hassan din panah

In scientific texts, there are some questions such as the problem of evil, which empirical science cannot fully answer, and only religion and philosophy can play a role in these matters. Using a documentary analysis, the present paper examines the views of late Allameh Jafari on evil. He believes that in order to solve the problem of evil, it is necessary to explain two issues: life and its philosophy, and the justice and wisdom of God in the creation and destiny of humans. From his point of view, the judgment of human beings about the defects and evil in the natural world depend on their judgement about world and life events through a life-oriented outlook. If man reaches an immaterial and clear understanding of the system of being, and his tendency to a "reasonable life” is increased, he definitely abandons the natural interpretation of divine justice, is freed from the natural self, and the issue of evil will no longer pose a problem for him.

The doctrine of "monotheism" is among the principles emphasized by all divine religions, among which only Judaism and Islam have pure monotheism. Since Ibn Meimoon, in Judaism, and Allamah Tabatabai, in Imamiyah, played a significant role in the advancement of religious teachings, after presenting the views of these two great scholars about the arguments for monotheism, the present paper uses a comparative -analytical method to express, study and analyze their agreements and disagreements. The only argument of Ibn Meimoon for monotheism is the simplicity of divine essence, whereas the most important argument of Allamah Tabataba'i is the purification of divine existence, which he has proposed besides the argument of simplicity and other proofs for monotheism. Regarding the criticisms that Ibn Meimoon has made about the arguments for monotheism, this paper indicates that none of them can be directed at the statements of Allamah Tabatabai about the arguments of hindrance and contradiction.

The relationship between morality and religious law is among the ambiguous issues in the New Testament. Catholic Church explains his view on this issue to resolve this ambiguity in the New Testament. This paper analyzes and examines the relationship between morality and religious law in Catholicism. Morality is considered a branch of theology. Catholic offers a new interpretation of the law based on grace and makes Christians to enjoy the freedom of not having to perform the traditional religious laws. The result of the research implies that according to Catholic teachings it is impossible to separate law from morality in as far as principles, sources and position are concerned, and the two are absolutely inseparable from one another. Therefore, it seems that giving the Catholic religion law the title of "moral code" will be alright.

For some religions, mass destruction and extensive killing is predicted as a precursor of the coming of promised Savior. The advent of such events is predicted in different parts of the Bible, especially Revelations and in the New Testament. Catholics and Orthodox are among the sects of Christianity that have a spiritual and non-literal interpretation of such predictions and openly disagree with mass destruction and killing. However, some protestant groups such as Puritans have an objective and literal interpretation of these predictions. They believe the massive destruction and suffering is inevitable and disagree with the attempts for global peace as futile and have considered such events as a part of the divine plan for the provision of the return of Christ. This paper uses an analytical method, to review and assess the above issue. And found out that most previous studies show that although the occurrence of mass destruction before the Messiah is reported in the Bible, the idea that the preparation of this battle might be a task of individual or group assignment is not compatible with Bible passages.

Zionism had its roots in Judaism since the year 70 AD and it was culturally raised until the 19th century. Then it was raised politically in the west. Accurate analysis of the political Zionism indicates the fact that it is not related to the cultural Zionism. The most important step in formulating the cultural Zionism is that political independence, temple establishment and returning to Palestine must be done by Messiah and after his advent. While political Zionism, executes the principle of Puritan Protestants that all these affairs must be manifested before the advent of the Jesus. Using an analytic approach, this paper tries to clarify the roots and origins of cultural and political Zionism and their inconsistency. The fact remains that cultural Zionism has its roots in Judaism, but political Zionism is rooted in nationalist Judaism and Puritan of England and America.

After AD 70, Christianity managed to dispense with Judaism. The idea of independence and separation from Judaism made Christianity tend towards Greco-Roman civilization, thoughts and culture. For explaining the Christian teachings, Paulus and some vindicators and Church fathers borrowed the content or structure of the basic religious characteristics of Christianity from the Greco-Roman ideas of their age. Using documentary analysis, the present paper explains the Greco-Roman origin of the Trinity, Incarnation, the Atonement and original sin, which are considered as the central Christian doctrines. The results of this research show that Christianity’s interpretation of the content and structure of "the Trinity" and "incarnation" is based on the Greek categories. The content of "atonement" and "original sin" exist in Christianity, but their form and structure have been influenced by Greco-Roman culture.

The relationship of favour and grace with duty is one of the considerable debates in Imamiyah school of thought and Catholic Christianity. Although the two principles of Lutf (favour) in Imamiyah and fayd(grace) in Catholic Christianity are intended to achieve welfare and salvation, they have different effects and take different ways in relation to duty. The present paper shows through a comparative method and documental approach that, according to Imamiyah theology, fulfilling the duty and following Sharia contribute to realizing the principle of Lutf. In Catholic theology, the principle of fayd is pivotal, but Divine Law receives little attention in practice. In reality, the intended permanent principle in the rule of favour(lutf) is duty and the aim of realizing divine favour leads to duty, but the intended cornerstone of grace is the very grace of Jesus whose appearance leads to the revocation of prophets’ duty and Divine Law. The acts and moral precepts and faiths taught by Jesus and Catholic Church are intended to achieve divine grace.

The soundness and rationality of the essential doctrines of any religion represent the basis of religiously. One of the central doctrines of Imamites and Catholics is the necessity of Divine mercy or bounty for bringing welfare and salvation to mankind. This paper investigates the rationality of the doctrine of God's mercy in the theology of Imamites and theology of Catholics using a documentary analysis method. Thus, after investigating the reasons for the necessity of divine mercy in each of these two faith, the paper concludes that, according to Imamites the principle of Divine mercy is based on firm rational evidence, whereas according to Catholics the doctrine of divine bounty is based on a set of pre-assumptions absolutely viewed from inside religion the existence of which is confirmed by Pauls and Christian fathers. Thus, it is very difficult to prove its rationality.

One of the common researchable issues between Imamiyyah and Catholic Christianity is the necessity of divine "grace" or "effluence" for man to achieve felicity and salvation. In this regard, these two sects pay complete attention to the principle of God's grace, with, no doubt, different presentations. While proposing the principle of grace, Imamiyyah emphasizes on man's choice and free will to achieve felicity. On the contrary, Catholic sect, along with an all-comprehensive scheme of the doctrine of grace, emphasizes on the weakness of man's will- who has descended due to the Original Sin- with regard to achieving felicity, and holds that divine effluence is the decisive factor in salvation. Using a theoretical-documentary approach, the present paper seeks to comparatively reanalyze the relationship between the principle of "grace" and man's "choice" from the view of Imamiyyah and Catholic sects. The most important research finding is that the last element of perfect cause of man's volitional acts is "choice" and " divine "grace" from the view of Imamiyyah and Catholic sects, respectively.

Imamiyyah School and Catholic Christianity have a doctrine with the same conceptual name, that is, the doctrine of "divine grace or effusion". As the principle of grace is one of the most important doctrines in Imamiyyah theology so the doctrine of effusion is the central theme in Catholic theology, which is used to prove its other doctrines. According to these two schools, divine grace and effusion is type of intervention and management by God in man's life, which avoids him from sin and takes him to salvation and deliverance. However, these two doctrines have not the same principles. It is necessary to reflect on the relationship between these two doctrines in order to investigate this claim. This issue has different dimensions. Using a theoretical approach and a documentary survey, the present paper elaborates on the principles, similarities and differences of these two principles in the form of a comparative review. The research findings indicate that these two doctrines, despite their little similarity, are different in terms of their principles and presuppositions.