in a mechanism as elections the Sectarian tendencies in Nurabad Mamasani city led to a conflict between tribes, street violence, and ultimately a lack of social, political, and economic development of city which resulted in the citizens complaints to the authorities and representatives of the city.
MethodologyTo answer the research questions, analytical –descriptive methodology and the library resources and questionnaires were applied. Based on the research variables, a questionnaire form with 49 questions (five options) was developed. The key indicators of the questionnaire including the first indicator and the second indicator focus on the development of family-oriented politics. To analyze the data, we used the Spearman Correlation test and other descriptive methods by SPSS software.
Results and DiscussionSince the dominant model of political culture in Nurabad Mamasani has a clan-based function and a bulk of representative votes is a function of traditional rivalry between the tribes of Mamasani, and other overall process of democratization. So, the tribes of the city still retain many of its traditional elements and it’s residents set their social, economic, cultural, and political relations based on traditional elements. Accordingly, Nurabad mamasani can be called as a member of tribal towns. Kinship and a sense of belonging to a tribe which has great implications on the political behavior of the voters have caused the election campaign of Mamasani Nurabad town become a clan conflicts.
Conclusion and SuggestionsThe analysis of the results and the tables relating to different periods of parliamentary elections indicate that although the clan-oriented rate before and after the election is stagnated, however, at the election time it is increased to the extent that stress can kill the individuals of their tribe to victory such as the ninth round of parliamentary elections. In other words, we can say that between origins of the clan, tribe orientation is more preferred and can hardly be said that the clan-orientation research has played a significant role since the Islamic Consultative Assembly candidate in election, and the tribal orientations played a key role in the political underdevelopment of Nurabad Mamasani due to its incomplete transmission through the stages of political development including election which led to the philosophy of clan orientation.
Given that the clan orientation plays and important role in the politics of the underdeveloped parts, seven basic strategies will be provided to solve the crisis of clan orientation in Nurabad Mamasani city:• Forming unions of anti-clan orientation.
• Creating a balanced system through the control of tribal leaders by elites opposing the clan orientation.
• Advertising and notifying the Unions against the clan orientation toward reducing the mass emotion.
• Cohesion of candidate’s before the election for their comfort and health.
• Candidates note to meritocracy rather than democracy.
• Non fanatical behaviors of candidates toward citizens.
• Shifting the public opinion to the political and economic developments in other towns while trying for a union between the tribes.

Rural areas are environments that consist of different multiple sources and villagers use many assets and resources that shape their livelihood procedure. However, in most cases, incomplete and unconscious usage of sources is more destructive than uncontrolled industrial exploitation. For this reason, nowadays, rural poverty due to excessive pressure on resources, is considered as one of the unsustainable factors in the use of resources. Therefore, supporting poor villagers should not be the only main way for helping them meaning that their life style should be changed. In this regard, rural assets and capital could be the basic founders for achieving the goals of sustainable rural livelihood. Therefore, in this study, it had been tried to investigate and address the villagers’ assets and belongings. This research tries to measure the level of livelihood in rural areas of Taybad flat and Karat Dehestans of Taybad Countys and also find the answer for the following questions: are rural people's asserts and capital similar in all parts of the case study area or not? Which part of asserts has more share in rural livelihood? And finally, which one of the villages has a better situation compared to others?
The methods used for this study is a combination of descriptive and analytical methods including the library (documents) and field study (questionnaire) methods. Therefore, generally, in order to measure the level of livelihood assets from rural communities’ perspective, in the first step, the livelihood assets dimensions have been determined which include social, human, natural, physical, financial, and institutional dimensions. Moreower, 23 indicators were identified for these dimensions. In next step, these dimensions and indicators had been inserted into a Likret scale questionnaire designed for householders and rural local managers. In order to measure the questionnaire's reliability, Cronbach's formula was used. The total reliability of the questionnaire is 0.884. Statistical community had been chosen from rural of Taybad flat and Karat Dehestans of Taybad Countys. The unit of analysis is rural points and rural households. Totally, 94 households were determined as a samples size of 5079 households from 16 villages by using of Cochran formula. However, after modifying the share of each rural point, the sample increased to 162 households. A stratified sampling method used for selecting the samples. In this method, in addition to population, rural point geographic distribution had also been considered as a criterion. In order to analyze the gathered data based on research questions and goals, descriptive and inferential statistics had been used and VIKOR as a multi criteria decision making technique for ranking the rural point had also been applied.
The results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between the villages in terms of their assets. Results of Friedman statistical test showed that social capital with a mean rating of 3.59 is the superior asset in the case study area, which is the sign of high integrity, solidarity, and social cohesion among rural communities. Human assets with a low average rating (mean= 1.11), are known as weak assets in the case study area. These results confirmed the results of Jome Poor and Ahmadi (1390) study about inequality of rural livelihood assets. Finally, the VIKOR decision making techniques for ranking the case study villages based on livelihood assets showed that Poshte and Rahne villages are in a better condition in comparison with the other villages; Poshte and Rahne villages were ranked in the first and last positions, respectively.
The results indicate inequality and lack of balance between rural livelihoods in terms of their assets. The findings of prioritization of rural livelihoods in terms of assets represent the difference between assets in rural areas. These results are similar to Alba's (1390) results and represent the difference in sustainable livelihoods between rural areas. Hence, according to the rankings of VIKOR in terms of assets regarding the studied areas, it can be concluded that Taybad villages share more assets and were ranked in the top positions because of being close to Taybad and using more facilities. Thus, it is crucial to consider the present differences in assets and investments in the planning process for these villages. In addition, major efforts should be done in order to strengthen other weak assets.

