مجله مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی
پیاپی 66 (بهار 1403)

Historical spaces of cities as symbols of identity to city that for some reasons such as the passage of time, lack of compliance with the principles of modern urban planning, communication routes, non-engineering access, etc, have lost their effectiveness, despite the importance of historical spaces These spaces have a low enjoyment coefficient in terms of access to urban infrastructure, and solving this problem depends on accurate identification of components, understanding the relationships between components and finally identifying key components.

The main goal of the current research is to identify the key components in the field of improving justice in access to urban infrastructure in the historic-cultural municipality of region of Tabriz.

The research is applied, and its descriptive-analytical approach is based on the prospective approach. Research data has been obtained using Delphi group comments. The number of components of the research includes 21 components in service, urban, managerial, and historical dimensions. Also, the members of the Delphi group included 19 people.

Geography area of research:

 The scope of the present study is the historical-cultural municipality basin of the eight metropolitan areas of Tabriz, where more than 80% of the historical monuments of Tabriz are located in this region.

The findings showed that out of a total of 21 components affecting the improvement of justice in access to urban infrastructure in historical contexts, 11 components are the key components. The most important key components are the improvement of visual quality, improvement of transportation, and retrofitting old buildings, etc. Also, the results of the Electra test in the field of prioritizing the seven neighborhoods located in the historical-cultural municipality of the 8th region of Tabriz showed that, respectively, the neighborhoods of Shahnaz, Bazzar, Mansour, Maghsoodieh, Daneshsara, Karabagh-Balahamam, and Taplibagh-Damaskia are in the first to seventh priorities.

The results of the research showed that the three components of improving the quality of public transportation in historical contexts, the per capita improvement of urban green spaces, and the preservation of historical symbols as three key Factors in the field of improving justice in access to urban infrastructures in historical contexts. From this point of view, it can be said that Shahnaz, Bazzar, and Maghsoodieh neighborhoods have grades one to three, respectively, in terms of access to urban infrastructure. Finally, practical proposals were presented in the field of promoting justice in access to urban infrastructures of historical contexts.

Cultural tourism destinations are particularly important because they provide opportunities for snapshots of the region's image and history, symbolizing the identity of a community &enhancing the vibrancy of local economies, &experimental marketing engages the minds of tourists with knowledge, creative thinking &problem-solving experience, focusing on the perception &wisdom of individuals, and targets, through stimulation & convergence ,divergent customer thinking. The aim of this study is applied-developmental research ,in terms of implementation method, it is descriptive-survey research & correlational research. The information required for the research is obtained through a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is the relevant experts and professors who were selected based on non-random method and snowballs 20 people were selected. And research questionnaire was given to them. To determine the relations &leveling the dimensions of experimental marketing in branding cultural tourism in Neishabour city, the method of interpretive structural equations has been done using Lisrel software. Based on the findings, experimental marketing factors were classified into 4 levels. The experience of the five senses is at the fourth level of the model, it has the highest impact & the least impact on the model. Identity experiences are at the third level of the model, after sensory experiences, it has the highest impact compared to other components. Behavioral responses are at the second level of the model, more effective than the factors of previous levels. Emotional, interactive and exciting experiences are at the first level of the model, with minimal impact ,maximum impact on the model.

Estimating and improving the resilience of rural areas is also very important in reducing the effects of natural hazards and achieving sustainable development. Landslides are among the natural hazards that threaten rural settlements and local communities. Therefore, determining the level of resilience of rural settlements in lands prone to landslides can be a suitable way to reduce the effects of this risk in rural areas.

The aim of the current research is to determine the physical resilience of rural settlements in Amlesh city against landslides.

In this research, the level of physical resilience of 145 villages of Amlesh city against landslides was determined and classified by the analysis hierarchy method (AHP). For this purpose, 10 criteria were used in the order of importance of slope, distance from fault, building quality, materials and materials, building life, seismicity, geology, direction of slope, width of passages and height.Studied Areas: The geographical territory of this research is the rural areas of Amlesh County.

