فهرست مطالب hamed ghadermarzi

Villages have traditionally been identified and sustained with agricultural activities and have become the source of capital production. A type of capital whose role has been neglected in rural development is the accumulation of financial capital produced from the agricultural sector of villages and transferred to urban areas in various ways and forms and spent there. The withdrawal of income from the production of agricultural products reduces cash for investment in agriculture and the rural economy. At the same time, it can be the basis for increasing agricultural productivity and creating a platform for improving rural development indicators. In Dehgolan county in Kurdistan province, a kind of capital outflow from villages to big cities has formed, along with other factors, has caused the economic instability of villages. Despite the high income, adequate financial capital, and rich resources, these villages have not been able to use this opportunity to improve their development indicators, and the incomes from work and agricultural production are transferred out of the village economy cycle and transferred to the cities. The present research has analyzed the causes and factors of capital outflow from the villages to the cities and its effects and consequences on the local economy in the villages of Dehgolan county.

This research is descriptive-analytical research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method. The methodological approach of the research is based on the comparative method. The statistical population of this research is 105 villages of Dehgolan county, which are located in five districts. The sample community is 15 villages selected using the stratified probability sampling method. The investigated samples were determined at the level of all villages based on the multi-stage cluster method with proportional assignment method from the respondents, and 340 farmer households (out of 2997 households in the sample villages) were considered the sample size based on Cochran's formula. The necessary data were obtained using a researcher-made questionnaire. Experts approved the content and face validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha test was used to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Correlation Coefficient test in SPSS software, and Structural Equation Modeling in Smart PLS software were used for inferential data analysis.

The current research has been carried out in line with research related to rural-urban links, with the difference that it has examined the relationship and effectiveness of each institutional-management, social, and economic factors with capital outflow from the villages and its transfer to the cities. In the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the significance level of the test for all variables is less than 0.05. This means that the data distribution of these variables was abnormal. Thus, the non-parametric test of Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between variables. In the Spearman correlation coefficient test, the significance level of the test between all research variables was less than 0.05. So, all the studied variables have a significant positive and direct correlation. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability of the variables show that the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability is acceptable for all research structures. According to the results of the structural models seen in the second-order confirmatory factor analysis model, institutional-management factors with a factor load of 0.315, social factors with a factor load of 0.309, and economic factors with a factor load of 0.124, respectively, are the highest. According to farmers, they have the least impact on capital outflow from the villages. Therefore, the development and support policies of the government as an influential factor in the villages can lead to social and economic development by strengthening the villages' infrastructure and increasing the villagers' motivation to keep their capital in the village by guaranteeing economic security. Accordingly, the uncertain economic outlook for rural capitalists will be a justifiable reason for them to prefer to invest in a more secure environment (in the city).

Capital outflow is a phenomenon with institutional-management, economic, and social roots; if it flows from rural areas to cities, it will intensify the inequality and instability of villages. Based on this research, the most important institutional-management factors that affect the capital outflow from the village, which in the main of them are the weakness of the government sector's support and policies from other sectors (private, cooperative, and small operators) for investment in the village, the lack and weakness of the government's investment in rural infrastructure (such as physical development, cultural development, etc.). Also, the most important economic factors from the point of view of the activists of the agricultural sector in the villages are income generation and ensuring the return of capital, areas of investment in the city (land and housing, industries, banks, etc.), investment efficiency in the urban economy, employment security and activity in the urban economy. The benefit of investing in the city compared to the countryside and the flexibility of capital in the city can be mentioned. Among the most important social factors (aligned and related to economic reasons) are the motivation to invest in the urban economy (due to profitability and capital efficiency, return on investment, government support, etc.), well-being, and a sense of psychological and social security. Investing in the city is pointed out. Based on the results of this research, some suggestions are presented as follows:- Increasing government investment in rural infrastructure (such as physical development, cultural development, etc.); Applying incentive policies for villagers to invest in different sectors of the rural economy (for example, tourism, information and communication technology, etc.) and activating local managers and giving them more powers;Giving investment motivation and economic security to the target groups (major farmers), such as reducing taxes in case of keeping capital and circulating it in the cycle of the rural economy.

Drought affects a wide range of climates and ecosystems. Meanwhile, the effect radius of the drought phenomenon is more in rural areas than other areas, because rural economy and life rely relatively heavily on natural resources and agricultural activities. The present study was carried out with the aim of grouping and prioritizing the villages of Qorveh and Dehgolan counties in order to show the difference in the severity of drought and the degree of vulnerability caused by it. The data obtained from calculating the severity of drought showed that the counties of Qorveh and Dehgolan had a mild drought during the studied years. Also, in the discussion of drought vulnerability in the studied settlements, 13 villages were selected as samples and their vulnerability was measured using certain variables. 100% of the surveyed villages in Qorveh and Dehgolan counties have drought experience. The results of Tuki's grouping show that the sample villages are different in terms of vulnerability in the level of indicators of income from the main and secondary livelihoods of the household, exploitation of agricultural water, diversity of household livelihoods and reduction of the area under water cultivation. The biggest difference between villages is the level of access to agricultural water sources. Finally, using the spline interpolation method in the GIS system, the studied villages were zoned in terms of drought severity and degree of vulnerability.Key words: vulnerability of villages, water shortage crisis, zoning, drought

Border areas hold special significance at both the national and cross-border levels; however, they are often considered less developed and face numerous challenges. One of these challenges is the phenomenon of housing poverty. This research aims to identify the factors influencing rural housing poverty in border villages of Taybad County. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical in nature and has practical applications. Data were collected through library research and fieldwork (interviews) and analyzed using the grounded theory approach. The statistical population of this study consists of 17 inhabited villages located between Taybad and the Afghanistan border. The sample selection was conducted using purposive sampling method based on the criteria of experts relevant to the subject.

The findings of the research, obtained through a systematic grounded theory approach with a focused and systematic analysis of data in the stages of open, axial, and selective coding, identified the influential factors of housing poverty in the border villages of Taybad County, including economic, social, physical, environmental, and political-administrative factors.

