فهرست مطالب hamidreza khadem hamzeh

Selection of desirable genotypes with high yield and stability is the main goal of most soybean breeding programs. This study was conducted to study the adaptability and stability of seed yield of 16 soybean genotypes including: 13 pure lines and three varieties Linford, Clean and Saba. The assay was accomplished Based on a RCBD design with four replications in five regions: Karaj, Gorgan, Mughan, Zarghan (Fares) and Shahrekord and two years (2011–2012 and 2012-2013).  GGE biplot analysis was used to determine adaptability and yield stability. In combined variance analysis, the effects of “genotype”, “genotype × location”, “genotype × location × year” were significan at the 1% probability level, but the effect of “genotype × year” was not significant. The two components PC1 and PC2 explained a total of 52.9% of the variance of genotype and genotype × environment (G + GE) effects. Biplot GGE method showed that L68 (Delsoy4210 x Williams82) with a yield of 2844 kg/ha was the most favorable genotype in terms of yield and stability. In this study, three maga environments were identified, the first maga environment included the environments: Karaj 2012, Gorgan 2012, Gorgan 2012, Zarghan 2013 and Mughan 2013, The second maga environment included the environments Karaj 2013, Zarghan 2012 and Mughan 2012. The third maga environment included Shahrekord 2012 and Shahrekord 2013. Also Karaj 2013 was the most desirable environment according to the discriminating ability and representativeness of the goal environment. Since Gorgan 2012 and Gorgan 2013 were placed in the first maga environment and Shahrekord 2012 and Shahrekord 2013 were placed in an maga environment (the third), To reduce the cost, it is enough to conduct a one-year test in these areas.

Water scarcity is the most important problem affecting the growth and yield of crops in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran. Therefore, due to limited water resources, it is necessary to optimize water consumption and use deficit irrigation techniques. In recent decades, agricultural development and declining rainfall have put severe pressure on groundwater resources. In Fars province, which is one of the most important provinces in terms of agricultural production, more than 70% of agricultural water is supplied from groundwater resources. This has caused a sharp drop in the level of groundwater aquifers. The development of new irrigation systems due to the high potential efficiency can contribute to the balanced use of water resources. Of course, according to the FAO, the new irrigation system alone is not enough, and in addition, attention must be paid to controlling water allocation. Previous research has shown that irrigation scheduling, which determines the start and end of irrigation, can be effective in reducing water consumption in farms and orchards. Safflower can be mentioned among the oilseeds compatible with the climatic conditions of Iran. The object of the study was to investigate the effect of different irrigation managements on some agronomic and yield traits of safflower cultivars.

The experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Zarghan Agricultural Research Station in 2020. Irrigation levels (cut off irrigation in buttoning stage (I1), supply of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of water requirement until the end of growing season I2, I3, I4 and I5, respectively) as main plots and cultivars of Local Isfahan, Goldasht, Sefeh and Faraman as subplots. Each subplot consisted of four planting rows with a length of 6 m and row spacing and plant spacing per row of 60 and 5 cm, respectively. Some traits such as day to maturity, plant height at harvest time, yield measured. Crop water stress index (CWSI) and economic and physical water productivity were calculated. Economic analyzes were also performed. In order to estimate the economic productivity of water (in Rials per cubic meter), it is necessary to obtain the net profit per hectare. For this purpose, the total planting, maintenance, harvesting and irrigation costs of safflower farm in the year of the research were estimated. The amount of gross income was also obtained by multiplying the selling price of the product by the amount of performance. Benefits to cost ratios and the difference between benefits and costs were also calculated and examined in different cultivars and irrigation treatments, and the best treatment and cultivar were introduced economically. The amount of water required for each treatment was calculated by Penman-Montieth method and measured and delivered using volume meters. Data were analyzed by SAS software and the means were compared using LSD test.