The findings showed that the villages of Amlesh city have very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience, so that out of 145 villages in this district, 2, 23, 66, 52 and 1 villages are between very low and very high resilience spectrum were placed. Therefore, 63.18 percent of the villages in this city have moderate to low resilience and 36.82 percent of the villages have high and very high resilience to the risk of landslides. Therefore, 63.18 percent of the villages in this city have moderate to low resilience and 36.82 percent of the villages have high and very high resilience to the risk of landslides.

Examining the level of resilience of villages in the three plains, foothills and mountainous regions proves that medium to low resilience in the villages of the foothills is more than the other two regions and the share of villages with medium resilience in all three regions is higher than the others. Classes are higher resilience. In addition, the villages with very little resilience were located in the foothills and mountainous areas, and the role of altitude in reducing the resilience of villages was revealed.

Today, several urban development plans are prepared and implemented in order to overcome the problems and achieve the development and sustainability of cities. Projects that seem to have many problems in content and implementation and it is necessary to provide realistic, flexible and executable plans by quantitative-qualitative evaluation and identifying the weaknesses of these plans.Goal: The present study is the evaluation of the detailed plan of Ardabil city based on the integrated method.

The present research is of user type and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study is 10 experts and managers of Ardabil urban areas as well as members of the city council who have been selected using the snowball method. The main method of this research is the combination of "process preparation and implementation process" and "plan / process / results" in which PLS, SSIM and PESTLE models have been used.Geographical area of research: The geographical area of this research is the city of Ardabil.

Findings show that in the criterion of adaptation of managerial weakness, lack of proper organization and lack of adequate budget allocation by the government are the reasons for the lack of per capita land use. The horizontal growth of the city has the least impact. In terms of relationship, the twenty goals of the plan are more in line with demographic and social goals, and part of it is related to mismanagement. In terms of external cohesion, according to the researches, most of the proposed densities have not been achieved. The criterion of financial and human resources has not been successful due to the unstable economic conditions of Ardabil Municipality. The failure of the criterion for participation in the implementation of the plan and planning is due to the belief of some experts that people do not interfere in the plan due to lack of scientific expertise and skills. Regarding the criteria for using the program, it can be said that this criterion has not been met at all and the problems of Ardabil TV and urban landscape have been one of its consequences.

Among the signs of non-development are the existence of inequality and its various aspects for the resolving of which we have to consider how development indicators in different levels are distributed. In this study, prometheus model, which is a flexible model in quantitative and qualitative data analysis, has been used and it has been tried to create the best understanding of variables. In accordance with Prometheus approach, along with the concepts of prioritization, ranking, classification, rating and ranking options, the concept of "flow Packaging of Places" named. In this cross-sectional study to assess the rural areas of counties of North Khorasan in the period 2011 (according to the latest published official data) in terms of indices of development of energy infrastructure and communications, is used Prometheus version 2 that has a Packaging approach. Indicators derived from official sources (such as the Encyclopedia of Counties province), is tuned as a proportion and to their weighting is used network analysis method. The research approach and using the tools VP, assessment and integrated view of the development of the province (as an option), according to analysis by GAIA and practical GAIAWEB. To data analysis was done using Visual PROMETHEE and Super Decision software. In accordance with the overall results obtained from the comparative cities, only two township has a positive net worth, which in the meantime, the township of Jajaram a net outflow of 0.098, has highest enjoyment of infrastructure facilities in rural areas. To balance the province, according to the priority areas, in accordance with the results of this study are important.

Recently, there are dramatic changes in attitudes to flood hazard and the prevailing view has shifted from reducing vulnerability to improving and promoting resilience to hazards.GoalImproper development of Chamestan urban area due to human activities has directly changed many lands of the city in a very short period of time, through which hazards such as floods are created. Accodingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between the indices affecting the resilience of Chamestan against floods.

This study is applied in terms of aims and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and nature. To achieve this purpose, the resilience of Chamestan against floods was analyzed and measured based on 5 dimensions of physical-infrastructural, social, institutional, economic and environmental resilience. These five dimensions, along with the defined indices and sub-indices of them based on the research literature, are designed in the form of researcher-made questionnaires to examine and analyze their situation in the city.Geographical area of researchChamestan city is the center of Chamestan district in Noor city, which is located in the foothills of northern Alborz. Chamestan is bounded on the north and west by the central part of Noor township, on the south by Baladeh district of Noor township and the foothills of the central Alborz, on the northeast by Mahmudabad township and on the east by Amol township. This city extents to Noor from the north and west, from Baladeh and the foothills of Central Alborz from the south and to Amol from the east.