The research results demonstrate that economic, social, physical, environmental, and political-administrative factors are influential in housing poverty in the border villages of Taybad County. Consequences such as intergenerational poverty, persistent poverty, and migration were identified. In this regard, strategies such as investment in employment sector, growth and increase in resilience credits, and attention to infrastructure and service provision are proposed as means to address these challenges.

Quality of life is a determining factor in the progress of a society and reflects the way people live and their personal welfare in a community. Improving the quality of life is one of the most important goals of public policies in any society. For centuries, people have pursued a good life, and humans have continuously strived to improve their living conditions and make the best use of their environmental capabilities and potential. However, the main question is: what is a desirable life? This research seeks to answer the question of how much the villages in Deygolan County are enjoying the indicators of desirable quality of life. To evaluate the quality of life in this study, objective indicators (44 items in 4 economic, social, infrastructure, and policy-making dimensions, including agriculture and rural construction) and subjective indicators (23 items in 6 domains of education, health and safety, social, leisure time, residential environment, and occupation and income) were used. Each of the research indicators was examined in two dimensions, and after applying the final weights using the weighted arithmetic mean approximation method, they were combined using the VIKOR method. The results showed that, from the local community's perspective, the indicators related to the infrastructure and policy-making dimensions were of higher importance in the objective dimension of quality of life. Furthermore, the examination of the subjective indicators of development from the local people's perspective showed that the indicators related to health, safety, income, and occupation were of greater importance.

Although climate change affects all human societies, villagers are the most affected by, especially in developing countries. International organizations and scientific associations have given much attention and emphasis to community-based adaptation strategies. However, adaptation of villagers to climate change in Iran has been insufficiently studied in previous studies. This study aims to investigate villagers’ understanding of climate change in Meshkinshahr County, Ardabil Province, identify their adaptation strategies, and develop measures to improve their adaptive capacity. We used a quantitative approach and grounded theory method for data collection and analysis. The required data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 55 employees in the economic sectors (farmers, ranchers, gardeners) and coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. The respondents believe that the increase in the frequency of droughts and wind, the number of hot days and the decrease in rainfall are related to climate change and have negatively affected their livelihoods in various ways. These include the reduction in the quality and grade of agricultural products, the decline in the water table, the degradation and destruction of pastures, the reduction in rural water resources, the reduction in livestock products, and the lack and high cost of agricultural inputs. In addition, villagers have developed various strategies to address these impacts, including rain-fed agriculture, water harvesting, drip irrigation, goat rearing, water consumption management, digging illegal wells, and migration to cities, to name a few. In addition, interventions such as education, developing insurance, providing financing and credit, developing modern irrigation systems, and marketing agricultural and livestock products were identified as measures to improve their adaptive capacity.

The existence of spatial interactions of border areas in all countries has made these areas sensitive centers. The border areas of Kurdistan Province have been able to establish extensive connections with the Iraqi border areas in the shadow of comparative and competitive advantages. In this regard, the study of interaction between settlements, spatial pattern of interactions and its development effects at the level of these areas can provide the necessary framework for sustainable spatial development planning. The present study seeks to identify and analyze the pattern governing spatial interactions in the border areas of Kurdistan province. This research is descriptive-analytical based on method, and fundamental based on purpose. Its statistical population consists of households in 207 villages and 8 border towns. Determination of sample size for rural settlements was obtained using Cochran's formula of 135 villages. For some reason such as (inaccessibility of some villages, security issues and restrictions in border areas the final sample size was confined to 46 villages. Samples were selected using two stratified and quota random methods.  In relation to urban areas, in this study, all cities in the border areas of Kurdistan province were studied by full counting method. The results indicated that there is an inequality in distribution of facilities and services.  This situation indicates the lack of network pattern formation and mutual flows in the area. The results showed that the flow of goods and capital in a trans-regional form and in relation to the national cross-border points of the west of the country such as (Sulaimaniyah and Erbil) and capital points (Tehran), have the greatest effects on the formation of spatial pattern of border interactions in the study area. It can be compared to a rhombus pattern (center-periphery-center). Also, service and information flows within the region have had the greatest impact on the formation of the polar or center-peripheral pattern in the study area.

The main objective of present study is analysis of viewpoints of Boyer-Ahmad local communities about rural development. The criteria of rural development are identified by a systematic approach from the standpoints of people who are aware of current rural issues in the investigated villages. In the next stage, the level of development of settlements was determined according to the identified criteria.

The current study is based on qualitative methods (grounded theory) and quantitative (descriptive-analytical and survey). The required data was collected through the field methods (questionnaire and interview). The sample population of the study was determined to extract the indicators purposefully and based on the snowball method until the theoretical saturation of the interview with 18 people was reached. The statistical population of the study is the people living in the villages of Boyer-Ahmad County. 380 people in 10 rural settlements are assessed by employing Cochran's formula. The validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed by content validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. SPSS22 and ArcGis software were used for analyzing the data.

In the index extraction stage, 51 concepts were identified in the form of 6 major categories. In the second stage, the results of one-sample t-test showed that rural settlements have a development coefficient of 0.35 in terms of the studied categories with an average of 2.46, which are at an undeveloped level. The status of development categories also shows that the category of environmental resources with an average of 3.31 has the best level and the category of quality of life with an average of 1.96 have the worst situation in the studied villages. The results also show that the Ganjeh Kohneh village with a coefficient of 0.43 and Mazdak village with a coefficient of 0.40 are in the middle development level and other settlements are in the undeveloped level.

According to the results, solutions such as equitable distribution of services, development of a vision document for integrated development, diversification of economic activities and the use of social capital of villagers in the planning process have been proposed.

Before planning at the local level, it is necessary to examine the views of the local community regarding rural development. There are differences between rural areas in terms of capabilities, talents, facilities and priorities, and local planning can take these differences into account.

