hamidreza asgari

Redefining and re-evaluating the resilience of health and medical use spaces is a new concept whose main approach is less vulnerability and more flexibility for cities against human and inhuman stresses and events in a way that re-evaluates a city in such a way that it is prepared in times of crisis. In this research, multi-criteria decision making models and ANP and AHP models with fuzzy approach have been used to identify the relationships and determine the priorities of the current research criteria. To analyze the data obtained from the Excel analysis and coding software.Redefining and re-evaluating the resilience of health and medical use spaces is a new concept whose main approach is less vulnerability and more flexibility for cities against human and inhuman stresses and events in a way that re-evaluates a city in such a way that it is prepared in times of crisis. In this research, multi-criteria decision making models and ANP and AHP models with fuzzy approach have been used to identify the relationships and determine the priorities of the current research criteria. To analyze the data obtained from the Excel analysis and coding softwareRedefining and re-evaluating the resilience of health and medical use spaces is a new concept whose main approach is less vulnerability and more flexibility for cities against human and inhuman stresses and events in a way that re-evaluates a city in such a way that it is prepared in times of crisis. In this research, multi-criteria decision making models and ANP and AHP models with fuzzy approach have been used to identify the relationships and determine the priorities of the current research criteria. To analyze the data obtained from the Excel analysis and coding softwareRedefining and re-evaluating the resilience of health and medical use spaces is a new concept whose main approach is less vulnerability and more flexibility for cities against human and inhuman stresses and events in a way that re-evaluates a city in such a way that it is prepared in times of crisis. In this research, multi-criteria decision making models and ANP and AHP models with fuzzy approach have been used to identify the relationships and determine the priorities of the current research criteria. To analyze the data obtained from the Excel analysis and coding softwareRedefining and re-evaluating the resilience of health and medical use spaces is a new concept whose main approach is less vulnerability and more flexibility for cities against human and inhuman stresses and events in a way that re-evaluates a city in such a way that it is prepared in times of crisis. In this research, multi-criteria decision making models and ANP and AHP models with fuzzy approach have been used to identify the relationships and determine the priorities of the current research criteria. To analyze the data obtained from the Excel analysis and coding softwareRedefining and re-evaluating the resilience of health and medical use spaces Redefining and re-evaluating the resilience of health and medical use spaces is a new concept whose main approach is less vulnerability

Ageism develops from childhood, and examining children’s attitudes towards old age can help in understanding the situation and planning for successful aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the content of primary school students' paintings in Izeh city to determine their attitudes towards older adults.

The method of this study was quantitative content analysis. First, 145 students were selected by simple random sampling method in the ages of 6–12-year-old in Izeh city in 2019. Then, 284 elderly male and female characters drawn by these students were included in the study as the analysis unit. The Danowski checklist, the Tree diagram and descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage, as well as inferential statistics such as Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyze the data.

The mean age of students was 9.28 (±1.85). Analysis of students' drawings showed that although more than half of the drawings (69.4%) portrayed positive stereotypes the grandparents, 88.8% of students did not like getting old and only 23.4% of students had a positive view toward old age. Logistic regression findings showed that being a boy increased the probability of portraying elderly with negative stereotypes by 5 times (OR=5.620; CI=1.34-23.63) and with increasing age more negative stereotypes were observed in students' drawings (OR=1.50; CI=1.03-2.20).

Considering the increase of negative stereotypes among students with increasing age and also more negative stereotypes among boys, it is necessary to pay more attention to this issue in educational programming and intergenerational interventions at schools. Early intervention in childhood, can help prevent ageism in the future aging society of Iran.

Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition characterized by undescended testes, typically observed in infancy. We present an unusual case of bilateral undescended testes during anatomical dissection.

Case Report: 

The cadaver, preserved using standard techniques, exhibited bilateral undescended testes with no apparent signs of testicular issues or malignancies. The left testis was situated near the superficial ring of the inguinal canal, while the right testis was located deeper within. Both testes displayed normal size and structure, with intact vas deferens and blood vessels. 

Clinical Implications: 

The etiology of adult-onset bilateral cryptorchidism remains unclear, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis in living patients. Timely intervention is crucial, as undescended testes in adults can lead to infertility, increased cancer risk, and hormonal imbalances. This case underscores the significance of regular medical examinations and early management for cryptorchidism.

This rare case highlights the necessity of considering cryptorchidism in adult patients, even in the absence of apparent symptoms or malignancies. The findings emphasize the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention to mitigate potential complications. Further research into adult-onset cases is warranted to enhance clinical understanding and improve patient care.

Climate change and global warming, primarily driven by increased fossil fuel consumption, necessitate a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soil offers a straightforward solution for lowering atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, thereby improving air quality and enhancing soil productivity. The present study was conducted in the year 2021 in the Chaparquimeh region of Golestan Province, aimed to assess carbon sequestration levels in both soil and Atriplex vegetation, considering human-made disturbances such as road. To accomplish, soil and vegetation samples were collected from locations featuring Atriplex plant species. The measured carbon sequestration levels were utilized to create a carbon sequestration map using by the InVEST software package. moreover, by extracting the coordinates of the plants in the region, spatial analysis of the sequestered carbon was conducted using spatial functions in the R software environment and Programita (including Ripley's k functions, g functions and marked correlation function (MCF)). Spatial analysis of the Atriplex species revealed a scattered distribution pattern, with the highest carbon sequestration occurring near the road (Gonbad-Inche Borun), reaching 828.85 kg/m2, and decreasing with distance 258.13 kg/m2. The overall average carbon sequestration in the study area was 489.3 kg/m2. The spatial pattern of Atriplex, according to the results of the g(r) function, is uniform and scattered at distances greater than 5 meters and is acceptable at a 5% significance level. The MCF function indicated that the spatial distribution pattern of Atriplex has no significant impact on the amount of carbon sequestration in the area. Understanding native species compatible with carbon storage capabilities can underscore the importance of developing and preserving natural ecosystem services. This knowledge can contribute to land management practices and the restoration of degraded lands, ultimately improving carbon sequestration efforts.