House as a most spending time space of human, has a special position from planners attitude and had been analyzed from different views. In the develop mentalists age, cause of quantitative based and positivist thoughts overcoming, quantity of house had been emphasized as a growth measures, but with changing in theorical approaches toward sustainable development approach, quality of home improving, was introduced. Rural home has unique features because of their common pattern that are adopted with environmental conditions, rural livelihoods linkages and …in this study; we have tried to analyzing the rural house quality and differences in Kenvist rural district. For this regard, with descriptive- annalistic methodology, 25 rural of area had been selected as a sample rural and 362 questionnaires had been completed in these rural for measure assessment. We also used of statistic methods and VICORE Technique as a one of the multi criteria decision making technique for ranking the rural point based on house quality measures. The result shows that, Kheyrabad, Kenar Gushe and Farah abad rural has a best condition in quality of housing among 25 samples rural. Research Limitation: Lack of official statistical data regarding the rural housing, particularly quality of housing, is the limitations of this research.Practical implications: According to the results obtained, attention to the qualitative aspects of rural housing in the areas of housing security, housing strength, health, and infrastructure facilities construction, welfare, the Neighboring of form is emphasized.Original/Value: This study from viewpoint of qualitative indicator-oriented approach to the study of rural housing and planning is important. Because rural housing qualitatively is very different from the housing in urban areas and have high level of vulnerability.

Drought and poor distribution of rainfall in time and space، is inescapable reality that subject any sustainable food to correct and rational use of limited water resources of country. One way to avoid excessive withdrawal of water resources is to aware farmers and stakeholders in the region، to reduce the charge of the government and transfer of water management through agricultural cooperation. This study prioritize creation of the agricultural water cooperation in seven villages of Salami County from Khaf city of Razavi Khorasan province. The method of research is analytical and descriptive and is based on library field studies. The villages in the study area include 730 peasant families that according to Cochran formula، 252 farmers (households) were selected as sample society and were given some questionnaires regarding the matter. The 18 indicators were selected for study and examined by experts in relation to the establishment of agricultural water cooperation and using SAW Multi-Criteria Decision Making prioritized regarding to place for creation of agricultural cooperation. According to this method، Ahmedabad village with a score of 0. 4627 is the first priority and Chardah village with 0. 4143 points is the second priority for establishing agricultural cooperation.

the main purpose in this paper is، the identifying of ecotourism entrepreneurship differences among rural of this region and ranking them، based on river- valley tourism potentials in ecotourism entrepreneurship and special analysis methods.

For attain to this goal، descriptive and analytical methodology using data from a questionnaire in the form of experts and business owners، Exam T، power ratings technique، TOPSIS and the Arc GIS software for spatial analysis، is used.