The results of correlation study of different traits showed a significant positive relationship between day to end of flowering, day to physiological maturity, number of bolls per plant, number of seeds per boll, 1000-seed weight and biological yield. The highest grain yield in the treatment of 100% water requirement (I5) was in Faraman cultivar (2688 kg/ ha). The lowest grain yield in water cut treatment in buttoning stage (I1) was related to Sefeh and local cultivars of Isfahan with yields of 758 and 779 kg/ha, respectively, which were in one statistical class and did not differ significantly from each other. The highest irrigation water productivity and total water productivity were related to irrigation cut-off treatment and 75% irrigation treatment with values of 0.383 and 0.274 kg/m3, respectively. Economic water productivity was also higher in (I4). In all cultivars studied, the amount of net profit was higher in (I5) where irrigation was done completely. The difference between the net profit of (I4) and (I5) was about 20 million rials per hectare. The benefit-to-cost ratio also increased with increasing irrigation water, but the difference between (I4) and (I5) was not significant in all cultivars. The highest economic water productivity in all cultivars was obtained in (I4). Among the studied cultivars, the highest and lowest values of the studied economic indicators belonged to Faraman and local cultivars of Isfahan, respectively. Using water stress baselines obtained in this study, by measuring leaf temperature, air temperature and air humidity, the time of occurrence of different water stresses can be obtained and based on that, the start time of irrigation can be determined.

The genotype × environment interaction is a major challenge in the study of quantitative characters because it reduces yield stability in different environments and also it complicates the interpretation of genetic experiments and makes predictions difficult. In this regard to analysis of genotype × environment interaction and determine the yield stability of winter rapeseed genotypes in cold and mild cold regions of the country, 9 lines and 4 cultivars were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in six experimental field stations (Isfahan, Hamedan, Karaj, Kermanshah, Khoy and Zarghan) during 2015–2017 growing seasons. Results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effects of environments, genotypes and genotype × environment interaction were significant, suggesting that the genotypes responded differently in the studied environment conditions. So, there was the possibility of stability analysis. The Nafis cultivar and BAL-92-1 line with seed yields 4086 and 3829 kg.h-1, respectively, were better than overall mean and had lower ranks and rank variance than others. According to the results of stability analysis using Eberhart and Russel method, the BAL-92-1 line with higher seed yield than overall mean and regression coefficient equal one (bi=1) was identified as the genotype with high general stability for all regions. Based on the simultaneous selection method for yield and stability (YSi), the lines of HW-92-1, BAL-92-1, HW-92-1 and Nafis cultivar with the lowest values were stable, whereas lines BAL-92-4, HW-92-2, HW-92-3 and Ahmadi cultivar with highest values were unstable. Also, based on the SIIG index, the lines of HW-92-1, BAL-92-1, BAL-92-6, BAL-92-11 and Nafis cultivar with having high SIIG value as well as higher seed yield that total average were recognized as superior genotypes from the point of stability and seed yield. Finally, BAL-92-1 line with high yield and broad adaptability was selected as superior line for supplementary studies to introduce the new commercial cultivar in cold and mild cold regions of Iran.

Evaluating of the rapeseed genotypes under different environmental conditions would be useful to identify genotypes with stable and high yield potential. In order to study yield stability of winter rapeseed genotypes, 9 new advanced lines along with four cultivars Okapi, Ahmadi, Nima and Nafis were evaluated in a randomized complete block design in six experimental field stations including Esfahan, Hamedan, Karaj, Kermanshah, Khoy and Zarghan during 2015–2017 growing seasons. Results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effects of environments, genotypes and genotype × environment interaction were significant, suggesting that the genotypes responded differently in the studied environment conditions. So, there was the possibility of stability analysis. Cluster analysis based on the mean yield and nonparametric stability statistics showed that there were three main clusters. According to mean rank of nonparametric stability parameters, the genotypes G1, G2, G5 and G13 with the lowest value for mean rank were stable, whereas genotypes G4, G11, G7 and G9 with highest values were unstable. Also, the results indicated that the nonparametric statistics Si(3), Si(6), NPi(2), NPi(3), NPi(4) and KR were associated with mean seed yield and the dynamic concept of stability. Therefore, these methods were suitable for selecting stable and high yielding genotypes in winter rapeseed. Based on these parameters, the genotypes G13 and G2 with mean seed yield 4086 and 3829 kg h-1 respectively, were identified as high yield stable genotypes. So, these genotypes could be used for cultivation in cold and mild cold regions of the country.