Flood spreading is one of the most important soil protection and improvement measures, which both prevent flood waste and help fight desertification. This research aimed to investigate the effect of flood spreading and plant type on the activity of some physicochemical and biological properties of the soil in pasture fields with and without flood spreading in the Garbayegan, Fasa in 2019-2020. Soil sampling was carried out in spring and autumn to a depth of 20 cm in three repetitions around the rhizosphere of plants and modified according to the materials and methods section. The averages were compared with Duncan's test at the level of 1.5% and using R software. The results showed that the amount of usable phosphorus and potassium in the flood spreading conditions and the control area was without significant difference, but the amount of carbon and nitrogen in all the studied species in the flood spreading area was significantly different. It was more significant than the witness was. However, the amount of respiration in the flood spreading area was the highest, while the respiration and microbial biomass in the control area showed the highest amount. However, the amount of basal heat and microbial biomass in flood spreading areas showed a lower amount, which can be the result of the low amount of organic matter in the soil as a result of excessive livestock grazing in these areas. Finally, it is recommended to implement flood-spreading projects in arid and semi-arid areas to increase the productivity of soil characteristics.

So far many methods have been used to improve the quality of the soil dynamic, depending on the desired goal, (whether it is for crop cultivation and amendment of arable and agricultural soils, or in terms of construction and increasing soil stability). One of the methods is use of zeolite, chitosan and biochar modifiers separately. Biochar is the carbon-rich that can have a favorable effect on the mechanical properties of the soil and increases soil stability. Zeolite is used as a physical soil modifier to increase Soil stability, ventilation and improve the structure of sandy and clay soils and Chitosan, which is the most abundant biological polymer, It has the potential to increase increase the interaction between soil particles and improves the soil mechanical properties. Soils that are not suitable in terms of mechanical properties have low water infiltration rate, plant accessible moisture and low soil structure stability. So far, there have been no studies on the effect of the zeolite, chitosan and biochar composites on the soil dynamic properties. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of double and triple composites on some soil dynamic properties such as coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE), liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL) moistures and plasticity index (PL).

This research was conducted with randomized completely design with two factors, soil type and composite type in three replicates. In this research double and triple composites were produced from zeolite, chitosan and rice husk biochar. Dual composites include zeolite-chitosan (ZC), zeolite-biochar (ZB), chitosan-biochar (CB) and triple composites include zeolite-chitosan-biochar (ZBC). Double composites ZC, CB and triple composite ZBC were synthesized using magnetic stirrer and acetic acid (5%), half molar sodium hydroxide and double composite ZB with ultrasonication and were prepared on a laboratory scale. The treatment period was incubated for 3 months with field capacity moisture content of 65%. The mean comparison of the treatments was done with the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 5% probability level.

The results showed that the type of composites had a significant effect on the liquid limit, coefficient of linear extensibility, and plasticity index of the soil. The greatest effect was related to the ZBC triple composite. This composite increased the liquid limit by 42.8% compared to the control soil and caused a 58.8% decrease in the coefficient of linear extensibility compared to the control soil. It was also observed that the plasticity index of the soil decreased with the use of composites compared to the control soil, and its effect was greater in the ZBC composite both study soil (48.5-60%) than other composites.

This research showed that double and triple composites can be used as suitable modifiers to improved mechanical quality of the soil. Because with the increase of the liquid limit, moisture absorption and water retention in the soil increases. Also, increasing the coefficient of linear extensibility prevents the cracking of the soil. Also, the soil that has a lower plasticity index is less soil wasted. Therefore, Therefore, based on the Results of this research, ZBC triple composite is recommended as the most effective combination for improving the physical and mechanical quality due to the increase in the liquid limit, decrease in the coefficient of linear extensibility of the soil, as well as the effect on the reduction of the plastic limit of both soil texture.it is also suggested to carry out additional studies using different levels of composites and comparing their effects on the mechanical properties of the soil.

The rangeland ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions play the most important role in the distribution and density of vegetation in these areas due to the specific environmental conditions governing the soil, which is the bridge between living and non-living parts of ecosystems. Soil enzymes play important biochemical roles in the decomposition of organic matter at all stages in the soil system. These enzymes play an important role in the stability of the soil structure, the decomposition and formation of organic matter, the cycle of elements and the activity of soil microorganisms. Environmental stresses, such as drought, have negative impact on plant growth and soil microorganism's activity. Therefore, evaluating the effect of flood spreading on soil quality indicators can be a useful step in improving knowledge in this field. Therefore, this research was conducted during 2018 and 2019 to investigate the effect of flood spreading, plant types and characteristics on biological soil in the Kowsar floodplains located in Gareh-Bygone, Fasa.

Sampling of the soil around the roots of Artemisia sieberi Besser, Dendrostellera lessertii (Wikstr) Van Tiegh. and Heliantemum lippii (L) Pers, in two situations: with flood spreading and without flood spreading (control area) in spring and autumn from a depth of 0-20 cm and in three repetitions. After ensuring the normality and homogeneity of the variance of the data by the Shapiro–Wilk and Levene tests, the data were analyzed using the two-way variance method and mean comparison were made using Duncan's test at the 1% and 5% level and using the R software.