Based on the means obtained from the T-test statistical analysis, Chamestan city is located at moderate and under-resilient level in terms of physical, infrastructural, social, institutional and economic resilience. However, the environmental resilience of the city against floods is relatively poor and does not show a favorable situation.

Conclusion:

In order to promote the resilience of Chamestan city against floods, it is necessary that organizations and management institutions and planning in the field of crisis management and urban hazards pay attention to this important point and to promote social resilience pay special attention to education and increase local community knowledge. It should also be noted that the expansion of insurance is one of the most appropriate strategies to achieve a society with sustainable health and is basically one of the ways to provide and achieve peace, comfort and reduce stress in families.

The role of climate in the study of urban environments is important in terms of its impact on climate change in urban environments. The heat island is one of the hazards that has recently affected the environmental conditions of cities due to urban development.

For this purpose, Landsat ETM satellite images were used during the period 1990-2019. In this regard, LST and NDVI indices, urban coverage and land use were used. Geographical area of research The city of Isfahan has been considered in this study. 

Results and discussion: 

The results showed that the high temperature is mostly in the central core of Isfahan and the surrounding city is covered by the middle temperature class. Most of the low temperature class also includes agricultural use due to high humidity. Parks and green spaces in the city are among the middle temperature classes due to the impact of high and very high temperature areas around them.

In general, it can be said that in the last three periods, the highest area has been related to the average temperature, and this trend will continue in the coming years. Due to the reduction of agricultural land use and the physical expansion of the city, the area of heat islands in the upper range has increased. On the one hand, the reasons for the increase in high temperatures are the increase in population, the increase in industries and the number of cars in the city, the multiplication of traffic volumes, the increase in asphalt levels and urban and interurban roads, and the increase in wasteland due to grazing. He pointed to overcrowding and damage to pastures, as well as clearing of green lands and deforestation.

Quality of life and its promotion is the most important approach in rural and urban planning. Several factors and can have an impact on the quality of life of villagers, one of them is livability and standard housing. Rural housing as a basic human need, with wide economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions, has a significant impact on the quality of life and sustainable rural development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between livability housing and quality of life of villagers in the village of Zirkooh. This study was done by the descriptive-analytic method. The sample size is 313 households that was selected by using the Cochran formula with a 5% error measurement. According to the results, the livability variable with a Pearson statistic of 0.616 with high quality of life has a strong direct correlation. Also, due to the significant level that is less than 0.05, the livability variable has a significant relationship with the quality of life and has the ability to be generalized to the whole society. The effect of livability variable on both objective and subjective dimensions was confirmed but according to the adjusted coefficient of determination for the mental dimension of quality of life is 0.307 and for the objective dimension is 0.328, which indicates that 30.7% of the subjective changes and 32.8% of the objective dimension changes in the dependent villages is livability housing. more effect of the livability housing variable on the objective dimension of quality of life.

Cities are more prone to human activity than any other place. A key function in smart growth of cities considering population growth and lack of infrastructure and land availability is to take care of physical expansion in order to respond to current needs and predict future needs of cities.

This article is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology and practical in terms of targeting. In the preparation of smart growth indicators, theoretical data has been prepared with documentary method and experimental data with survey method based on Delphi technique. The statistical population of 20 academic and research experts and specialists in the urban area has been selected by purposeful sampling. In processing the data MICMAC software was employed for structural mutual effects analysis.Geographical area of researchThe geographical realm of the study was the city of Sari. Results and discussion Fifty initial stimulators were classified into five smart growth dimensions (economic, social-cultural, bodily-spatial, environmental and access) and analyzed by using MICMAC.

showed a matrix filling of 96.88% which indicates the strong effect of the selected factors on one another and that the whole system is in unstable condition so that most of the stimulators lie within bi-dimensional stimulators.

