فهرست مطالب hashem kozechian

The purpose of the present study is to identify Barriers and Problems of using new technologies for development of recreational sports. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews using a qualitative method. For data analysis, thematic analysis method (Brown and Clark, 2006) was used. The study results showed that challenges of using new technologies for development of recreational sports are divided into five groups: 1) lack of independence of decision-making institutions, 2) fragmentation of decisions, 3) technology use ease, 4) traditional view and basic understanding of the new era of recreational sports among officials and 5) unacceptable context. According to the study results, the three themes of lack of independence of decision-making institutions, fragmentation of decision-making and traditional view and basic understanding of the new era of recreational sports among officials are among the most important challenges that lead to technology use ease in sports and especially recreational sports. On the other hand, unacceptable context includes themes, each of which individually poses a challenge for development of recreational sports through new technologies.

Nowadays, technology is becoming one of the most important factors that contribute to the Internationalization of recreational sports industry.This study was done to design a model to develop recreational sports by new technologies in Iran. This study was carried out with mixed Methods.In the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 participants through purposive and standard sampling methods. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data and in the same section, a questionnaire was prepared based on the identified themes from the qualitative part, which included the available dimensions and components. Questionnaires were distributed among 406 samples after confirmation of validity and reliability. Descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis were used for analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the main themes of the model of development of recreational sports through new technologies are divided into four parts: propulsion and stimuli, challenges of using new technologies, opportunities to use new technologies and consequences of using new technologies in the development of recreational sports. Presently, increasing human-computer equipment interaction is facilitating new ways of using technology in sports environments, and in the future, technology will bring structural changes in all sectors of sports, especially recreational activities.

The aim of this research was providing a conceptual framework for analyzing ethical marketing in the sports manufacturing industry.

The research method was selected type of qualitative research qualitative With Grand Theory Approach. The statistical population consisted of two parts of the human community (company directors, university professors, etc.) and the information society (books, articles, documents, media pages, etc.). Sampling was judged by a sufficient number based on theoretical saturation (21 people, 44 document). The research tool was a library study and systematic exploratory interviews. instrument validity evaluated and approved based on the legal and scientific credibility of the sample,  expert opinion and an agreement between the editors. A conceptual coding method based on matrix and system analysis was used to analyze the data. For data analysis was used the multi-stage coding method with matrix and system analysis approach.

The research framework derived from coding included three levels. First level coding was done based on the structural nature of the components and included community, market, management, business, consumption and interaction. The second level coding was based on the role and the environment, the company and the customer was determined. Third level coding was done based on the paradigmatic nature of the components And was includes; assumptions and values, responsibilities and norms, challenges and issues, strategies and solutions and the results and consequences.

Based on research findings, it can be said that promotion of ethical marketing in the sports manufacturing industry is possible at different levels, dimensions and stages. Therefore, by overview values and norms, it is better to adopt strategies, resolve challenges, and identify payment considerations, it has achieved the desired outcomes in all three areas of customer, company and environment.

Nowadays, technology is turning into one of the most important factors leading to international competition in the sports industry. Currently, the sports industry is increasingly in need of technology in all its fields to facilitate proper performance.

The present study is aimed to Developing a Comprehensive Model of Marketing of Recreational Sports, a Technology-Based Approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using a qualitative method. The content analysis method was used in order to analyze the data (Brown and Clark, 2006).

The findings showed that the marketing activities of Technology-Based Recreational Sports can be divided into nine stages based on different dimensions of marketing: market-orientation, market measurement, market-study, market-making, market-search, market-holding, market-warming, market-touring and market-handling ,and according to the activities required in each dimension, provided the basis for the development of Technology-Based recreational sports in the country.

According to the results of this research, the marketing path of developing Technology-Based recreational sports begins with market-orientation. This theme acts as a prerequisite for the other two dimensions of marketing of Technology-Based recreational sports, namely market-study and market measurement, and if we pay attention to these three dimensions, we enter the market-making stage, which itself acts as a prerequisite for other dimensions of market-search, market-holding and market-warming. According to the results of this study, if we can successfully pass these steps, we can benefit from the development of Technology-Based recreational sports in the field of market-touring and market-handling and enter international market.

Today, technology is becoming one of the most critical factors that have led to the internationalization of competition in the sports industry. Nowadays, the sports industry is increasingly in need of technology to facilitate proper performance. Objectives. The present study aimed to identify the outcomes of using new technologies in the development of recreational sports.

Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by interviewing 13 professionals with academic education in physical education and sports science in various fields, including technology, sports engineering, and national coaches. The participants were selected using purposeful sampling and snowball sampling techniques. The focus of the interviews was based on a summary of expertschr('39') work experience in the relevant field, necessities, challenges, opportunities, solutions, and finally, the outcomes of using new technologies in the development of recreational sports.

Data analysis was also carried out using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The present studychr('39')s findings showed that the outcomes of using new technologies in the development of recreational sports are divided into six groups 1. Increasing participation opportunities, 2. Increasing participation diversity, 3. Inclusion of a wide range of beneficiaries, 4. Formation of positive and modern ideas 5) Alignment with new and global trends, and 6. Wealth creation and economic prosperity.

According to the results of the current study, the three themes of increasing participation opportunities, increasing participation diversity, and inclusion of a wide range of beneficiaries are among the significant outcomes that lead to the formation of the positive and new mental image about using technology in recreational sports. And further, it has led to alignment with modern and global trends. Both of these outcomes lead to wealth creation and economic prosperity in recreational sports.

Sustainability in sport development or sport sustainability development is a considered concept attracting attention in today's research. Sustainability is a main theme in the sport development. The purpose of this paper is to study concepts of sport sustainability development, its barriers and offer solutions to achieve the sport sustainability development.

The research method was descriptive and the research strategy was qualitative. In this regard, we used library studies and interviews with sport management professors, sport managers, athletes and sport coaches. Participants were 14 persons. The sampling strategy was acute one and in this regard, we used content analysis of interviews.

The result showed that sustainable development in sport would be achieved through social participation with social, economic and institutional dimensions. The Other research findings were the classification of barriers included managerial, structural, environmental, behavioral and legal one. Sustainable development strategies argued by experts was including development of strategic plan appropriate to environmental changes, ratification of the program through law and legal bodies such as Islamic consultative assembly, fit out of sport structure with international law and removing legal vacuum in sport through lawyers. 

Therefore, the attention of managers, politicians and all institutions can provide backgrounds to development of sustainability goals in sport and to provide economic and social effects in society and institutions.

The aim of this study was designing competencies model for sports marketer managersby using grounded theory.

The research method was qualitative and done with exploratory nature of foundation. The Statistical population research includes sport management professors, CEOs and Iranian Marketers of Premier Football League clubs, Football Federation were members of the Marketing Committee. Based on grounded theory, the interviews were coded and analyzed.

In sum 682 source codes were obtained from analyzing 17 interviews. After extracting the same codes, 109 were distinct open source. 109 open source codes were design from 23 group coded centered include: Personality, Behavior, Worthy, Organizational intelligence, emotional intelligence, Strategic intelligence, competitive intelligence, business intelligence, moral intelligence, business intelligence, cultural intelligence, political intelligence, social intelligence, Managerial, scientific, Athletic, Technical, Marketing mix management, Customer management, sales management, brand management, market segmentation, global marketing, market research and marketing of ethical Islamic. Axial codes were designed from 4 groups of selective code include: merit-based election code, intellectual, professional and selective classified. Finally, the research model was designed in pyramid (four levels).

The model presented in this study can be used as an instrument for identifying competence of Sport marketing manager of football clubs.

The aim of this study was to identify the dimensions of social entrepreneurship in sport to achieve sustainable sport development. The research method was qualitative and literature review and interviews were used to collect data and experts’ viewpoints. In addition, the convergence rates of participants towards indicators were evaluated by Delphi method. Statistical sample included sport management professors, entrepreneurship management professors and sport entrepreneurs who were selected purposively. According to the dimensions of social entrepreneurship, the indicators and opportunities for social entrepreneurship were identified as job creation, social changes by athletes, women's participation in sport, athletes’ solidarity with social exclusions, voluntary work in sport and charity activities. As there are certain indicators to determine a framework based on social benefit and values in the sport development, this article explained the indicators and dimensions of social entrepreneurship in sport and supported the participation to develop social capital, social change and to enhance the quality of life through social entrepreneurship in sport. So, given that one of the goals of sustainable sport development is social justice, equal opportunities for participation, social cohesion, improved quality of life and generally attention to social entrepreneurship, it is necessary to develop and spread the collaboration of sport institutions with other organizations such as Welfare Organization, Red Crescent Organization and Social Security Organization to develop those activities related to social entrepreneurship in sport and recreation.