The results of soil fertility characteristics showed that there was no significant difference in the amount of phosphorus and potassium in the three pasture species studied under flood spreading and the control areas. However, the amount of carbon and nitrogen in all studied species was significantly higher in the flood spreading area (containing 0.3% organic matter) than the control area (with 0.15% organic matter). In addition, the results of this research indicated that the highest activity of acid phosphatase enzyme was observed in the rhizosphere of D. lessertii species and in the spring season, and on the contrary the lowest activity was observed in the rhizosphere of H. lippii species under the flood spreading condition. Alkaline phosphatase activity in all species was significantly higher in spring than in autumn season. The highest activity of this enzyme was observed for A. sieberi in the spring season with an average of 186 (µg p-nitrophenol g-1 soil h-1) in the flood spreading area and the lowest level was observed for H. lippii in the control area with an average of 57 (µg p-nitrophenol g-1 soil h-1) in the autumn season. In general, the level of phosphatase enzyme activity for the A. sieberi species in the spring season was approximately 89% higher in the flood spreading area than in the control area. The dehydrogenase enzyme activity was higher in spring than in autumn. Also, the highest activity of this enzyme was observed in the spring season for the D. lessertii  species with an average of 8.5 (µg TPFg-1 soil 24 h-1 ) in the control area, and the lowest level was observed in the autumn season for the A. sieberi species in the flood spreading area with an average amount of triphenol formazan was 1 (µg TPFg-1 soil 24 h-1 ) .In other words, the amount of dehydrogenase enzyme activity in the spring season was approximately 66% higher than that in the fall season in both areas (control and flood spreading). The results of this research showed that the activity of urease enzyme under flood spreading conditions in both seasons (autumn and spring), with an average of 270 and 300 (µg N/g.dm.2h) is more than the control area with an average of 173 and 250 (µg N/g.dm.2h). Also, the soil quality indices in all three studied species in the two (control and flood spreading) areas have a significant difference, so that the flood spreading operation has upgraded the value of these indices for the H. lippii species and the A. sieberi, while which has reduced the soil quality index of D. lessertii.

The results of this research showed that the flood spreading system is a desirable method for improving soil organic carbon, and its efficiency increases with the plant planting. The increase in moisture and the amount of organic matter in the flood spreading area can be a reason for increasing the activity of enzymes in the flood spreading area, so that in both autumn and spring, the activity of soil enzymes is more in the region. Considering the important role of organic matter in improving biological indicators and soil quality and health, the restoration of floodplains with native species can play an important role in providing these conditions. In addition, it is recommended that these tests be repeated with more samples and in different areas and the nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus cycles and its relationship with the activity of other soil enzymes related to this cycle should be investigated.

In recent years, one of the most significant environmental crises has been the phenomenon of wind erosion and dust emission. Wind erosion is considered one of the effective factors in desertification and land degradation in dry regions. The process of wind erosion, due to the transport of soil nutrients along with fine particles, is recognized as one of the limiting factors for soil fertility in many parts of the world. Evaluating this type of erosion and estimating the soil loss requires the installation of various measuring stations. Establishing and equipping these stations and providing the necessary equipment require large costs and a long time. In addition to direct measurement methods in wind erosion, the use of modeling results, especially in combination with remote sensing techniques, to study and predict environmental effects, trends, and risk assessment has greatly contributed to research in the last two decades. Therefore, this study aims to monitor and investigate the warning zones of wind erosion in northwest Golestan Province using the wind erosion hazard index (WEHI) model.                                 

To assess wind erosion in the western part of Golestan Province, the WEHI model was implemented. This model predicts the sensitivity of the landscape to wind erosion by considering a set of surface and climatic thresholds and using a geographic information system (GIS). In this model, wind erosion severity is determined in three classes: low, moderate, and severe, by multiplying wind speed by the percentage of bare soil and dividing it by the percentage of soil moisture percentage. To monitor wind erosion, the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) was used to evaluate soil moisture, and the modified bare soil index (MBI) was used to assess bare soil. For validation, these indices were compared to field data and plots in each working unit. Additionally, three statistical parameters, Pearson correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE), were employed to calculate the correlation between these indices and ground data. Furthermore, a Markov chain model was used to examine changes in wind erosion classes. Finally, after monitoring wind erosion and considering a threshold value for this model, the area of warning zones during the statistical period was investigated.

The results obtained from the WEHI model indicate severe wind erosion intensity in the working units of Atark floodplain deposits, saline lands, longitudinal dunes, Barchan dunes, bare lands, and margins area of wetlands. According to the WEHI model, the region was divided into three classes: low (54% frequency), moderate (21% frequency), and severe (25% frequency). The model classified the northern regions into severe and moderate classes, while the southern areas of the region fell into the low wind erosion class. High correlation coefficients between the WEHI model indices based on remote sensing and field data demonstrate the model's ability to monitor wind erosion over time and at different scales. Wind erosion monitoring results showed that the high wind erosion class increased from 59,940.88 ha to 71,698.3 ha, indicating an increase of 11,757.43 ha. Spatial analysis of wind erosion classes indicated that most changes occurred in central areas, with most areas around the Sangartappeh playa and central regions changed to severe wind erosion class, while western, eastern, and central areas changed to the low wind erosion class. Finally, monitoring the warning zones revealed an increase of 41,000 hectares in the areas under warning, in the western, northwestern, and central regions.

In this study, the performance of the WEHI model in assessing wind erosion risk in the western part of Golestan Province was confirmed. Although factors such as roughness, soil structure, and organic matter content are not directly considered in the model, they are indirectly incorporated in scoring the percentage of bare soil. To control wind erosion in these areas, planting salt-tolerant species and implementing soil fertility enhancement strategies, such as soil mulching in heavy-textured areas, are recommended. Finally, mechanical operations and the establishment of windbreak networks are suggested for controlling wind erosion in abandoned land units. This research can serve as a useful approach for planning and managing vulnerable areas to wind erosion in northwest Golestan Province.

Urban dust is one of the indicators of heavy metal pollution in the living environment. Heavy metals in contaminated soils are considered a challenge to the environment and cause irreparable effects on the bodies of living organisms. Therefore, it is very important to know the pollutants and how they are transported, their performance, and accessibility. Because their effects on the health of humans and other living beings are significant. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of heavy metals (including Pb, Zn, Cr, and As) in the dust of Birjand City on human health. For this purpose, 50 dust samples were collected from Birjand city and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-OES). According to the research results, the average concentration of studied metals was estimated as Pb (16.93), Zn (5.55), Cr (1.04), and As (6.11) µg/m³. Average RI values, Cr and Zn metals have a low ecological risk potential, lead has a medium risk, and As has a high ecological risk potential. The non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in Birjand city is without risk. However, the non-carcinogenic risk for two elements, Cr and As, is greater for children than for adults. CR values are higher in children than in adults. This amount is in children for Cr (5.58*10-4), As (5.98 * 10-5), and lead (9.09*10-6) and in adults for Cr (1.18*10-4). and As (1.27*10-5), which is more than 1*10-6. There is a risk of cancer in children under controlled conditions. However, the cancer risk caused by this metal in dust for adults can be ignored.