Among the crops, cereals have been special important and triticale is the most successful man made cereal. In present research, water deficit stress effects on 19 triticale genotypes (X Triticosecale wittmack) and two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum), Shiraz (sensitive to water deficit stress) and Kavir (tolerant to water deficit stress) were tested. Therefore, two separate field experiments were performed based on Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. In the first experiment, normal irrigation was used and in the second experiment irrigation has been eliminated at flowering step. Vegetative and yield component triats such as plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, grains per spike, tiller number in plant, thousand grain weight, biological yield and grain yield were measured. Relative water content (RWC) and rate of leaf water loss (RWL) and total chlorophyll content as physiological traits were evaluated. Results showed that although water deficit stress decreased grain yield in different genotypes in comparison of normal irrigation, some genotypes tolerated water deficit stress and produced relatively high yield. Genotype ELTCC1 showed superior in thousand grain weight and number of spikelets per spike in normal irrigation condition and biological yield, grain yield, grains per spike and plant height in stress condition. Overall, we can introduce ELTCC1 and ELTCC15 genotypes as desired genotypes, because they showed more tolerance in comparison with other genotypes based on tolerance and susceptible indices and also yield in stress and normal irrigation conditions.

Sunflower is one of the five important oil plants in Iran that because of the relative resistance to drought stress and high oil quality (absence of cholesterol) had a wide range of country land that devoted to the cultivation of this crop. Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limiting the growth and yield of many crops, especially in the arid and semi-arid region in the world.The use of micro-nutrients is one of the ways to reduce the negative effects of water stress on crops. This research was carried out to investigate the response of sunflower to the foliar application of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) micro fertilizers under drought stress conditions and to evaluate the role of these nutrients for reducing drought stress damages and plant tolerance to the drought stress.
Material and This experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on randomized completely block design with three replications in Zarghan Agricultural Research Station, Fars province in spring and summer of 2014. The irrigation interval in three levels (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from A-class pan evaporation) were used as the main plot and foliar application of micronutrients in four levels (foliar application with water (control), ferrous sulfate (3 g L-1) zinc sulfate (3 g L-1) and the combination of ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate each one at a rate of (3 g L-1)) served as the subplot. In this experiment, physiological traits (chlorophyll content, proline, soluble carbohydrates, relative water content and electrolyte leakage percent of leaf), morphological traits (leaf area index and height) as well as grain yield were evaluated. The results showed that the main effects of irrigation interval and foliar application were significant for all traits, but their interactions only were significant for proline and soluble carbohydrates. Delaying in irrigation from 60 to 180 mm evaporation significantly decreased 5.6, 31.2, 37.5, 17 and 37 percent relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and grain yield, respectively. With the delaying in irrigation also, leaf electrolyte leakage increased by 20 percent. In foliar application treatments, compared to the control, the foliar application of Fe and Zn caused to increase the RWC, chlorophyll content, proline and soluble sugars content of leaves, plant height, LAI and grain yield and oil as well as reduced electrolyte leakage in leaf significantly. The interactions mean comparison of irrigation and foliar application on proline and soluble carbohydrates showed that in all three levels of irrigation use of Fe and Zinc together increased these traits. Foliar application of Fe and Zn improved physiological traits under drought stress condition. Hence, the increase in metabolites particularly soluble carbohydrates and reducing lipid peroxidation, by foliar application of these two elements, could have a positive effect on the mechanisms of drought tolerance and increased sunflower grain yield and oil.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of zinc and iron on yield quantity and quality of canola (Brassica napus cv. Talaye), an experiment was conducted in Zarghan region of Fars in 2008- 2009 crop season..Treatments including concentration of zinc sulfate in three levels: (0, 2, 4 gr lit-1) and Iron sulfate in three levels: (0, 2, 4 gr lit-1). This experiment was arranged as factorial using randomized complete block design (RCB) in four replications. Iron and zinc solutions were sprayed twice (at first in stem elongation and then second in early flowering). Significant interaction between zinc and iron foliar application was observed for grain yield, seed protein percentage and oil yield. Maximum grain yield (4905.3 kg ha-1), seed protein percentage (37.7%) and oil yield 2124.5 kg ha- 1) was obtained from foliar application of combined zinc and iron at 4 g lit-1. Increasing of zinc from 0 to 4 gr lit-1 significantly increased 1000 seed weight (from 4.24 to 4.69 gr), number of seed per pod (from 19.12 to 22.88), seed oil percentage (from 38.67 to 43.17) and seed zinc concentration (from 33.28 to 22.07 mg kg-1). Increasing iron from 0 to 4 gr lit-1 significantly increased 1000 seed weight (from 4.24 to 4.64 gr) and seed iron concentration (from 64.29 to 79.18 mg kg-1). Ultimately, based on our results, the treatment of twice foliar application of zinc and iron sulfate and at 4 g lit-1 was suggested to get more quantity and quality of canola (Talaye) in Zarghan.