The result shows that rural haven’t any difference in ecotourism entrepreneurship field. The result of TOPSIS technique indicate the precise grant of rural and paths based on ecotourism entrepreneurship characters that prove the result of T experiment in SPSS. Practical implications: Ecotourism and ecotourism economic، in it’s actually concept has not been considered in case study area. On the other word، based on this concept that protected area in the word are the bases of ecotourism activities and economic، has not been considered in this area and has not been different of the economic activities and enterprises out of there. Therefore، in the future researches could emphasis on tourism economy spatially ecotourism. Scientific Solutions: Finally، the rural that are be posited in busy path with the second purpose of tourism، have a most share in affective factors of ecotourism entrepreneurship development. Original/value: This study is innovation for emphases to the ecotourism entrepreneurship in interdisciplinary problem، and can use by rural planning، tourism development and entrepreneurship researchers.

Since the poorest people in the world live in rural areas، the development of sustainable rural subsistence should be addressed in the form of appropriate strategies to enhance the utilization of region’s resources، increase the production، reduce unrestrained migration of rural people، increase capital inflow، and the improvement of job opportunities. The achievement of sustainable rural subsistence is the main question of the present study and a new methodology with a futuristic perspective should be applied. This could help to identify the problems and challenges and to provide organizations responsible for rural development with necessary strategies. The study is a descriptive-analytical survey. The sample size is equal to 364 that are selected from villages in Khodabandeh county as well as 27 experts. Strategic factors are reflected in the questionnaire and presented to the respondents. The collected data are organized in the SWOT Strategic Model، and decision making is carried out by TOPSIS – Fuzzy Model. Considering the concentration of first، second and third strategies which are derived from the integration of the views of both groups، the focused strategy for initiation is an aggressive one.

Life quality is one of the issues faced by the modern world and considered as one of the main subjects in evolving the social policy-making. Therefore, this study aims to review the concept of life quality in rural regions through different theoretical approaches and also prioritize the regions in terms of life quality level in Aghbolagh district of Zanjan province, by using Vikor model and AHP, in 2009. The study follows a survey methodology with a documented procedure, and it is conducted by using survey studies and sampling among 18 villages and 36 members of Rural Islamic Council of the Aghbolagh sub-district of the Zanjan province within a sample society; and finally, the study results show that according to the life quality indexes, the villages of Arghin and Mameghan have the highest and lowest life quality in the region, respectively, indicating the presence of spatial differences in terms of the life quality among rural people in the studied region.

Creativity and innovation are the main foundations of sustainable rural development. Among other contributing factors, rural entrepreneurship particularly in agricultural sector can assist rural economic development by identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the sector and by strategic planning. The main question of the study is: what are the appropriate strategies for the development of agricultural entrepreneurship in rural areas under study? To answer this question this study used survey and SWOT methodology and presented a central strategy for the development of agricultural entrepreneurship in rural areas of Khodabandeh County. The results indicated that due to the high potential and capacity of the region the innovation and creativity thresholds in the agricultural sector of rural areas need reconsideration and representation of appropriate policies for the elimination of constraints and use of existing rural and agricultural potentials.

The present study, in a sustainable development framework, has a systematic and holistic look at agricultural entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Khodabandeh county. It intends to link qualitative and quantitative research in a logical manner to identify factors that affected the development of agricultural entrepreneurship in rural areas under study. It attempts to identify the degree of importance of each factor from the sample perspective. The descriptive explanation and analysis of statistical tests and qualitative study shows economic factors have a significant importance in all three groups of sample communities.

Management is the most important factor in vitality, growth, decline and death of a community; it also controls the path of movement from existing to ideal situation. Villages are specific places that the modes of activity and life in them differ considerably from cities, thus they require a management pattern different from city and one which is consistent with socio-economic and ecological conditions of a village. A historical review of the management and planning trends reveals that market and state inefficiency is the main reason for their failures during the last decades. In recent decades rural planners and decision makers, on one hand, have reached to this conclusion that to achieve sustainable development local community should be present besides the state and the market. On the other hand, a change in management style calls for a new look at the role of effective institutions in village. The dynamics of rural community cannot permit the application of a predetermined prescription in the absence of participation of people, state and market in policy making, planning and management process. Thus, rural planning and management process requires the achievement of an equilibrium, called participatory management, for all the effective powers involved. The goal of this study, on one hand, is to find a style of management which is consistent with village environment, and on the other hand is the establishment of a reasonable interaction between local and non local forces for a more appropriate planning. The main research theme is whether participatory management can lead to the formation of an appropriate mix of actors in rural management scene. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and based on library research.