Accumulated and compacted ear wax or cerumen can cause conductive hearing loss, discomfort and vertigo, and infection. This study investigates the effect of Carbamide peroxide (CP) compared with Phenol glycerin (PG) ear drops on cerumen.This experimental study investigated the effect of PG and CP ear drops on cerumen in ex vivo and in vivo phases. In the ex vivo phase cerumen degredation was scored following PG and CP treatments. In the in vivo phase, 29 patients with bilateral cerumen impaction were randomly entered the study. PG and CP were applied 3 times a day (each time 5 drops) for 4 days by patients. After treatments, the time of cerumen removal was measured.Instant changes showing degredation of cerumen (grade 1) was evident when it was exposed to CP, on the other hand degredation changes (grade 1) in cerumen treated with PG was only evident after 20 min incubation at 37 oC, while grade 3 degredation was evident in cerumen treated with CP after the same time incubation. Although the time needed for removal of cerumen was lower in CP treatment (54.10±31.77) compared to PG treatment (67.10±35.54), the difference was not statistically significant.Based on the literature and our results, carbamide peroxide is suggested as a proper treatment for patients with EAC obstruction caused by cerumen compaction, because not only it is significantly effective in cerumen degredation, but also no side effects have been reported.

The health system plays a crucial role in responding to pandemics caused by emerging and re-emerging infectious agents. It is a complex system encompassing political, economic, social, and environmental components. Coordination among the health system, its sub-systems, and the broader ecosystem is essential to achieve desired outcomes. Addressing biological threats, economic and social shocks, natural disasters, and conflicts is a key task of the health system and its subsets. A successful health system is one that can adapt and evolve in response to changing needs. Strategies to enhance the resilience of the health system in dealing with acute, sudden, and severe shocks differ from those needed to address well-known chronic challenges such as an aging population.The concept of resilience in health and treatment facilities is relatively new, aiming to reduce vulnerability and increase adaptability to human and non-human pressures and unforeseen events, enabling swift responses to changing circumstances while minimizing damage. Given the critical nature of healthcare spaces and the need for resilience during pandemics, specific measures and models are necessary. Previous research on resilience has focused on natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, primarily considering the physical structure of cities. However, there is a lack of focus on healthcare facilities and the development of suitable solutions. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors influencing the resilience of treatment systems during pandemics of emerging and re-emerging infectious agents.

In this research, land-use changes in Azadshahr County were investigated from 1998 to 2009, using the imageries from Landsat 5 satellite and an integration of the Markov chain and Cellular Automata methods. Using the object-based support-vector-machine image classification method, land-use maps were classified into three major categories, namely agriculture fields, forest lands and built-up areas for the years of 1987, 1998 and 2009; their overall accuracies have been obtained 91.0%(1987), 91.0% (1998) and 88.8% (2009), with the respective Kappa values of 86.5%(1987), 86.5% (1998) and 83.2%(2009). The built-up areas had the greatest changes by increasing 2.02% and 2.17% for the periods of 1987-1998 (as first period) and 1998-2009 (as second period), respectively. During the first period, forest area has shrunk by approximately -1.80%. However, as a result of the afforestation project during 1998-2009, forest area has increased 1.59%, while over the 22-year period the total area of forest has merely reduced by -0.21%. Agricultural areas on the one hand has shrunk in favor of the built-up areas, and on the other hand, increased by the conversion of the forest lands, making a total reduction of -0.22 and -3.75% for the first and second periods, respectively. The land-use pattern of 2020 was simulated using the MULOSCE extension of the QGIS software based on the integrated cellular automata and Markov chain technique. It is expected for this period to encounter a 0.62% increase in built-up areas, with 0.48% and 0.15% reduction in agriculture fields and forest lands, respectively.

In recent decades, some countries have experienced imbalanced and rapid development of physical spaces, leading to negative social, economic, and physical consequences. The trend towards urbanization, combined with recent disease outbreaks, has put a strain on healthcare services in large cities. To reduce vulnerability to natural disasters and improve adaptive capacity, it's important to evaluate, monitor, and plan for healthcare resilience. A comprehensive model for measuring hospital resilience to accidents and disasters, including the COVID-19 pandemic, is essential. This research identifies, collects, and classifies factors that affect user resilience and spatial definition of healthcare services usage against COVID-19. To better quantify the results, the research combines the conceptual framework of the DPSIR model with the structural equation model (SEM-PLS). According to the fuzzy cognitive map, the index of economic factors with weights of 62%, 62%, and 5% respectively has a two-way and positive relationship with environmental and natural factors. This factor with a weight of 65% has a two-way and negative relationship with the index of social factors. In addition, the index of economic factors with a weight of 69% has a one-way and negative relationship with the index of physical factors. The results also show that the economic factors in the model of redefining the spatial pattern of therapeutic uses of big cities at the time of the emergence of a pandemic disease with a resilience approach have more centrality than other factors.

A review of the damages caused by landslides proves the need to investigate the factors affecting the occurrence of this phenomenon and the need to predict its occurrence. Landslides are one of the most dangerous natural disasters that cause excessive human and financial losses in the mountains worldwide. Due to their dangerous nature, landslides suddenly disrupt the morphology and cause major damage to residential areas, roads, agricultural lands, etc., in mountainous areas. Fortunately, there are appropriate methodologies for assessing risk and determining the effective risk factors associated with them.

