hamideh ghodrati azadi

This study aimed to investigate of in vitro susceptibility of prototheca isolated from bovine clinical mastitis to some herbal extracts and chemical antifungal drugs amphotericin B and nystatin. Pure cultures of 20 isolates of Prototheca zopfii and 10 isolates of Prototheca wickerhamii isolated from bovine clinical mastitis after performing specialized microbiological tests to confirm them, were cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar culture medium supplemented with chloramphenicol (SC). algal suspensions including 1 × 106 spores in sterile 0.85% saline were prepared. Then, the antialgal activity of Allium cepal, Apium graveolens, Ficus carica Actinidia deliciosa extracts and Ferula galbaniflua boiss. et buhseessential oil was evaluated by the agar diffusion method. In the agar disk diffusion test, amphotericin B and nystatin were used as a positive control, and dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a negative control. The results showed that at the concentration of 200 mg/ml of Actinidia deliciosa, only 5 isolates of P. zopfii had inhibition zone diameter in the range of 7- 8 mm; While the isolates of both species of prototheca showed resistance to other extracts and Ferula galbaniflua boiss. et abuse essential oil. It seems that Actinidia deliciosa extract has more inhibitory power against prototheca isolates due to its lower pH than other extracts. Despite the resistance of prototheca isolates to plants tested in the present study, there are still problems in the field of treatment of protothecosis, especially prototheca mastitis, using conventional chemical antifungal drugs, and therefore it is suggested to continue the research on the therapeutic uses of natural and herbal products.

In recent decades, the prevalence of superficial fungal infections, including dermatophytosis, has notably increased. By determining the side effects and effects of using chemical and synthetic drugs, the use of medicinal plants with fewer side effects has been considered by human. The purpose of this study was to investigate antifungal activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Spirulina platensis on Microsporum canis isolates.

In this experimental study, Persian Spirulina platensis extract was prepared as a hydroalcoholic solution. The antifungal effect of different concentrations of algae extract was evaluated with disk-diffusion method on Microsporum canis isolates.

All Microsporum canis isolates were susceptible to hydroalcoholic extract of Spirulina platansis, so thatthe diameter of the growth inhibition halo was between 0.5 and 19 mm for all isolates. Most inhibitory effect of algae extract was the concentration of 160 mg /disc. Also, the results showed that Terbinafine, as a positive control, had significant difference with all concentrations of algae extract (P <0.05).

according to the results of this study and increasing resistance of pathogenic fungi to conventional antifungal treatments, it is suggested that more research is needed on Spirulina platensis to use its antimicrobial compounds in the treatment of infectious diseases such as fungi

Regarding to the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish tissues, improving the fish antioxidant status seems to be necessary and may be associated with beneficial effects on fish health. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C supplementation (20 mg/kg body weight, 4 weeks) on some oxidative status biomarkers in RBC of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were not changed significantly following dietary vitamin C supplementation in comparison to the control group. Moreover, dietary vitamin C supplementation for 28 days significantly lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in erythrocyte haemolysate by approximately 26% compared to that of the control group. In conclusion, dietary vitamin C supplementation appears to be able to protect carp erythrocytes against oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation.

The purpose of this study was evolution of pancreas in ostrich. The study was done on 24 incubated eggs of ostrich embryo on 10, 13, 16, 22, 26, 30 and 36 days of prehatching and 1 day of post hatching life. The histological stains such as haematoxylin eosin (H&E), gomori and Toluidine blue were used for this study. On 13th day of incubation the primary pancreas was developed near the liver and duodenum and it was composed of one part. The pancreas was consisted of undifferentiated epithelial cells, connective tissue, non -organized ducts and blood vessels. On 16th day the pancreas was composed of dorsal and ventral lobe with the similar structure to 13th day. On the 22th day, the zymogen granules were evident in developing exocrine part. By aging the level of connective tissue and ducts were decreased and the acinar cells were increased. On 1th day after hatching the hepatocytes vacuolated severely and pancreatic islets were appeared.

In recent years, dietary supplements play an important role in maintaining a healthy diet in most chronic diseases such as diabetes. Spirulina platensis as a food supplement has been raised and regulator effects on cholesterol and antioxidant and immune regulating effects of this supplement are also considered. It contains vitamin B, beta-carotene, vitamin E, high value proteins, minerals, gamma linolenic acid and antioxidants.
In this study 50 patients with type II diabetes were randomly selected and after taking patient's history they were divided into two equal groups including control. 8 grams of spirulina that was prepared in tablet (each 1 gram) form was administered daily to patient group for three months. Fasting blood sugar levels monthly and hemoglobin A1C levels at the beginning and end of the projects were measured in both groups and their results were compared with each other.
Fasting plasma glucose in patient group after 3 months of treatment with spirulina powder gave a significant reduction from the 158.1± 44.2 mg/dl at the beginning of study to 127.8 ± 36.7 mg/dl but was not significant in the control group. Glycosylated hemoglobin in the both groups decreased but this decrease was not statistically significant.
Spirulina platensis as a supplement can be administered in type II diabetic patients that used oral anti-diabetic drugs. It is effective in reducing fasting blood glucose in the short term but its effect on hemoglobin A1C need to prescribe longer.