 Studies by the World Bank and the United Nations emphasize the importance of capacity building and institutional capacity, development based on competitiveness requires the existence of efficient institutions, And argue that urban levels lacking efficient and appropriate institutions demonstrate low competitiveness to achieve a reasonable level of development, And in the absence of appropriate institutions, even the most appropriate and reasonable policies of competitiveness would not yield desirable results. Today, in the context of institutional capacity and institutional approach to development in the general notion and urban competitiveness in a particular sense, significant importance has been valued to the institutional capacities existing at these levels. Focusing on capacity building and institutional capacity discussions within an institutional approach can play an important role in cities, especially the central cities of the country, By enhancing their competitiveness, they will eliminate many existing and future issues in metropolises and major cities of the country. And by redistributing pressure on the metropolitan system of the country, it will reduce urban issues. The present study aims to explain the role of institutional capacity in the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj in order to determine in the first stage the status of both Zanjan and Sanandaj in terms of institutional capacity in urban competitiveness, and Then to evaluate the effect of institutional capacity on urban competitiveness in the studied cities using the structural equation models Therefore, the purpose of the study raised the following questions: • What is the level of institutional capacity in the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj? • Which of the components of institutional capacity has the most impact on the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj? • How effective is institutional capacity in the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj? Method The present research is based on the objective, applied and in terms of method and nature, an analytical descriptive. The data collection method was based on a survey method (questionnaire). Validity and fit of the questionnaire were done using a confirmatory factor analysis in lisrel software. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups of authorities and people (referring to municipal offices) in Zanjan and Sanandaj. Using the Cochran formula, the population size of the sample is 760 people (380 questionnaires for each city). Also, the statistical community for the group is 260 people, each with 130 people. Sampling method of the citizens group, random sampling and the authorities was non-random and purposeful. Data analysis was performed in SPSS and Lisrel softwares. In the first stage, to clarify the status of institutional capacity indicators in urban competitiveness, the data was analyzed and the status of each indicator of institutional capacity in different cities of Sanandaj and Zanjan and for both the specified respondents and authorities were determined. In the next step, the most important factor influencing institutional capacity in urban competitiveness was defined. Finally, to investigate the effect of institutional capacity on urban competitiveness, it has been evaluated by the triple and quadruple components of urban competitiveness. Discussion In the research findings, descriptive findings were first analyzed and factors such as age, gender, education, employment rate and residence were investigated. In the next step, in order to investigate the current status of cities in Zanjan and Sanandaj in terms of institutional capacity, the average was used which indicate mentioned cities were not in desirable condition. It is important to determine which institutional capacity factors could play a very important role in urban competitiveness. and accordingly. it was determined that institutional capacity is the most important factor in this case. To investigate and answer to the third question, the impact of institutional capacity on urban competitiveness was measured in a structural equation model, and the model showed a very favorable fit, so that its significant confirmation of effect was appropriate. Result The results show that the status of institutional capacity in urban competitiveness in both Sanandaj and Zanjan does not show acceptable status; the Zanjan city with a value of 2.87 and Sanandaj with a numerical value of 2.91 are considered to be lower than the average in terms of institutional capacity in the general level. In both cities, the index of "human capital" has the highest numerical value, and subsequently, the intra-institutional relationships (Zanjan) and the collective capacity of institutions (Sanandaj) have the lowest possible mean. In relation to the population questionnaire, the total institutional capacity for Zanjan city was 3.02 and for Sanandaj 2.82, and it has not been evaluated at acceptable level. The results of structural equation model showed that institutional capacity indices in each group have a significant but different relationship; As the relationship has a negative impact level and in some other factors, it tends to be negative in the remaining cases, indicating a lack of positive impact on institutional capacity indicators. The results of measuring the impact of institutional capacity components on urban competitiveness showed that in Zanjan only the component of institutional capability (3.02) and in Sanandaj, the institutional capacity components (3.08) and appropriate legal arrangements (3.02) have been above average. Assessing the impact of institutional capacity on the competitiveness of the central cities of Zanjan and Sanandaj in the structural equation model, in addition to the significance of the relationship between institutional capacity and urban competitiveness, The impact of the variable institutional capacity on urban competitiveness is accepted at a high level with a numerical value of 11.98 and reflects the "very high institutional capacity on urban competitiveness Following the conclusion of the high impact of institutional capacity on urban competitiveness, World Bank Studies, the Asian Development Bank and the UN Program also emphasize the existence of efficient, capable and diverse institutions, especially executive agencies, to advance the competitiveness of cities and development.

Poverty is a universal, complex and multifaceted phenomenon. This phenomenon exists relatively in all societies. What poses poverty as a serious challenge to policymakers is the lack of access to basic living standards such as housing, food and clothing. The purpose of the present study is to identify the factors that lead to housing poverty and to measure the degree of poverty in rural areas of Dehgolan Township. This research is of applied type and its nature is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is both documentary and field and the questionnaire has been used as the main tool for collecting field data. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), SERVQUAL technique, IPA matrix and poverty census index (HI) were used to analyze the data. Based on the findings of factor analysis, 38 statements were identified and named in the form of 10 sub-criteria and 4 factors (physical and functional poverty, poverty of security and comfort, poverty of enjoyment and health, and supportive and legal poverty). These four factors explain 81.8% of the cumulative variance of the factors contributing to rural housing poverty. The results show that although the quality of new rural housing in various dimensions is relatively favorable and rural housing poverty is reduced in various dimensions, but there are differences between the expected average and perceived quality. This has led to a kind of weakness, especially in the physical and economic dimensions, and the main reason is the change in the functional spaces of the native houses and the low payment facilities.