In this study, the maximum entropy of three replications was applied to Maxent software to investigate landslide susceptibility in the southern areas of the Fars Province, Iran. Thirteen factors were used to prepare the landslide susceptibility map: lithological units (Lu), land use/land cover (LULC), slope percentage (SP), slope aspect (SA), altitude, plan curvature (Plan-C), topographic wetness index (TWI), distance to river (DTR), distance to roads (DTRS), distance to fault (DTF), drainage density (DD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and annual mean rainfall (AMR). In this study, the lack of multicollinearity among the effective factors was proven using tolerance (TOL) and variance inflation factor (VIF) indicators. In addition, the weights of these 13 factors were determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model.

The results of the AHP method show that, in descending order, lithological units, land use-cover, and slope percentage are the most important factors influencing the occurrence of landslides in the study area. Thirty percent of the landslide points were randomly selected, removed from the modeling data, and used for the evaluation using the ROC/AUC indicator. In addition, the final map of the landslide susceptibility was presented in three scenarios using data replication. The preparation of three different outputs had good accuracy, but the third iteration, with an AUC value of 0.778 (ROC= 77.8%), had the highest accuracy in preparing the landslide susceptibility map. The evaluation of landslide susceptibility maps using the second and third iterations, with AUC values of 0.77 (ROC= 77 %) and 0.640 (ROC= 64%), respectively, had good and moderate accuracy with the highest efficiency in predicting landslide sensitivity. Finally, the highest percentage of landslide susceptibility area according to the first, second, and third repetitions were, respectively, in the moderate sensitivity class (0.03-0.1) with the value of 26.14%, in the moderate sensitivity class (0.04-0.4) with a value of 25.91%, and in the moderate sensitivity class (0.04-0.1) with a value of 25.71%, which was the highest percentage of the landslide area.

In general, landslides, due to their dangerous nature, suddenly disrupt the morphology of an area and cause major damage that can be measured in the lithological units of the study area, land-use change, and slope percentage. Therefore, landslides are a complex process that has a devastating effect on the environment and human life and requires more investigation and preventive measures.Keywords: Mass movements mapping, Machin learning, AHP, Effective factors, ROC-AUC indicator, Fars Province

In cancer treatments, smart gene delivery via nanoparticles (NPs) can be targeted for cancer cells, while concurrently minimizing damage to healthy cells. This study assessed the efficiency of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-miR 143/206 transfection on apoptosis in mouse leukemia cancer cells (El4) and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs).

In this experimental study, neonatal mouse spermatogonia cells and EL4 cancer cell lines were used. MicroRNA-PLGA NPs were prepared, characterized, and targeted with folate. Several doses were evaluated to obtain a suitable miR dose that can induce appropriate apoptosis in EL4 cells, while not harming SSCs. Cells were treated separately at 3 doses of each miR (for miR 143, doses of 25, 50 and 75 nmol and for miR 206, doses of 50, 100 and 150 nmol). The experiments were performed at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Viability and apoptosis were investigated by MTT and Annexin Kits.

Based on MTT assay results, the optimal dose of miR 143 was 75 nmol (59.87 ± 2.85 % SSC and 35.3 ± 0.78 % EL4) (P≤0.05), and for miR 206, the optimal dose was 150 nmol (54.82 ± 6.7 % SSC and 33.92 ± 3.01% EL4) (P≤0.05). The optimal time was 48 hours. At these doses, the survival rate of the EL4 cells was below the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and SSC survival was above 50%. Annexin V staining also confirmed the selected doses (for miR 143 total apoptosis was 6.62% ± 1.8 SSC and 37.4% ± 4.2 EL4 (P≤0.05), and miR 206 was (10.98% ± 1.5 SSC and 36.4% ± 3.7 EL4, P≤0.05).

Using intelligent transfection by NPs, we were able to induce apoptosis on EL4 cells and maintain acceptable SSC survival rates.

A wide variety of cytokines are released from human amniotic membrane cells (hAMCs), which can increase the rate of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the neurons. We studied the effect of Retinoic Acid (RA) on the differentiation rate of human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUMSCs) which were co-cultured with hAMCs. 

In this experimental study, both hUMSCs and hAMCs were isolated from postpartum human umbilical cords and placenta respectively. The expression of mesenchymal (CD73, CD90 and CD105), hematopoietic and endothelial (CD34 and CD45) markers in hUMSCs were confirmed by flow cytometry. The hUMSCs were cultured in four distinct groups: group 1) Control, group 2) Co-culture with hAMCs, group 3) RA treatment and group 4) Co-culture with hAMCs treated by RA. Twelve days after culturing, the expression of NSE, MAP2 and ChAT differentiation genes and their related proteins were examined by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry respectively. 

The flow-cytometry analysis indicated increased expression of mesenchymal markers and a low expression of both hematopoietic and endothelial markers (CD73:98.24%, CD90: 97.32%, CD105: 90.75%, CD34: 2.96%, and CD45:1.74%). Moreover, the expression of both NSE and MAP2 markers was increased significantly in all studied groups in comparison to the control group  On the other hand, the expression of ChAT had a significant increase in the group 2 and 4 (RA and RA+ co-culture).

RA can be used as an effective inducer to differentiate hUMSCs into cholinergic-like cells, and hAMCs could increase the number of differentiated cells as an effective factor.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) have been considered to repair damaged tissues and cells. This study aims to investigate the differentiation efficiency affected by Schwann cells (SCs) and laminin and also compare them to other strategies using chemicals or growth factors.

SCs and hUMSCs were separated from dorsal root ganglion of rats and newborn human umbilical cords (hUCs), respectively, and then cultured. The marker expressions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic and endothelial for hUMSCs were confirmed by flow cytometry. The hUMSCs were cultured in four groups: 1) control, 2) co-culture with SCs (C), 3) laminin (L), and 4) co-culture with SCs treated by laminin (CL). The expression of protein and gene-related differentiation NSE, MAP2 and β-tubulin were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunocytochemistry after 12 days.

