hassan rafiee

As a result of the water scarcity, the use of unconventional water in the country, especially municipal wastewater, is inevitable. However, worries have always been existing about the possible contamination of these sources and the entry of these contaminants into the human food chain. Corn silage is regarded as one of the candidate products for irrigation with wastewater due to the possible reduction of microbial contamination resulting from various processing steps. The objective of this study was to investigate the quality and hygienic characteristics of corn silage irrigated by well water and treated wastewater.

For this purpose, information of 11 industrial dairy herds that provided their corn forage from lands located around of northern Isfahan water treatment plant were compared with 11 other dairy herds whit source of purchased corn forage from lands irrigated with well water. The chemical composition of the silage samples, including dry matter, ash, crude protein, and ether extract, were measured using the approximate degradation. Also, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were measured based on the Van Soest method. Furthermore, the net energy for lactation and non-fiber carbohydrates were calculated using Adams’ equation and the subtraction method, respectively. Volatile fatty acids were measured using gas chromatography, while microbial population were measured according to the instructions of microbiological tests. The comparison of the mean values of the two groups of corn silage irrigated with the well water and treated wastewater was performed using SAS statistical software and the T-test procedure.

There was no significant difference between the two groups of corn silage in dry matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, net energy for lactation and ash. However, the percentage of crude protein and the amount of acetic acid in the corn silage irrigated with treated wastewater were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.01). In contrast, samples irrigated with treated wastewater had higher levels of non-fiber carbohydrates, along with propionic and butyric volatile fatty acids, which ultimately decreased the pH of silage (P<0.01). In terms of hygienic indicators, despite no significant difference in the amount of E. coli and Salmonella colonies between the two groups, the number of gram-negative bacteria, lactobacilli and the total bacterial count in the silage irrigated with treated wastewater were higher (P<0.05).

When treated sewage wastewater is utilized for irrigating corn forage, it alters the type of fermentation that takes place in the corn silage, leading to an increase in the levels of propionic and butyric acids, while decreasing the levels of acetic acid. As a result, the pH of the corn silage decreases further. According to this research, using treated sewage wastewater can negatively impact the quality of corn silage fermentation. This can result in a reduction of crude protein levels and an increase in certain microbial components. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the urban wastewater treatment process by reducing the concentration of ammonium nitrogen.

Priority setting helps maintain a clear focus, and according to the limitation of resources, it is necessary for reducing and controlling the burden of social problems better resource allocation. The present study aimed to identify and prioritize Iran's most critical social problems. This study was conducted in two steps. In the first step, a framework for classifying social problems was developed by reviewing the literature. Based on this framework, a list of social problems was prepared and categorized. In the second step, by studying the articles and books published in the field of social health, 20 experts in this field were selected and provided with the framework. Utilizing the Delphi method, the experts were asked to rank the mentioned list based on the three criteria including; prevalence, severity, and importance. Expert opinions were taken in three rounds. The country's social problems were categorized into three categories in order of priority. Although problems in society are numerous, the ten problems that have been assigned the highest priority in the present study are unemployment, corruption, income inequality, expensive housing, mistrust, poverty, reduction of productive investment, addiction, crime, and desperation. Planning for interventions and conducting social health research in the coming years should consider the aforementioned high-priority social problems that impose the most significant burden on society. The diverse social problems prioritized do not have exactly the same causes, consequences, and ways of control; therefore, identifying specific solutions to control them should be the next step in the process of social health planning.

The aim of this study was to investigate maternal factors including dry period length, parity, calving type, calf number per calving, and calving body condition score on body weight (BW), serum total protein (STP) concentration, and body structure growth of female Holstein dairy calves.

152 Holstein dairy cows and their female calves were studied in this experiment. The calves were weighed at birth and moved to individual pens bedded with sawdust, Fresh colostrum samples were collected from 152 Holstein dairy cows. Maternal effects include: number of births from 2 to 5. Type of childbirth: single or multiple, natural or hard birth. Dry period length which includes: Group 1 - under 45 days. Group 2- 46 to 60 days. Group 3 - 61 to 75 days and group 4- Over 75 days. Calves' BW was also measured on days 30 and 60 of the study.

Birth BW was not affected by the mother's parity. The parity had an effect on the BW of calves at day 30 and 60, whereas, the lowest calves BW at day 30 was revealed in the five lactation cows. Also, the calves that were born to mothers who entered their second lactation were heavier than other calves at day 60 (P <0.05). Calf BW at birth, 30, and 60 days of age was affected by the number of calves at birth and the type of calving (P <0.05) so that singleton calves and normal birth calves had more BW. day 60 (P <0.05) was significant so that the mothers with dry period length less than 45 and more than 75 days had the lowest and highest 60-day calves BW. Serum total protein was affected by parity, calves’ number per calving, type of calving, and calving body condition score (P <0.05). In addition, the effect of calving type on STP concentration at birth and day 10 tended to be significant, while at day 35 normal birth calves had greater STP than dystocia birth calves. Withers height and body length in calves born to five lactations mothers were lower than other parities (P <0.05). Heart girth at birth and hip height at day 60 of age was higher in calves were born to mother with a dry period length more than 75 days (P <0.05). Body structure at birth and day 60 was higher for singleton calves than for twin calves and calves born with normal calving than calves born with dystocia (P <0.05).