Twelve key stimulators: Planning policies for increasing density, revising of urban plans and making them more flexible, expansion of local management units, appropriate distribution of equipment and amenities, persuading citizens and stakeholders to take part in planning and decision making, development of neighborhoods with various functions, creating dense neighboring units, equal distribution of financial sources and loads, integrated mapping of regions, emphasizing adjacency of compatible uses, fair distribution of services in neighborhoods and using abandoned urban lands and lots. These make seven bodily-spatial, two social-cultural, two access stimulators and one effective stimulator that affects the future status of Sari.

Urban planning, since it is related to the allocation and distribution of scarce resources among different places in the city, its reliance on the criteria of spatial distribution of urban services, it is necessary.

Research purpose:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of urban service uses in urban centers of Mazandaran province.

The present research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data required for the research were collected using the library method and documents from the statistical yearbook of Mazandaran province in 2017. In this study, to measure the spatial distribution of urban services, the indicators of recreational-welfare services, transportation services, urban infrastructure, urban development, urban green space, educational services, health services and cultural services have been used. Vikor model has been used to rank the urban centers of Mazandaran cities based on the status of urban services development.Geographical area of research The study area is the city centers of Mazandaran province.

Findings show that only 7 cities of the province, which include urban areas of 4 cities of Babolsar, Fereydunkenar, Kelardasht and Ramsar, are in fully-owned, well-off and semi-well-served groups, and their citizens are in a position to enjoy urban services. They have an ideal. In other words, providing services to citizens in the cities of Babolsar, Bahnmir, Hadi Shahr, Fereydunkenar, Kelardasht, Ramsar and Katalam and Sadatshahr is largely acceptable.

Conclusion :

The results show that nearly 90% of the cities of Mazandaran province in terms of urban service indicators are unfavorable and below average and the lack of urban services considered in the study is felt in proportion to the population of these cities.

Due to the importance of individuals' behavior in achieving the goals of sustainability, behavioral models have somehow tried to identify components that predict sustainable behavior. Despite numerous studies that have studied spatial behaviors and structures, so far no research has been done on the effect of spatial behavior on sustainable behavior. The present study investigates the effect of this factor by adding spatial behavior to the components of the planned behavior model (motivation, attitude, norm, and perceived behavioral control).

516 researcher-made questionnaires were distributed that were approved by researchers in the field of behavior and psychology. How this affected was required to examine spatial structures and their characteristics. For this reason, the structural and syntactic patterns of the citizens' housing were also examined. Structural equation model, analysis of variance test, and syntactic tests for calculating the index of visibility, integration, depth, and spatial value have been the analytical tools of this research.Geographical area of research The city of Shiraz and its 11 regions constitute the study area.

Spatial behavior has a positive and interactive relationship with all factors of planned behavior and among them, it has had the greatest impact on usual behavior and norms. F test showed that there is a significant difference between spatial behavior and sustainable behavior of individuals in both central and axial patterns. This difference was due to the spatial value of the different territories and the environmental and spatial facilities they provide to their inhabitants. The central pattern exposes the public realm to greater use with greater integrity and visibility, and the axial model places more importance on the private realm and encourages privacy.

The result of the research is the spatial norm model named according to the impact of usability and the fields of visibility and mean depth of each space that control the communication and interactions between members of a small community such as family.

Environmental issues in the present era are facing various complexities that do not make the problems and problems arising from the urban environment simply possible with the technique of engineering interpretation and change in the body of Shahrivar, and in the meantime, the governance approach is appropriate. Relying on the responsibility of the energy manager and the citizens and increasing the interaction between the public sector, provides specific and public solutions to the problems of the urban environment outside the traditional framework. In other words, the approach to urban good governance examined issues beyond a physical view of the environment and with a systematic approach. The present study was conducted with the aim of structural analysis of urban environmental governance with a futures research approach and identifying its drivers in Tehran. In terms of nature, this research is based on the method of futurology, analytical and exploratory science and based on applied purpose. The available findings based on the condition of the scattering plate indicate the unstable system and there are other factors about the diagonal axis of the scattering plate. Also, among the 35 factors considered, finally, due to being over-influenced and directly influencing 16 factors in the title of Mick Mac output, the future of urban urban governance in Tehran will be influential. The results show that among the 16 drivers, five factors improve the role of urban governance in increasing people's participation, NGOs, officials' attention to improving the urban environment, promoting environmental culture and citizen participation and more associations in the governing environment The environment has and in terms of desire has caused.