The flow cytometry analysis revealed high expression of mesenchymal and low expression of hematopoietic and endothelial markers, where the SCs expressed S100 at a high level (97.4%±2.25). The expression of NSE, MAP2 and β-tubulin increased significantly in the C, L and CL groups compared to the control group (P<0.001), where the CL group had the highest expression among the groups [7.59±0.126, 7.87±0.191, 6.36±0.420, respectively, (P<0.01)]. Also, the expression of neural proteins was significantly increased in tested groups in comparison to the control group.

Combined laminin and SCs co-culturing with hUMCSs could be the most effective strategy for neural differentiation

As one of the most significant environmental problems in recent decades, wind erosion has caused environmental pollution throughout the world (Shojaei et al., 2019; Aliabad et al., 2019; Alipour et al., 2016).), inflicting damages to nearly 500 million hectares of land worldwide per year (equivalent to 46.4% of the world's degraded lands) (Rand et al., 2015). On the other hand, the presence of large areas of running sands, wind erosion-inflicted damages, and problems regarding the use of oil-based mulches, highlights the necessity of using nature- friendly mulches. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the effects of lignocellulosic nanomaterials and lignocellulosic micromaterials on shear strength of soft sands and to the positive and negative effects of such mulchs in that regard so that the most appropriate composition and extent of those mulchs could be identified in terms of increased shear strength of sand particles.   

To conduct this study, a sample of sandy soil with 89% sand particles was collected from the Isfahan’s sand dunes (Rig Boland of Kashan) in the central Iran. Bagasse paste is used to make lignocellulose materials. Using blade mills and super disk mills, bagasse paste is transformed into lignocellulosic micromaterials and nanomaterials. Moreover, the Black liqueur is a paper industry’s waste that is used as an adhesive element. To investigate the effect of lignocellulose nanomaterials and lignocellulose micromaterials on soft sands’ shear strength, nano and microparticles each with 0.3% concentration at three levels (2.5, 5 and 10 g/L in 0.3 m2 soil), Black liqueur with 1% concentration at the level of 10 g/L in 0.3 m2 soil, a combination of Nano lignocellulose (NL) and Black liqueur (BL) in three levels (2.5, 5 and 10 g/L at 0.3 m2  of soil), composition of Micro-lignocellulose (ML) and black liqueur at three levels (2.5, 5 and 10 g / L in 0.3 m2 soil), the control sample and all treatments in one-later and two-layer thickness were sprayed on the surface of the sand. Furthermore, shear blades were used to measure the adhesion of the mulches under saturated and dry conditions.   

In saturated mode, the maximum shear strength of the double-layer microlignocellulose was found to be 10 g/0.3m2, with the shear strength increased to 13.6 kN/m2 compared to the control sample (zero), followed by double layer- microlignocellulose at 5 g/0.3m2 (8 kN/m2) level, double layer- nanolignocellulose at 10 g/0.3m2 (7 kN/m2) level, and the combination of single-layer microlignocellulose plus Black liqueur at 10 g/0.3m2 level (7 kN/m2). It was also found that the lowest shear strengths belonged to single-layer treatments of NL (at all levels), ML (2.5 and 5 g/0.3m2), and the combination ML + BL (2.5 g/0.3m2), as well as double-layer treatments of the combination of NL + BL (at all levels), and 2.5 g/0.3m2 ML + BL. In the dry mode, the maximum shear strength belonged to double- layer NL + BL mulch at 10 g/0.3m2 level, with its shear strength increased by 39 kN/m2 compared to the control sample (zero), followed by double-layer ML at 10 g/0.3m2 (36.33 kN/m2), and a combination of double- layer ML + BL (33.33 kN/m2), respectively. The study’s findings indicated that there was no significant difference between these three types of mulches in terms of shear strength at 5% confidence level, while the results of the mean comparison between these three types of mulches and the control sample showed a significant difference in terms of shear strength (P <0.05).   Table (7): Shear strength of different mulches in both saturated and dry conditions One Layer Double Layer   Black Liqueur control (water)  lignocellulose lignocellulose + Black Liqueur lignocellulose lignocellulose + Black Liqueur  Saturation level 2.5 5 10 2.5 5 10 2.5 5 10 2.5 5 10 One Layer Double Layer   Nano 0 0 0 1 4 3 1 6 7 0 0 0   3.3   0.3   0 Micro 0 0 0.66 0 3 7 1.33 8 13.6 0 3.6 6 Dry Nano 0 5 26 1 4 22 1 16 26 0 7 39   1   0   0 Micro 0 0 5 0 1 13 1 14 36 2 15 33.

As mentioned above, the amount of shear strength increased in the dry mode compared to the saturation one. Therefore, it seems that the passage of time and dryness of the sandy bed have increased the efficiency and strength of the mulch. While the findings of some studies have indicated a significant correlation between the soil’s shear strength and time, other studies have proven the opposite. Moreover, this study found that the paper layer created by the spray of NL on the sand’s surface increased the resistance to sand retardation as well as surface resistance to sinking. Therefore, it appears that the morphologic structure of NL which is comprised of long hole-less nano strings increased both abrasion and strengths. According to the study’s findings, the minimum amounts of shear strength belonged to the treatments of 2.5 gr/0.3m2 NL, ML, ML+BL, 5 gr/0.3m2 of single-layer ML, the combination of NL+BL, and double-layer BL, with the results of the mean comparison between these treatments (minimum shear strength) and the control sample proving no significant difference between them in terms of shear strength (P <0.05). The results of the study also showed that while a seemingly integrated layer had been created on the sand surface via the addition of those mulchs, limited suspensions may have prevented proper adhesion of the sand particles, leading to the easy disintegration of the particles. Therefore, it is recommended that these types of mulches be tested in the natural field first, and should they produced favorable results, be used for the stabilization of the running sands.