The development of rural tourism requires recognizing the priorities of tourists and trying to upgrade and adapt the attractions and capabilities of the village to the needs of visitors, so that re-visits, introduction and recommendation to be visited by other tourists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the appropriateness of tourists' priorities with their objective perception of the tourist destination. The statistical population of the study was the tourists of the target villages of Tarom city and considering that the number of tourists entering the villages is not known, 100 tourists were selected as the sample. The data collection method is both documentary and field methods and the main focus of the research is on field findings that have been collected through interviews and questionnaires. In the present study, tourists' priorities have been determined and discussed in 4 general dimensions of infrastructure, attractions, marketing and education, 15 sub-sections and 59 components. For data analysis, descriptive statistics methods (mean and frequency) and for inferential analysis, two techniques of importance-quality (SERVQUAL) and importance-performance have been used. Based on this, the results show the products and products offered. Agricultural tourism opportunities, rural security, natural tourism opportunities, services and accommodation are the main priorities of tourists and despite the capabilities and capabilities of tourism development in target villages, due to the high expectations of tourists from rural tourism capabilities, the difference between the average importance and quality Perceived in the mentioned four dimensions was negative, so that the education dimension with an average gap of -1.12 had the most and marketing with an average gap of -0.24 had the least difference. According to the IPA matrix, the three dimensions of infrastructure, attractions and marketing are in the strategic position of desirability and the educational dimension is in the position of desirability.

Housing in the sense of a place of residence is exciting, relaxing and soothing, and in the term is a shelter between the life, the family and the surrounding environment, and has a role to play in meeting the biological, life, economic, social, cultural and psychological needs. Failure to comply with rural housing in the face of the occurrence of a natural disaster and the erosive texture of these homes has led the government to try to improve the quality of rural housing through policy and implementation of various solutions. The village housing improvement plan has been started in 1995 with the aim of improving the quality of housing and village infrastructure and improving the level of safety, health, well-being and comfort of rural housing. This project is a kind of urban housing facade and display in the traditional tissue of the villages. In the city of Dehgolan also has been operational. The city of Dehgolan, as one of the cities of Kurdistan province, has a significant part of the rural population and has five rural districts in terms of its divisions. This study is intended to assess the housing situation in the eilaghe jonobi Village. The number of residential units in this village is over 2.639 units, based on existing data and field observations, a significant portion of them are irresistible. In this regard, the present research attempts to answer the question of the effects and consequences of the housing development project on the cardiovascular and economic dimensions of the villages in the studied area.

The methodology of this study is a descriptive-analytic library-survey. The statistical population of the study is Southern ılagh village located in Dehgolan city and the sample is three villages of Qadarmars, Bashmaq and Bakarabad. The main method of collecting data, observing the field and using the tool of the questionnaire and considering the wide area of the study, from a total of 606 residential units located in the studied villages, using the modified Cochran method, 60 residential units were selected as the sample. Using randomized stratified sampling method, percentage and share of sample size of each village were selected. A questionnaire was used to collect field data. To assess its validity and reliability, experts' opinions and Cronbach's alpha method were used, respectively, for economic indicators that consisted of 15 items, equal to 0/744, and for the physical index Which has 14 components, the coefficient was 0/897. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics methods such as chi-square test, one-sample t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used.

The evaluation of descriptive data obtained from the field study shows that the occupation of agriculture and livestock as well as labor is among the respondents the most, so that 38.3% of the respondents have jobs in agriculture and animal husbandry and 31.7% are engaged in work activities. They are The surface area of the residential unit renovated in 55% of the examined cases, less than 80 m and 45% have a residential floor surface of 120-200 m. The total number of respondents has one floor renovated housing and 51.7% of the responding households have a residential unit of 2 rooms and 48.3% of the properties surveyed have one room. The evaluation of three important components regarding the measurement of the quality of the physical dimension of housing suggests that housing renovation has a positive effect on improving the quality indices, such as building strength, increasing the level of satisfaction with the type of materials and structural strength, and observing the principles and technical standards in Has a construction, so that with a significant level of 0.000, the chi-square coefficient for the component of increasing the strength of the building was 13.300, for the overall satisfaction of the physical dimension equal to 24.933 and for the evaluation of the effect on the observance of technical principles, equal to 40.933. The results of t-test on the hypothesis indicate its significance and the negative effect of housing renovation on the participation rate of women in economic activities, so that with a significant level of 0.000, the coefficient of t-test is equal to 9.742- that confirms the hypothesis of the effect of housing renovation and Changing the functions of rural housing emphasizes the level of women's participation in economic activities.

 the present study, the effects of the implementation of a special rural housing improvement plan on structural-functional changes in rural housing in the southern part of the Dehgolan city were investigated. Despite the prevalence of the number of non-rugged residential units in this village, over the past two decades, many of the worn-out buildings have been renovated and renovated in the framework of this plan. The study of 15 economic categories indicates that, due to the type of rural livelihood that is often farmed, renovation of housing does not have a favorable effect on household economic status and has somehow undermined the diverse economic activities of rural households. Surveying the level of satisfaction with the physical aspects of rural housing has shown a relatively favorable situation, so that owners are pleased with the improvement of the level of safety and the degree of resistance of the building and the type of materials used in the manufacturing process and because of the benefit of spaces such as toilets, baths And the kitchen, consider the quality and sanitary level of the renovated housing as desirable. But they are not satisfied with the limited level of infrastructure and their lack of attention to the design of the interior plans of rural houses. Respondents have been of the opinion that the way of constructing new homes has changed the traditional landscape of villages and, by following the design and architecture of urban housing, minimize the environmental and climatic factors in the construction of new housing. 

Rural housing is an objectified entity of economic activity and social relations which any involvement in this physical structure requires to consider various biological aspects such as livelihood, housing, and sustainability. Current houses which are located in rural settlements are facing poverty and deprivation in various dimensions. Hence, it will be impossible to address the issue of rural housing poverty without considering a multi-dimensional approach. In this connection, the study aims to evaluate multi-dimensional rural housing situation through considering five criteria such as housing shortage, household density in residential unit, structural strength, ownership and infrastructure area. Hence, six western provinces of our country (including Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Hamedan, Lorestan and Zanjan) have been selected as the statistical community as well as poverty rate of rural housing will be measured through using both indicators of the ratio of poverty rate (HI) and the ratio of poverty gap (PG) based on statistical data and official sources. The paper has been conducted through using analytical-descriptive research method based on an applied approach. Furthermore, COPRAS Ranking Technique as well as Point-to-Point Weighting (PPW) method were used to analyze the data, in addition to these two indicators mentioned above. Results of the research show that while rural areas of the mentioned western provinces (of our country) are facing housing poverty, poverty rate and severity are different. For instances, Hamedan Kurdistan provinces have been ranked the highest areas in terms of housing poverty as well as small areas of living space respectively. But in terms of congestion, structure and property, Hamedan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces have had the highest poverty rates in rural housing respectively. ‍Consequently, results of the COPRAS ranking technique show that Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Hamedan, Zanjan and Ilam provinces have been ranked the highest and lowest areas which are facing rural housing poverty respectively.