The aim of this study was to designing an intellectual competencies model for sports marketing managers of premier league football in Iran. This survey is exploratory and qualitative nature that is used the grounded theory method. Society research has been including CEOs and marketing managers of football clubs in the premier league football of Iran and members of marketing Committee of football federation and league Organization and sports management universities. For sampling were used targeted methods and snowball technique. To collect data used from the interview open questions. Then the data obtained from 17 interviews (from the 15th was achieved to the theoretical saturation) were analyzed. In the first phase 481 open codes were obtained. After extracting the same codes, 64 codes were determined. In the second was done stage axial coding in 12 groups of factors was including emotional intelligence, moral intelligence, communications intelligence, business intelligence, competitive intelligence, financial intelligence, strategic intelligence, business intelligence, operational intelligence, social intelligence, political intelligence and cultural intelligence. Axial codes in the selective coding Were to place in 4 groups of individual intelligence Competencies (emotional intelligence, moral intelligence, communications intelligence), environment intelligence competencies (social intelligence, political intelligence and Cultural Intelligence), management intelligence competencies (strategic intelligence, business intelligence, operational intelligence) and marketing intelligence competencies (business intelligence, competitive intelligence, financial intelligence). Finally, the research model was designed in pyramidal (four levels). The model presented in this study can be used to recommended command line method to identify intelligence competencies sports marketing manager football clubs.

Studies have shown it is essential for organizational successful to have leadership effectiveness. This is true to all organizations as sport organizations. Hence, it is important to identification of factors that can be related to leadership effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this research was designated of intelligence model needed for leadership effectiveness of sport managers. The Statistical popularly was all managers (N1=331) and staffs (N2=1621) of Sport and Young's Ministry, National Olympic committee, National Paralympics committee, National Olympic Academy, and Sport Federations. Based on Morgan table, 180 managers and 367 staffs were selected with stratified sampling and random sampling to this research. Shring (1998) emotional intelligence questionnaire, Van Dyne and Ang (2004) Four Factor cultural intelligence scale questionnaire, Albrecht (2002) organizational intelligence questionnaire and Leadership effectiveness questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by Klomogrof-Smirnof and multiple regressions. Also, Stractural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed for modeling. The results showed there was significant relationship between emotional intelligence, cultural intelligence and organizational intelligence with leadership effectiveness. Finally, with regard to these results, it is proposed that notice to emotional intelligence, organizational intelligence and cultural intelligence in selecting of sport managers.

This study aimed to analyze the endorsement of Iranian athletes.
This study was administered by using a grounded theory approach. Interviews (n=29) were conducted with famous athletes and coaches, legislators, and experts that selected by judgment sampling. Data were analyzed according to the open, axial and selective coding by using of Atlas.Ti software.
through the three coding phase, categories and sub-categories of athletes endorsement were identified and related to each other as follows: Causal conditions (individual and social factors, business-related factors, professional factors of sports industry, and media-related factors); Intervening and context condition (sociological factors, institutional factors, economic and trade-related factors, and media-related factors); Action strategies (governance actions, socio-cultural actions, sports organizations’ actions, commercial contract-related actions, media-related actions); and Consequences (social, national economy, professional, marketing and media consequences). Finally, coding paradigm described and theory was created.
Current limitations of Iranian athletes’ endorsement have occurred under various situation. It is far from desired situation that may have undesirable consequences. However, it can be achieved desired situations by using practical strategies that may lead to considerable outcomes.

The essence of science is based on models that are inclusive, rather than fragmented data; because the data can explore, explain, or interpret in frame work. Thus, the lack of reliable models of branding in the sports industry has prompted researchers to try to develop branding model in the sports industry of Iran. The study aims to develop the branding model based on strategic thinking approach in the sports industry of Iran. This study is an exploratory that qualitative research method was used. For this purpose, the branding experts were answered through in-depth interviews. And snowball sampling was used to gather data-collection. By using grounded theory Data coded through three stages of coding and analysis. According the final frame work, 15 main categories at three levels; ethical, organizational and event extracted. This simple display-model of the sports industry's branding is to try to be the basic structure of the sports industry branding. According to finding, the present model can be identified and classified effective components of branding in the sports industry. Ultimately it can be used as basis of intellectual development of branding in the sports industry of Iran.

Requirement for effective response to environmental changes and gaining a competitive advantage in sports manufacturing corporations is achieving to organizational agility. The purpose of present study is to determine the effects of organizational agilitiy on organizational performance in sports manufacturing companies. The number of sports manufacturing companies was 70, of each one 3 persons (manager, marketing manager, and sales manager) were selected as sample. The results of data analysis indicated that there was a significant relationship between enterprise agility and its dimensions and performance of sports manufacturing corporations. One-sample t test results also showed that the organizational agility and its dimensions have desirable situation in sport manufacturing corporations. The results showed that the model for the effect of organizational agility on organizational performance in sports production companies enjoys a good fitness. Also, the results showed that organizational agility can appropriately predict 38% of the variations of organizational performance in sport manufacturing corporations. Generally, sports manufacturing companies should improve the components of organizational agility in order to enhance organizational performance.