In this research, the desertification process is evaluated using 3 climate indicators and 4 groundwater indices in the form of a modal model in a period of 20 years (2008-2017) in the west of Golestan province with the aim of providing a desertification warning system.Then, by determining the threshold limits for the influential indicators in the desertification process of the region, the desertification early warning system was presented based on four indicators. The results of the index change the trend showed that drought indices, total soluble materials, electrical conductivity, and groundwater depth had the greatest impact on desertification in the region, respectively. Desertification warning maps have shown an increase in drought indicators, total solubility, and electrical conductivity from west to east. Also, the groundwater depth index in the central areas has the highest warning range. According to the results obtained from monitoring desertification indicators, the electrical conductivity index during the years 1999, 2001, 2004 to 2006 and 2009, the Total dissolved solids index in the years 1998, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2006 and 2007, Groundwater depth index of 2001, 2002, 2006, 2008 and 2014, Finally, the drought index is in the warning range during the years 1999 to 2003, 2006 to 2008, 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2016. Irrigated lands, drylands and wetlands in the East region affected by desertification warning have been that on this basis is suggested for better management of the land, the threshold defined in this study as the basis for the work to be placed.

Rabies is one of the most common viral and fetal diseases between humans and animals known as a zoonotic disease. Approximately 99% human rabies deaths occur in developing countries. Health care and follow up programs conducted for all the rabies cases are one of the important priorities for health care system in Iran to prevent the rabies incidence. The purpose of this study is to describe the cow rabies status and the health care programs conducted to the successful elimination of this deadly disease in one of the largest cowsheds in Mallard city in Iran during 2014.After founding the rabies incidence in one of the largest cowsheds in Mallard city in Iran, the crisis committee was held immediately and control measures including isolation, complete quarantine, vaccination of residents, and other sanitation measures were achieved in cooperation with the responsible organizations. During this incidence, 23 calves, cows and heifers were died.By conducting an integratedprogram and method, the numerous stakeholders contributed to the successful elimination of this fatal disease. In order to control the rabies, it is essential to educate the public on the prevention of the disease, especially in areas where the disease is more prevalence.Therefore, cooperation between the institutions involved in the disease control and planning for emergency disease eradication are essential to prevent the rabies infection among pets, especially livestock.

Rangeland ecosystems cover a large area of the world and are of special economic and environmental importance, so considering the expansion of the use of exclosure to improve rangelands and carbon sequestration, its effects on soil properties and value calculation the economics of precipitated carbon are important. This study was carried out by investigating the effect of exclosure on some soil properties and carbon sequestration in Dozalum dry rangelands of Golestan province. In this study, soil sampling was performed using systematic-random method and the establishment of three transects with a length of 100 meters, points were identified along each transect. Soil samples were taken at each point. Soil samples were taken at each point. A total of 30 samples of topsoil (from a depth of 0-15 cm) were taken in each area. Then in the laboratory, soil properties, bulk density, soil porosity, soil moisture, acidity, electrical conductivity, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lime, nitrogen, sodium uptake ratio, and soil carbon were measured. An independent t-test was used to compare the control and exclusion zones for homogeneous data and Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used for the carbon variable. The data obtained from the experimental results were analyzed using SPSS software. To evaluate the performance of carbon sequestration, carbon tax policy and carbon emission costs were used as the shadow value of carbon. The results of the analysis of changes in soil parameters at the two sites show that rangeland confinement for 15 years in the study areas had little effect on soil properties and only the ratio of sodium uptake was statistically significant. The results also showed that the rangeland confinement operation in comparison with the control area had no significant effect on the amount of deposited carbon and the confined area has an economic value of 255909.5 Tomans in terms of carbon sequestration function.

One of the most important issues that put a lot of pressure on the quality of the world’s environment is the phenomenon of desertification and land degradation. Irrigation with effluent can have the greatest impact on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Heavy metals are the most important environmental pollutants that are found in large quantities in domestic and industrial waste water. These metals are important because of their physiological effects on soil, plants and living organisms even at very low concentrations. Therefore, in this study, the effect of organic adsorbents and nanomaterial’s on reducing concentrations Heavy metals in soil and wheat plants irrigated with industrial wastewater were investigated. In this regard, using polyethylene pipes, pots used in this study were prepared. Also, special filters were made of sawdust (micro-sawdust, nano-sawdust of ornamental tree at 0.1%, nano-sawdust at 0.25%, nano-sawdust at 0.5% level). The wastewater used in this study is passed through these filters. Then, to investigate the effect of filters on the amount of zinc collected in the plant, a number of wheat seeds were planted in each pot. At the end of the experiment, soil and plant samples were prepared for each pot and the concentration of zinc metal was measured by atomic absorption (GBC). Statistical analysis of results and data analysis was performed by completely randomized design (CRD) and comparison of means using Duncan test using SPSS software version 22. The results showed that the treatment of nano sawdust at the level of 0.5%, had the greatest effect and micro-sawdust had the least effect on reducing the accumulation of zinc metal in soil and plant.

In the management of natural resource, recognizing socioeconomic factors affecting land use change is essential for achieving sustainable development and land use planning. In this research, we investigate and determine the socio-economic factors affecting land use changes in the Maraveh Tappeh region of Golestan province. This area has been affected by land use change in recent years. The rangelands and forests have decreased during the study period (1984-2014), and agricultural use with an annual increase of 132 hectares has reached to 10332.97 ha in 2014. This descriptive-analytic research was carried out in 16 villages in the study area with survey sampling method. Data collection was performed by questionnaire and the numbers of questionnaires were determined 310 people. Sampling was done through a Cochran formula and cluster sampling and multi-stage sampling. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the study and it was found 0.75. In this study, exploratory factor analysis method was used. For the factor analysis, the principal components method was used using rotation varimax. The results of factor analysis showed that socio-economic factors affect on land-use changes in Maraveh Tappeh region and these factors are including: non-economic efficiency of animal husbandry, Low land per capita for each farmer, rural unemployment, low income and high cost of living, increasing input price, the need for housing and the lack of awareness, social reputation and land ownership. These eight factors explained 63.80% of the total variance. Considering researching findings, attention to economic and financial problems and employment condition of village’s resident of Maraveh Tappeh region is essential. Also, husbandry and livestock production management and supply of livestock inputs have been proposed to reduce the land use changes of forests and rangelands and to protect the natural resources.