Given the influential role of government actions and policies in the development of rural housing, plans and programs related to housing development, should be approached by holistic approach, In keeping with the villagers' needs, while upgrading the fortification of the houses, preserving the native architecture in terms of the aesthetics and functional diversity of the various rural home spaces. Today's rural housing in the country faces two issues: first, the limited number of rural housing development plans, and second, the high volume of deteriorated housing in the countryside. The province of Kurdistan currently has 121,238 rural housing units, which face numerous weaknesses in terms of quality and quantity. To this end, the present study seeks to answer the following question: How were the social, economic and physical effects of the Special Housing Improvement Project implemented in the rural areas of Kurdistan province?
The present study is an applied one and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The statistical population of the research is 38,467 renovated rural housing units in the province. Data were collected through library and field study methods. Based on cluster sampling method, three cities of Qorveh, Kamyaran and Sarvabad were selected. Cochran's formula was used to determine the number of samples and 316 individuals were determined. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed by experts and Cronbach's alpha was used to determine its reliability. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test and significance-performance (IPA) technique were used.
The results of the t-test on the social dimension of rural housing show that the health component consisting of four propositions has the most desirable t-statistic with a significant level of 0.000 and mean 4.17, has the most favorable t-statistic and housing policies have had positive effects on this component. In order to examine the economic impacts of housing development policies, three components of core livelihoods, energy and fuel, and sectoral mobility, comprising 10 propositions, were used. Findings show that in all three components, the level of significance shows a desirable value (0.000). Concerning the physical dimension of housing, the findings show that the specific housing improvement plan has caused a physical transformation of the structural resistance dimension of housing. It can also be noted that the improved physical security status averaged 3.94.
Government policies have always influenced rural housing in various dimensions and reflected physical changes in the texture of these settlements. The findings showed that as a result of the implementation of the Special Improvement Plan (SIP), social transformation in rural housing has occurred and the health components have been improved qualitatively. These positive changes can be attributed to the transition from multi-family housing to single-family residence (reducing household density in residential units), the creation of sanitary spaces in the housing (kitchen, toilet and bathroom) and the separation of livestock storage spaces from households. The Special Economic Improvement Plan has had significant impacts, especially in the energy and fuel sectors, as well as on economic mobility and dynamics. But housing development policies have also had adverse effects on the economic dimension, including damage to livelihoods. With the decline in the level of new housing infrastructure, many of the spaces that are complementary to residents' economic activities have been eliminated, and somehow the livelihoods and economic structure of households have fluctuated negatively.

The policy to transform villages into cities is a strategy to improve the quality of life in small urban settlements. Yet despite such policy making, the progress of developing services and facilities has been slow in many of these newfound cities. Moreover, demographic trends in certain areas are on the decline even prior to becoming a city. Located in Kordestan province, Bolbanabad transformed into a city in 2009. However, the degree of livability and quality of life in different physical, economic, social, and environmental dimensions are at a low level in this city. The present study seeks to provide answers to the following question: What role has the policy of transforming villages into cities played in Bolbanabad with respect to the improvement of urban livability indices?

Newly established cities are small cities. These cities are, in fact, suitable areas for administrative, economic, social, and welfare decentralization from the cities within the region, driving rural development, balancing the population settlement system, and providing the means for sustainable development. They are also suitable areas for biological sites that somehow cater for livability in former villages. Livability refers to the degree to which the necessities of a society are provided with respect to the extent of needs and capacities of individuals and reflects the welfare of the local community. This concept involves a set of relative criteria and indices. While livability in an area for certain people is to have a dynamic economy and sufficient employment and income, socioeconomic security is of priority for others. In general, the purpose of the policy to transform villages into cities is the comprehensive development of livability dimensions in small cities.

The present applied research was conducted using a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) and can be considered a descriptive-analytical study. Data were collected using library studies and survey. The total population of the study included Bolbanabad residents. Since collecting data from the entire population was impossible, Cochran’s modified method was used and 120 individuals were selected randomly as sample population. In the qualitative section of the study, content analysis technique (the grounded theory) was employed through MAXQDA software. To prioritize urban livability indices, the importance-performance analysis (IPA) matrix was used to indicate the gaps between priorities and the perceived quality of livability in Bolbanabad. In addition, the questionnaires were validated using Cronbach’s alpha in the SPSS software.

According to the content analysis method, four core concepts including infrastructures, facilities and equipment, beautification, and accessibility and security were identified in MAXQDA software as the most important livability factors from the perspective of Bolbanabad residents. The objectified quality caused by transformation from village into a city and the expectation of infrastructural index improvement demonstrate that the largest importance-performance average gap lies within the transportation sector with regards to the restoration of streets and asphalt quality in the city with a mean difference of -1.65. In the accessibility dimension, the lowest performances were related to weakness in creating green spaces, absence of certain government offices and lack of constant access to drinking water with average gaps of -2.36, -2.27,  and -2.04, respectively. This has resulted in a decline in the livability level of the settlement. According to the residents, the importance priority of security sub-indices from high to low, include financial security, spiritual-mental security, and social security. According to the IPA method, the importance (priority)-performance gap present in dimensions including infrastructures, accessibility, and security are negative; therefore, the status of sub-indices in all aspects are undesirable.