Studies have shown that it essential for resolving of challenges of organizations، to have efficacy and effectiveness leadership and management. Therefore، the purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness of sport managers. The Statistical popularly of this research was all managers of Sport and Young''s Ministry، National Olympic committee، National Paralympics committee، National Olympic Academy، and Sport Federations (N=331). Base on Morgan table، 180 people were selected to this research. Saberi (1388) Leadership effectiveness questionnaire and Van Dyne and Ang Four Factor cultural intelligence scale questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by the Bivariate and multivariate regression. The results of present study showed that there was significant relationship between cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness (p<0/05). Also، there was significant relationship between behavioral cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness (p<0/001). Generally، this study showed that cultural intelligence is important factor in leadership effectiveness of sport managers.

The purpose of this study was to the survey of environmental factors affecting on sport entrepreneurship and developing a model. The research was descriptive analytical one and was conducted as a survey. Statistical population consisted of sport clubs managers، top managers in sport organization، PhD students and professors at sport management. On the basis of regression analysis، there was significant relationship between structure and educational planning with entrepreneurship development، but it about elements such as technology and developmental policies was not significant. So، can be said that fortifying and developing structural factors influence development entrepreneurship in sport and elements including technology and developmental policies didn’t have any effect on sport entrepreneurship in Iran. It seems considering policies without application and ineffective training and unsuitable technology regarding society needs didn’t have any significant effect on sport entrepreneurship.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between entrepreneurial personality characteristics and small and medium-sized sport enterprises start-up (SMSEs). The methodology of this study was descriptive-correlation. Population consisted of small and medium-sized sport enterprises (N=1500) and their owners and/or managers were randomly selected as the sample (n=258). For data collection، entrepreneurial personality (α=0. 77) and SMSEs start-up (α=0. 81) questionnaires were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient، Spearman correlation coefficient، point biserial correlation، Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and regression analysis) were used to analyze data. The results showed a positive significant relationship between entrepreneurial personality and start-up of enterprises and except for tolerance of ambiguity، all other entrepreneurial personality dimensions had a significant relationship with SMSEs (P<0. 001). The regression results showed that entrepreneurial personality could predict about 20% of SMSEs variance. Also، there was no significant relationship between demographic characteristics (gender، age، marital status and education) and SMSEs (P>0. 05). The findings of this study emphasized the vital role of entrepreneurial personality characteristics in flourishing start-up of small and medium-sized sport enterprises.

Increase in people participation in Sport for all has always been considered by policymakers. In Iran, despite numerous agencies and departments that regard themselves as responsible for Sport for all, participants in Sport for all in our country are in less favorable situation than those in other countries. This paper aims to present a model to institutionalize sport for all of Iran. For this purpose, researchers referred to the experts of the sport for all of Iran and collected data from them through deep interviews. Then, the data resulted from twenty-nine interviews were encoded and analyzed through grounded theory method. The results of codes classification showed sixteen components at the three contextual, organizational, and behavioral levels. According to the sport for all of Iran model, it can be noted that the contextual level of sport for all of Iran, in which the other two levels are rooted, includes external environment and conditions, and generally leads to organizational and behavioral levels. The organizational level is the outer layer of behavioral level and includes the regular relations governing the internal and objective components of sport for all of Iran. The behavioral level is the factors associated with Iranian people's sporting behavior with a health approach. The relationship between these levels is close and, practically, they are inseparable in sport for all of Iran. In such relationship, levels interact with each other as continuous systematic relations. The presented model can be used as the analytical tool for sport for all of Iran so that it would solve problems of this field of sport reasonably and principally.

Nowadays, the new enterprises are recognized as the main sources of job creation, innovation and development in today’s business world. Therefore, identifying influencing factors that play key roles in the start-up of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) is critical.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze factors influencing Small and Medium sized sport Enterprises (SEMs) start-ups and develop a proper model. The methodology followed in this study was descriptive-correlative. The population consisted of owners of small and medium sized sport enterprises (N=1500) from which 258 persons were randomly selected. For data collection, the individual factors questionnaire including entrepreneurial character (α=.77), entrepreneurial skills (α= .75); environmental factors (α=.77); capital factors (α=.77); and the business establishment competence questionnaire (α=.81) were used. To analyze the data, the appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics as well as the structural equation modeling with Amos16 software were used.
The results showed that all the three individual, environmental and capital factors had a positive and significant relationship with business establishment. However, the fitted research model showed that only individual factors could play a significant role in establishing an effective sport business; while, the environmental factor also influenced its establishment indirectly through the individual factor.
The findings of this research put emphasis on the importance of individual factors in the success of establishing small and medium-sized sports businesses.