Cutaneous lesions of fish from viral، bacterial، parasitic and chemical and mechanical factors are common. The rapid progress of infection and the mortality of fish need more attention. Allium hirtiofolium is a native plant in Iran which contains saponins، it has a role in inhibiting and killing cancer cells with anti-allergenic، anti-bacterial، anti-inflammatory and anti-virus effects. In this Study 120 Common Carp (10 ± 60 g) with 3% NaCl solution was sterilized for 15 minutes. At the beginning of the test a long cut 1. 5 cm and in depth of 2 mm in the rear (left side) of all of the fish was created. Afterward they were divided into 3 groups (n=40 in each)، Group 1 (control)، group2 (treated with5 mg / lit Sodium phenytoin) and group3 (treated with 5 mg / lit Allium hirtifolium). Days 0، 3، 6، 14 and 20 tests، seven fish from each group were randomly selected after that blood and tissue samples were taken from the site of the lesion. The results of the biochemical changes showed that difference in cholesterol and liver enzymes aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) in group3 compared to the control group was significant (P <0. 05)، in triglyceride was found a significant difference and it was higher in groups 3 and 1 (p <0. 05)، but No significant difference in blood glucose between groups were observed in any of the test days Between group1 and 3. Histopathology results obtained from 3 groups showed that in the group treated with phenytoin sodium healing was in less time than in group3. According to the results، further studies are recommended.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary melatonin supplementation (10 mg/kg body wt. for 4 weeks) on some erythrocytic antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation as well as some plasma biochemical parameters in common carp. The results showed that the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased significantly (p < 0. 05) after melatonin supplementation، whereas alterations in catalase activity were not significant. Malondildehyde concentrations in erythrocyte hemolysate were decreased significantly as a result of melatonin treatment. Plasma biochemical analysis revealed a significant decrease of glucose، cholesterol، albumin and triglyceride، in addition to a significant increase in total protein، AST and ALP values when compared to the control group. However، alterations in creatinine، urea and LDH levels were not significant following melatonin supplementation compared to the control values. These results offer that pharmacological amounts of melatonin effectively improve erythrocytic oxidative status biomarkers and also alter some plasma biochemical parameters in the common carp that some of them may be undesirable. However، more investigations are required to elucidate the pharmacokinetic effects of melatonin and also possible undesirable effects of high doses of this compound.

Chitosan is a naturally occurring biopolymer which has been widely used in a variety of biomedical applications including local antibiotic delivery due to its excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Beads are spherical, porous carriers which are prepared from various materials including chitosan. The current study aimed to fabricate a new controlled delivery system for local anti-infective treatment and to study its release behavior. Twenty beads were prepared from 1% or 2% chitosan solutions and immersed in vancomycin (VM) or teicoplanin (TN) solutions. The antibiotic release kinetics was determined by linear regression analysis supposing first order kinetics. Immersion for 3 h resulted in significant increase in the total TN release that differed from 0.5 h of immersion, except for the 1% beads immersed in VM. Increasing the chitosan concentration significantly increased the total release and antibiotic load of beads. The release of TN was more delayed compared to that of VM, which allowed a gradual release beyond 3 days. The half-life (mean ± SEM) of both types of TN-containing beads was significantly extended for 3 h immersion in comparison to 0.5 h immersion (26.1 ± 5.9 vs 10.9 ± 1.0 and 17.0 ± 2.1 vs 5.1 ± 1.9; P < 0.001). However, neither increasing the chitosan concentration, nor immersion time did result in any significant increase in the release of VM.. The current study demonstrated an improved control of TN release impregnated in beads. It can be concluded that chitosan beads might be considered as a novel carrier for TN delivery to infected bone for local anti-infective therapy.

Wound is a break in the outer layer of skin. There are several different methods to provoke wound healing process, consisting topically or orally administration of medicinal drugs or herbal remedies. Persian shallot, Allium hirtifolium which belongs to the same genus of garlic, naturally grows in different parts of Iran. In this study, we have avaluated the wound healing activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of A. hirtifolium Boiss. Four bilateral full-thickness wounds (2 on each side) were made on the dorsal area of four adult albino rats weighing 165±35 gr under general anesthesia. Right side wounds were treated in experimental groups, while left side wounds were considered as control littermates. One day after surgery, a gellike 1:1 mixture of A. hirtifolium extract and methylcellulose were topically applied (100 mg/kg/day) to the experimental wounds while the wounds in control groups were treated with the extract-free gel for 12 days. At days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12, digital photos of wounds were taken using of Scion image software, for analyzing the percentage of wound contraction, epithelialisation and speed of healing. The results revealed that A. hirtifolium can accelerate wound healing by increasing the rate of epithelialisation. We concluded that A. hirtifolium extract may be clinically useful in management of open wounds treatment procedures.