The use of the IPA technique on the urban livability importance-performance showed the significant importance of livability indices and low objective performance in line with improving said indices, the results of which have been a -1.68 average gap and reduced quality of life. Given these conditions, the livability status of the village is below the desirable level. This means that despite its transformation into a city almost a decade ago, expectations are still at a level beyond the perceived quality of residents, and the policy has failed to bring about considerable developments to the improvement of residents’ quality of life in different urban livability aspects. Considering the results of the study, it can be concluded that not every policy that changes the title of a settlement into a “city” is capable of improving the livability of that settlement. Accordingly, more people have emigrated from this city during said period and the population of Bolbanabad is fewer than the time it was politically and administratively considered as a rural area.

Rural housing in Iran is in the transition from tradition to contemporary, and as a result of this trend, the architecture and function of these houses are undergoing changes.. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative indices of rural housing in various social, economic and physical dimensions is one of the most important techniques for understanding and explaining the level of development of rural housing.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the most important rural tenement indicators of Dehgolan city and prioritize them in terms of qualitative level. The type of research is applied and its nature is descriptive-analytical and data and information requirements are compiled by two methods of documentation and field study.The main question of the research is which of the districts of Dehgolan city are more favorable than rural settlements. The Hierarchical Analysis Model (AHP) was used to weigh the indicators and VIKOR technique was used to prioritize and rank the districts.The main question of the research is which of the districts of Dehgolan city are more favorable than rural settlements. The Hierarchical Analysis Model (AHP) was used to weigh the indicators and VIKOR technique was used to prioritize and rank the districts.The results of the ranking based on the Wicver model indicate that in terms of quality of rural housing, southern outskirts and Quri Chai, Q (0.000) and (0.033), the most desirable and the northern and suburban villages Dehgolan with a coefficient of (1,000) and (487/0), are at the lowest level of residential quality from among the five counties.

In order to develop urban and rural areas, various executive programs are implemented by the state institutions. If the programs are not compatible with  the economic and social conditions of the hosting community, they will create many problems for them. This is especially important in human settlements where their livelihood source is one or two economic sources. The methodology of present applied research is a quantitative one which has been carried out with a survey method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of belt construction on the economic, social and environmental conditions of villagers in Shaho city from the viewpoint of citizens. All The village households heads of Shaho village (3526 people) were the statistical population of the study. Due to financial and time constraints, the researchers, using Bartlett et al.'S table, considered 200 heads of the household as the sample population. Subsequently, the questionnaires were distributed randomly among household caregivers. The main tool of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by observing the principles of field research and making necessary corrections. The results showed that the satisfaction level of about 90% of the villagers in Shaho city was related to the construction of the belt at weak and very weak levels and the average calculated was 1.27. The results of the study showed that the satisfaction of the residents of Shaho village from residence in the city before and after the construction of the belt showed that the average rank of satisfaction of citizens significantly decreased from 96.59 to 69.5. The results also showed that decreasing income sources and increasing unemployment, decreasing property and property values, geographical isolation, emigration and social anomalies, stopping the growth and development of the city and environmental degradation, the most important effects of belt construction on the residents of the village The city of Shaho has been able to explain about 71% of variance of dependent variable.

The purpose of this applied research study is a descriptive and analytical study of social stability and the factors determining the status of among the rural women. The study population consisted of rural women constitute more than 20 families Ravansar city. Using Cochran formula, 260 of whom were selected using a multistage proportional sampling, questionnaires were distributed among the 18 villages in six districts. To analyze the data, using the software SPSS, using the Spearman correlation coefficient, Kendall's tau and phi lambda, as well as multivariate regression. The results showed that social sustainability among rural women with an average 3 Ravansar Township is moderate. Among the 14 main social sustainability indicators, three indicators of social disorder, social responsibility and social dynamics, respectively, with a coefficient of variation of 0.233, 0.236 and 0.238 are the most important women in social stability. Also multivariate regression analysis showed five independent variables of personal income, occupation, work with the group secondary, education level and income households, a total of 76.3% of the variance in the dependent variable (social sustainability of rural women Ravansar Township) can explain.

INTRODUCTIONRural chiefs can play a significant role in promoting the goals and policies of government and people in rural areas as a link between government and people. However, it is necessary to note that the source of power and legitimacy in the urban and rural governorship, is all the citizens and villagers, and their presence in all aspects and pillars of the civil society. In a nutshell one can state that the main task of modern rural management is to preserve and achieve sustainable rural development as a public institution with its specific tasks. Regarding the activity and presence of more than a decade of rural managers in different affairs of villagers, the basic question that can be surveyed is that what is the satisfaction level of villagers from rural managers based on good governance indicators, and what solutions do the villagers propose to improve the status of good governance indicators in their villages? According to the stated issues, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the performance of modern rural managers with a good rural governance approach and providing solutions for improving it among rural communities, which is performed as a case study of Shaho village which is located in Ravansar County.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThe United Nations Development Program defines governance as the following: exercising economic, political and administrative authority for the administration of the affairs of the country at all territorial levels, including the means by which the government promotes cohesion and social integration, and ensuring people's welfare and prosperity. The criteria for "good governance" are presented by Garau et al. and according to them, the set of criteria should be examined and considered in a coherent and mutually reinforcing way: 1- The process of democratic decision making, 2- Legitimacy, transparency and accountability, 3- Efficiency and effectiveness, 4- Fairness and justice, 5. Participation and inclusion, 6. Transfer of affairs to the lowest possible level. According to the Majlis (Parliament) Research Center, the governance indexes in Iran are as follows: 1. Accountability 2. Consensus base 3. Transparency 4. Participation 5. Law orienteers 6. Responsibility 7. Justice. 8. Efficiency and effectiveness. Also, according to studies, the most appropriate indices of good rural governance in Iran are: participation, responsibility, accountability, legality, transparency, collective agreement, effectiveness of performance, and justice orienteers. It should be noted that each of these indicators include several variables and totally encompasses all aspects of good governance in rural areas of Iran.
METHODOLOGYThe purpose of this study is to use applied research method and descriptive-analytic research method. The population of the study consisted of all the headships of rural households in Shaho district and using Cochran's formula, 285 family caregivers were estimated as the statistical sample. The main instrument of the research is a researcher-made questionnaire and its validity was confirmed by experts and academic professors after necessary corrections were made in several stages. In order to assess the reliability of the tool, a guideline study was conducted in one of the villages outside the study area and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.901) indicated that the tool was durable. The high cost of completing questionnaires and the lack of cooperation of relevant organizations with researchers has been one of the most important limitations of this research.
DISCUSSIONThe findings of this research showed that satisfaction rate of villagers in Shaho district with a 2.8 mean, was less than average regarding rural manager's performance with an emphasis on good rural governance indexes, and the highest satisfaction of villagers from rural modern managers to collective agreement indicators with an average of 3.61 and a standard deviation of 1.03 and the lowest level of satisfaction belongs to liability index, with a mean of 3.04 and a standard deviation of 1. 52.
CONCLUSIONThe new rural managers in the studied area are not functioning well according to the good governance indicators and for the first time in the country, by villagers in the Shaho district, the villagers have offered operational solutions to overcome good governance problems. The findings of the study showed that three strategies of "rural villager's opinion polls in different stages of implementation (before, during and after implementation of programs)"; "more and more sympathetic cooperation and activities of rural managers in rural environment" and " transparency of village plans and activities with villagers ", respectively, with 154, 132 and 126 repetitions, are the most important ways to improve the status of good governance indicators in the study area.