Cities are the epitome and manifestation of any type of new technology. In the current era, which is the era of information and communication technology, the effects of this new technology in cities and especially the physical-spatial structure of the city are significant. In terms of information and communication technology infrastructure, Kermanshah has many issues and problems that have positive and negative effects on cities.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) indicators on the physical-spatial structure with the creative city approach in Kermanshah.

The method of conducting the current research is descriptive-analytical, the information of which is collected through library studies and by completing the questionnaire, and to analyze the findings, structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis test are used. A first-order factor was used. Studied Areas: The area under study is the city of Kermanshah.

The results of the research showed that among the measured indicators, information technology with a score of 0.79 and the items (reduction in the use of urban transportation means (ICT 4), increasing penetration in urban activities in virtual form) ICT 8), and the variable of providing information through new technologies (ICT 9), from among the indicators measured in the creative city, with a score of 0.64, the items of increasing creative activities (KH1) and the degree of reception and acceptance of Kermanshah's urban management of the idea creative activities (KH4) and among the indicators measured, physical-spatial structure with a score of 0.73 items (influence of urban spaces from visual data (p.s3), evolution in the concept of space and urban space (p.s8), The transformation of urban spaces into meeting spaces (p.s9), the dominance of urban activities on the body and its physical space (p.s11), the transformation of streets into pedestrian territory (p.s14)) are more important.

There is a significant relationship between information and communication technologies (ICT), creative city and physical-spatial structure of Kermanshah city.

Today we can name tourism as a realm that has the ability to attract domestic and foreign capital and consequently, has economic development and we can name ecotourism as a growing sub-branch with increasing economic development, in order to facilitate community participation to provide experiences and protect natural and cultural resources in the long run.Considering the popularity of ecotourism in the country's villages and the importance of its economic dimension from the villagers' point of view, this study aims to explain the role of one of the most effective ecotourism agents in rural areas (residences) with emphasizing its economic dimension. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the statistical population is all residences with more than one year of experience in Rasht (12 residences).Data collect with the help of questionnaire tools and the information of residences managers and tourism experts and data analysis is performed with life cycle and Coopers techniques.Theresults of life cycle technique show that ecotourism residences as a tourism product are in the stage of growth and development )third level of impact).Therefore, it can be claimed that residences have a good effect on the tourism system and by using the Coopers technique was also determined, Fanderkotam Residence has the most and Gilantaj has the least impact on the tourism system of its location.Finally, it is suggested that while informing the villagers about the importance of the issue, encourage them to preserve the native architecture and make it easier for the natives to receive facilities for investing in ecotourism.

Geomorphic hazards have occurred continuously and throughout history in different areas of the globe and continue to do so. But we recognize these events as a danger when they threaten human settlements and cause damage to man-made buildings, facilities, and equipment. Also, since humanity has not been able to prevent the occurrence of many of these dangers, the best solution is to stay away from these dangers. However, many human settlements are placed in risky situations in terms of geomorphic hazards, which is a potential threat to them. Therefore, by identifying high-risk and safe residential areas, it is possible to prepare to deal with risks and to use safe residential areas in urban planning in future developments and constructions. Based on this, the present research was conducted with this concern to identify safe residential zones in Guilan province, which is considered a high-risk province in terms of geomorphic hazards, through spatial analysis. The research method is mixed or combined (quantitative and qualitative) and a combination of library and field methods was used to collect data and information. The results of this research showed that based on the opinions of specialists and experts, the most important geomorphic hazards that are considered as a threat to the urban areas of Guilan province include earthquakes, floods, landslides, erosion, subsidence, and liquefaction, respectively. In terms of the spatial distribution of safe residential areas, based on what was obtained from the output of the fuzzy model in the GIS software, 51.5% of the ​​Guilan province is covered by unsafe and relatively unsafe levels in terms of geomorphic hazards. On the other hand, safe and relatively safe zones cover 23.4% of the area of ​​Guilan province, and 25.1% of the area of ​​the province is covered by the medium security zone.