Saline soil contains large amounts of soluble salts. In addition to natural factors affecting soil salinization such as climate, topography, and abundance of evaporative formations in the region, the human factors that result from incorrect management of the agricultural system (such as using low-quality water for irrigation, overuse of chemical fertilizers, the frequency of irrigation, the type of irrigation system, poor soil drainage, etc.), are considered as the main causes of soil salinization (secondary salinity). According to the FAO report (2002), these regionschr('39') area is estimated to be approximately 831 million hectares, out of which 397 million hectares are saline soils, and 434 million hectares are sodic soils. As found by recent researches, the area of saline soils is estimated as 44.5 million hectares in Iran, constituting 27% of the total area of the country. Different methods including the selection of salinity-resistant plants, application of special methods of bed preparing and seed planting that minimize the accumulation of salts around the seeds, the use of larger amounts of irrigation water to leaching salts from the depth of plant roots penetration, and the use of chemical amendments such as sulfur, sulfuric acid, iron sulfate, gypsum, ammonium polyphosphate, calcium polyphosphate, etc., have already been used for reclamation of saline soils. Studies on this issue have often focused on the use of various amendments (chemical and organic matters). However, saline-sodic soils have not been studied based on nanoscale organic modifiers. Having various usages in natural resources and agriculture, including the remediation of soils contaminated with different contaminants such as saline-sodic soils, nanomaterials have found much application in industrial and semi-industrial laboratory scales in recent decades. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effects of chemical, biological, and Nano-particle solutions on the modification of these soils.

The purpose of this study was the reclamation of saline and sodic soils using chemical, biological, and nanotechnology methods. The study region with an area of ​​about 100 hectares was located in the northwest of Golestan province, between 37° 09chr('39') 18" to 37° 10chr('39') 15" Northern latitude and 54° 25chr('39') 15" to 54° 25chr('39') 30" Eastern longitude. The study was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design by using eight treatments, including 1) control, 2) gypsum, 3) gypsum and livestock manure, 4) livestock manure, 5) nano- livestock manure of 0.03%, 6) nano-livestock manure of 0.06%, 7) nano- livestock manure of 0.06% and gypsum, 8) nano- livestock manure of 0.03% and gypsum. Each treatment was repeated three times. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncanchr('39')s multi-domain test in the SPSS software.

Prior to the experiment, soil samples were examined in the laboratory, and some soil parameters such as exchange sodium percentage (ESP), acidity (pH), and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. After adding the amendments to the pots, they were leached for 30 days so that this amount of water was added to the soil four times (once every seven days). After leaching, each potchr('39')s ESP, EC, and pH values ​​were measured. The results showed that nano-manure treatments of 0.06% + gypsum and nano-manure of 0.03% + gypsum (at the level of 1%) had the greatest effect on reducing the ESP, and treatments of manure and nano-manure of 0.03% had the greatest effect on reducing EC. It was also found that soil acidity had the greatest decrease under the influence of gypsum and animal manure + gypsum treatments.

The results of the study indicated that the gypsum amendment, along with animal manure, had significant effects on reducing ESP, EC, and pH in micro and nanoscales. Livestock manure was also found to positively reduce ESP, EC, and pH in both nano and micro scales. The applied nano-manure at both levels of 0.06% and 0.03% had a significant effect on improving the soil condition, especially on reducing soil acidity. In general, it could be concluded that the application of organic matter (animal manure) on a nanoscale exerts a greater influence on improving the condition of saline and sodic soils in comparison to that caused via micro-scale, which will be more effective if used in conjunction with gypsum.

Recreational use of illicit drugs is one of the main factors affecting male fertility. However, the mech-anisms of heroin smoke-associated damage to mature spermatozoa are still completely unknown. The aim of this study was to concomitantly examine the levels of protamine-2 gene and protein concentrations, the amount of miRNA-122 in seminal plasma and semen analysis findings in heroin-addicted men.

In a case control study, twenty-four fertile men that lacked any recreational drug abuse were considered as the healthy group, and 24 addicted men who used only heroin for at least four months were selected as the addicted group. Semen samples were gathered by masturbation after 2 - 5 days of sexual abstinence. Following the preparation of a semen analysis by computer-assisted sperm analysis according to WHO (2010), the level of protamine-2 gene expression in sperm and miRNA-122 in seminal plasma was measured using real-time sqPCR. Also, protamine-2 protein concentrations were quantified by nuclear protein extraction, SDS-Page and western blotting.

Among the studied variables, body mass index (27.75 ± 0.88 vs. 22.30 ± 0.36, p = 0.001), seminal pH (7.79 ± 0.06 vs. 7.58 ± 0.06, p = 0.003), white blood cell count in semen (1.69 ± 0.41 vs. 8.61 ± 1.73, p = 0.001), motility (65.51 ± 2.57 vs. 41.96 ± 3.58, p = 0.001) and survival rate (87.41 ± 1.00 vs. 71.50 ± 4.59, p = 0.002) of sperm cells was significantly different between the healthy and addicted groups. In addition, the levels of protamine-2 gene and protein expression in the addicted group (0.05 ± 0.02 and 0.10 ± 0.02, respectively) were significantly lower than the healthy group (3.59 ± 0.94 and 0.27 ± 0.06, respectively) (p = 0.002 and p = 0.017, respectively). Seminal miRNA-122 levels in addicted men (3.51 ± 0.73) were statistically higher than in healthy men (1.52 ± 0.54) (p = 0.034).

This is one study on human infertility that evaluates the effects of heroin on protamine deficiency and seminal small RNAs expression levels. Heroin abuse may lead to male infertility by causing leukocytospermia, asthenozoospermia, protamine deficiency, and seminal plasma miRNA profile alteration.