IntroductionBased on estimations by FAO, about 98% of the people around the world who face food insecurity and undernourishment live in developing countries, and a majority of them are from Asia and Oceania. Furthermore, the maximum ratio of undernourishment is seen in Sub-Saharan African countries. Since the majority of the citizens in developing countries live in rural areas, improving the level of food security of rural families is an important aim in developing countries. Studies reveal that the severity of food insecurity in rural communities is more than urban spots even though rural households are expected to have full access to foodstuff, regarding the type and amount, as food producers and providers.
Current conditions of the world suggest that in spite of the diversity of climatic conditions and increased productivity, the production and processing of various products, and significant economic and social advances, especially in the previous half-century, many parts of the world encounter food insecurity and malnutrition due to various reasons including extreme environmental degradation, climatic changes in addition to drought and lack of water, the rapid growth of population, low agricultural productivity, the lack of sustainable policies regarding food security, restricted access to infrastructures and basic services, civil wars, the instability of the macro-economic environment as well as the unsuitable policies of governments and, recently, the severe fluctuation of foodstuff and products.
Theoretical FrameworkFood insecurity is among the most important obstacles against community development whose physical, psychological, and social destructive effects in addition to its threat to prosperity is proven. Therefore, the problems caused by the weakness in food security and food crisis are always a notable issue for governments and a subject of study for academic circles.
The consequences of food insecurity mostly threaten developing countries, especially their rural communities. Food availability and food security provision has been really insisted in the policies and programs of the economic development of Iran, as a developing country, between 1989 and 2005. Based on the registered reports in Iran, more than 80 percent of foodstuff is produced by the rural communities. The results of different studies show that food security of villagers in Iran, as the main suppliers of foodstuff in the country, is in a bad condition, and in the best case scenario, more than half of the rural population is in an unsafe food condition.
MethodologyIn terms of the essence and aim, the current study is quantitative and descriptive-analytical, respectively; in terms of the ability to control variables and data collection, the study is non-empirical and a field study, respectively. Generally, the study aims at assessing the situation of food security and detecting the factors affecting it among the farmers in the central part of the city of Ravansar. The time period of the study is single sectional and the required data was collected in the autumn. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the agricultural households’ heads (n=3238) in the central part of the city of Ravansar. Owing to the financial and time limits as well as inaccessibility to all the members of the population under investigation, 180 household heads were selected as the sample through Cochran formula.
Results and DiscussionThe findings of the study revealed that 21.1 percent of people studied have food security while 78.9 percent are experiencing different levels of food insecurity (no starvation, moderate starvation or severe starvation). Moreover, the results of multivariate regression revealed that 75.4 percent of the variable variance is as follows in the order of importance:Land quality, access to credits, ownership of capital resources, an economic-social base, family size and contingency events; additionally, two variables of family size and contingency events with ratios of – 0.143 and – 0.135, respectively, have negative effects on food security of farmers.
Conclusion and SuggestionsDeprivation of rural areas in proportion to urban areas in developing countries, especially in Iran, is not limited to poor access to health, therapeutic, welfare, educational, and service facilities, job opportunities, and so on; regarding food security, which is one of the international development indices, rural areas are in poor conditions compared to urban ones. This is the result of the challenges and obstacles in the development of food security in the rural areas of the countries.
In order to improve food security within the area investigated in this study, improving the components of land quality, accessibility to credits, ownership of capital resources, and economic-social bases must be the priorities in future planning. Furthermore, due to the negative impact of two indices of family size and contingency events in food security, population reduction policies and villagers’ abilities to encounter costly factors as well as contingency events, such as disease and divorce, must be reduced to minimum.

Quality of life is multifaceted concept to demonstrate satisfaction of the person's life. In addition, it can be used as a criterion for determining satisfaction or dissatisfaction with various aspects of life of individuals and groups. Employment, income, access to services including education and health, safety etc. are among effective factors. The objective of the present study is to investigate life quality in rural areas in Ravansar. The population is 26663 people (5998 families) from which a sample size of 255 individuals was extracted using Cochran’s formula (p&q= .5, confidence level 95%, d= .06). Utilizing stratified random sampling and appropriate assignment, 18 villages were selected as target ones. For analyzing data, discriptive statistics (Frequency, Mean, Std. deviation and C.V) and inferential statistics (Spearman Correlation coefficient, One-Sample T Test and ANOVA) were measured. The findings indicated that the level of life quality was low in the studied area, and there is meaningful difference in terms of factors affecting life quality. The results also showed that rural areas of Ghori-Ghaleh, Zalo-Ab, and Hasan-Abad had highest means concerning life quality. Furthermore, Dolat-Abad and Mansoor-Aghaei had the lowest ranking mean, and the villages in Badr district were average. In addition, the results of correlation between quality of villager’s life and dependent variables showed that there is a significance relationship among variables of type of job, income level and the number of households (family size) with the independent variable. However, the correlation between quality of villager’s life and two variables of type of job and income level was positive and the correlation between quality of villager’s life and number of households (family size) variable was negative. Therefore, according to the unfavorable situation in the study area in terms of quality of life it should become a policy priority to improve the quality of life in rural Ravansar Town. In addition, due to harsh situation of Dolat-Abad and Mansoor-Aghaei district among the six districts of Ravansar Town, their residents should be considered as high priority. To improve the quality of life in the studied area, it is essential to consider population control policies through national media and as well as medical centers’ support. This should be juxtaposed with better rural employment and income, financial Bank support, entrepreneurship, Local markets and the revival of handicrafts industry.