Nowadays، the new enterprises are recognized as the main source of job creation، innovation and development. Therefore، identifying the factors playing key roles in the start-up of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is critical. The purpose of this study was to propose a conceptual model for sport SMEs start-up. The methodology was qualitative using Document Content Analysis and Semi-structured interview methods. From the participants of this study، 18 scholars involved in SMEs were selected through purposive sampling. After a careful investigation of business start-up models in the literature، three approaches were recognized including: individual، environmental، and integration approach. the integrated approach was proposed as a comprehensive model to supplement other approaches. In this approach، beside environmental and individual factors، researchers can add other vital factors to enrich their models. Then، a model was proposed in line with integration approach. Interviews were done with experts in order to localize the proposed model and identify their opinions about it. The model composed of three important factors: 1. Individual; 2. Environmental; and 3. Financial factors. It should be mentioned that these factors were constituted of sub dimensions. I t is believed that، this model can display the most critical factors influencing sport business start-up.

National sport development demands collaboration and support of stakeholders involved in national sport so that sport development programs conduct by these stakeholders. But to carry out the programs, organizations deal with a challenge of organizational legitimacy. Therefore this study intends to design model for providing stakeholders’ interests of Ministry of Sports and Youth emphasizing on organizational legitimacy.
The Research method was corelational research. For data gathering, literature review, structured interview and questionnaire were used. In the interview session, the conceptual model, the variables and the their relationships among were discussed with 22 managers and experts. Sampling method was stratified. Two groups of stakeholders as primary (national sport federations) and secondary (private sectors involved in sport) were chosen. The research instrument was a questionnaire with optimal validity and reliability values. Structural equation modeling was used for model designing.
Research findings showed that stakeholders’ capability of management (=ß 0/80, p =0/001), adaptive culture (=ß 0/32, p =0/001) and organic structure (=ß 0/29, p =0/001) significantly influenced provision of stakeholders’ interests. Also, adaptive culture (=ß 0/46, p =0/001) and organic structure (=ß0/33, p=0/001) significantly affected stakeholders’ capability of management. In addition, Influence of provision of stakeholders’ interests (=ß 0/59, p =0/001) on organizational legitimacy was significant.
Based on structural equation model, contextual factors (adaptive culture, organic structure) did not have a direct and positive effect on the provision of stakeholder interests. Thus, the final research model can offer useful understanding about the influnce of research variables for stakeholders.

The purpose of this research was to study the influence of risk management practices in decrease of lawsuits concerning public and private swimming pools.
The statistical population of the research included 310 managers of public and private swimming pools which 119 were selected as statistical sample by means of random sampling. The research method was descriptive and survey, and in measurement form. The instruments of the study were 2 questionaires, which one of them evaluated demographic data and general information and the other risk management practices.Qustionaire’s validity were determined by alpha kronbach method. The required information was collected by interviews during the time acting of managers in pools gathered and the data was analyzed by using person correlation coefficient and T-test.
The results of this study indicated that: there is not any significant relationship between experience and risk management practices. Significant relationship existed between accidents/injuries in swimming pools and lawsuits in swimming pools. In addition, significant relationship existed between risk management practices and lawsuits.
The rate of of accidents and lawsuits can be reduced by applying risk management practices in swimming pools which will can be provided a safe environment for it’s users.

The purpose of current study was a survey on influence of Iranian professional soccer players ideology on their ethical decision-making. For this purpose، Ethical Position in Professional Soccer Questionnaire (EPPSQ) with 15 questions and Dilemmas in Professional Soccer Questionnaire (DPSQ) with 28 questions developed by Shajie et al. (2013) were employed and randomly administered to 162 Iranian premier league soccer players from Rahahan، Naft Tehran، Shahid Sepasi، Foolad Khoozestan، Shahin Booshehr، Sepahan Esfahan، Malavan Anzali، Naft Abadan، Peykan Tehran، Pas Hamedan، Alominium Hormozgan teams. The content validity of instrument was confirmed by experts and the internal consistency of the DPSQ and EPPSQ proved in a pilot study. The data were analyzed by employing ANOVA and Path analysis tests. Results showed that ethical ideology has significant influence on ethical decision-making variance of players and idealism subscale plays a significant role in this matter. Therefore، the roles of coaches and soccer club managers are very important and improvement of attitude and ethical knowledge within players may solve the ethical problems of Iranian soccer for ever and basically، also without legal pressures.