Green spaces and parks are one of recreational services and in particular as one of the important uses that deal with large urban populations which include significant levels of city area are facing problems such as shortage, Inappropriate distribution of the population needs and so on. Now the purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution of green spaces and parks in the city of Piranshahr and how to organize appropriately. The research method is Cross-sectional. To analyze and classify information ANP, AHP models and network analysis model is used and to perform this operation ARC/GIS, Super Decisions software are used. The result of the analysis indicates that green space in the city of Piranshahr in terms of compatibility with other users and also in terms of access, is inappropriate. Then with combination of different effective layers, the final map of the optimal areas for construction of urban parks were developed and recommended.

Introduction Tourism can be a tool for rural development; because it can be considered as a new financial resource, it can improve the economic status of local people and it can be considered as a resource that removes poverty and creates more jobs. Tourism and rural development are also two interrelated factors which have positive impacts on each other when tourism development or rural development take place. As a region that is one of the top fifty tourist attractions in Kermanshah Province, Ghoori-Ghale village is one of the most important destinations of tourists to the west of the country; annually, this region receives thousands of tourists from other parts of the country and from neighboring countries especially Iraqi tourists. Studies show that the number of tourists in this village increased considerably during the past years; so that the number of visitors has increased from 116000 people in 1381 to 418000 people in 1386 and more than 500000 people in 1391. More than natural attractions of the village and cultural values in Ghoori-Ghale, the most important tourist attraction in Ravansar County is Ghoori-Ghale Cave as a natural phenomenon and it is the second tourist attraction of the Oramanat region. Construction of more than 30 shops and stores and full-time employment of more than 30 individuals around the cave, is just one of the advantages of Ghoori-Ghale Cave for inhabitants of Ghoori-Ghale village. Base on this, some questions are raised including that "which indicators of rural development have been mostly effected by tourist's arrivals?", "at what level are the impacts of tourism on rural development of Ghoori-Ghale?" and "how many factors are defined as the impacts of tourism in rural development of Ghoori-Ghale village and what are the important ones?"
This study is practical one which used analytical-descriptive researches method. For data collection documentary method and field study are used. The study population includes all heads of householder in Ghoori-Ghale village (240 people). Because of limitation of population and their availability, the sample study was chosen by complete enumeration method. The basic research tool was self-constructed questionnaire in which, after necessary modification, its validity was confirmed by university professors and other tourism experts. To examine the reliability of the constructed questionnaire, a guide study was performed out of the studied region with 30 questionnaires. Cronbach's Alfa Coefficient was obtained by using SPSS, version 0.861 and it showed the high level of reliability in using of research tool. The five-point Likert scale has been the indicator's scale for this case (very little: point 1, little: point 2, average: point 3, great: point 4, very great: point 5) and for statistical analysis descriptive statistics (average, standard deviation and coefficient of variables) and one sample T-test have been used and also for recognizing the impacts of tourist's arrivals on inhabitants of Ghoori Ghale, regarding some limited and important factors, factor analysis technique has been applied.
Discussion and Because of profitability and high level of job creation for host communities, today, rural tourism can be considered as one of the most important tools for developing and following that for sustainable development of rural inhabitants especially in regions with high potential in attracting tourist. This study findings showed that most of rural inhabitants in the studied area are completely satisfied with tourist's arrival and they are ready to attract more tourists. Moreover, the results showed that tourist's arrival to Ghoori Ghale village mostly have impact on many indicators including development of employment, increase of inhabitant's income, diversity of economic activities, constructing or developing local markets, infrastructure development, increase of land value and housing, increase of purchase power and improvement of living status, decrease of rural immigration and return of immigrants to the village, increase of the constructions and diversification of domestic products. The results of studying the overall level of the impacts of tourism showed that most respondents believe that tourism has considerable impacts (average of 3.4) on development of Ghoori Ghale village. The results showed that the impacts of tourism on inhabitants of Ghori Ghale village are summarized in six main factors which on the whole, determined 82.6% of total variance of impacts of tourism regarding the target village. The recognized factors in order of their importance are as follow: economic factor, infrastructurephysical factor, social-cultural factor, health-environmental factor, involvement factor and safety factor. Regarding the high potentiality of Ghoori Ghale village and other neighboring villages, by proper management and villager's participation, it is possible to create a tourism hub in the region in which Ghoori Ghale village is the central part and consequently, this matter can be a good prospective for development of neighboring villages to Ghoori Ghale.

Since the early decades of the 90th century the use of indicators to measure and evaluate the performance of programs and projects government agencies have rebounded and urban management is not deprived of this wave. Since urban management with shaping of space, attempts to raise the citizen’s welfare and achieving sustainable development in neighborhoods, assess performance, in fact, one of the basic principle management tools for achieving the goals, strategies and programs and one way of evaluating performance is satisfaction people. In this regard present research by using a survey method looking to measure performance and to determine the optimal strategy for urban management in the historic texture of Yazd city. The results of the citizen's satisfaction level of performance urban management, in four dimensions of socio-cultural, environmental, economic and physical, indicates that in all neighborhoods of the historic texture of Yazd city, the urban management from of citizen’s viewpoint is not acceptable and it is essential that urban management with Improve Strategy, in all neighborhoods promote to better performance indicators and indicators related to neighborhood sustainability and by concentrating the programs, resources and activities, provide better services for citizens.