The results of the current experiment showed that factors related to the physiological status of dams and calving type affect the immunity status and performance of infant's calves.

Primiparous cows are generally more sensitive to low pH, higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids, and postpartum ruminal acidosis than multiparous cows, possibly due to differences in feeding patterns and variation in nutrient intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in diets with or without pomegranate peel as a rich source of antioxidants, on nutrient intake, chewing behavior, and sorting activity of primiparous Holstein cows.

Primiparous Holstein cows (n = 12) were randomly divided into a Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 28 days with 21 days of adaptation to the diet and 7 days for data collection and sampling. The diet (1.5% dry matter) contained calcium salts of fish oil (CAFO) or palmitic acid-enriched fat (PAF) with (+ PP, 8.7% dry matter) or without (-PP) pomegranate peel.

Fats and nonstructural carbohydrate intakes were greater in palmitic acid-enriched fat -fed cows thancalcium salts of fish oil -fed cows. Also, intake of dry matter, energy, organic matter, protein, neutral detergent fiber, nonstructural carbohydrate and fats in cows supplemented with +PP diets were greater than cows fed –PP diets. Consumption of particles retained on 8-mm sieve, pan, peNDF8 in cows on +PP diets were greater than those in -PP cows. Cows fed palmitic acid-enriched fat treatment had less rumination time per kg of neutral detergent fiber, peNDF8 and peNDF1.18 than calcium salts of fish oil -fed cows. Also, palmitic acid-enriched fat treated cows had less chewing time per kg of peNDF8 and peNDF1.18 than cows in calcium salts of fish oil treatments. Sorting activity against long particle and peNDF1.18 and in favor of medium particle were higher in cows fed –PP diets than those in cows fed +PP treatments. Eating meal number per day increased and time between meals and duration of each meal decreased in –PP-fed cows than those in +PP-fed cows. Rumination and chewing time per kg of peNDF1.18 intakes were greater in –PP cows than +PP cows.

Under the conditions of this experiment and in primiparous cows, palmitic acid-enriched fat -fed cows had less chewing and rumination times per kg of peNDF intake than calcium salts of fish oil treatment however, the sorting activity and chewing pattern were not affected. Pomegranate peel increased nutrients intake, reduced sorting against long portions and fiber, as well as reduced the meals number and increased the duration of each meal.

The future of any dairy farm depends on the success of the female calf rearing. In recent years, new aspects the use of forage in the starter feed has been discussed. Studies have reported that a starter without forage leads to the development of abnormally shaped villi in the calf's rumen, which will negatively affect rumen growth and development. However, today there are different opinions about the use of forages in the starter feed for dairy calves so that some researchers believe that the presence of forages in the starter feed reduces the performance of dairy calves. In this study, the effect of 15% alfalfa forage level in the ground starter diet on functional responses and skeletal growth traits of dairy calves fed a step-down milk feeding procedure was investigated.

The experiment was designed and conducted in a completely randomized design using 30 Holstein female calves (15 calves per treatment). Experimental treatments were as follows: 1- ground starter diet without forage (control) 2- ground starter diet consisted of 15% alfalfa hay. The milk feeding pattern was the same for both treatments and was a step-down procedure as 2 times per day(6 liters to 30 days, 4 liters to 45 days, and 2 liters to 56 days). All calves were weaned on day 56 of the experiment and keep until day 70 in the experiment. Feed intake and weight gain were measured and recorded weekly. Skeletal growth traits were measured on days 1, 56, and 70 of the experiment. Rumen fluid was measured on day 60 of the experiment. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mixed procedure as repeated measures for 3 periods (before weaning, after weaning, and the whole period).

The results of this study showed that adding 15% alfalfa hay to the starter feed did not have a significant effect on the mean daily weight gain, feed efficiency, and skeletal growth traits of dairy calves. Calves that received the forage treatment had higher starter feed intake in the post-weaning period than the starter diet without forage (P <0.05). Acetate concentration was higher for 15% forage and propionate concentration was higher for the control treatment (P <0.05). Rumen pH also tended to increase in calves consuming forage.

Feeding 15% of alfalfa forage mixed with the ground starter feed improved their feed intake after weaning. These results indicate that the use of alfalfa forage in the ground starter diet reduces the stress of weaning and improves rumen development.

The global climate change that is currently happening on earth is affecting the ecosystem, environment, and the health of animals, humans and other species. Today, the climate change is one of the greatest challenges that mankind and natural world are faced with. The purpose of this study is to identify the health consequences of climate change on human health such dysentery disease in different climate zone in Iran. The research is a retrospective cohort study which uses secondary data. In data analysis, tests of Poisson regression model were used for longitudinal data. According to the current study, the average monthly maximum temperature and rainy days have the highest correlation with the incidence of dysentery disease in men and women. It also shows that there is a significant correlation between climate and dysentery disease in children and adults over the age of 65 years. The results of current study indicated that climate factors in each climatic zone have different effects on the health.

Nowadays, research about quality of life in breast cancer patients is so important, because of progress in treatment procedure in health science. Brest cancer influences quality of life aspects and disrupts social relationships. This creates recluse lifestyle and speeds up disease trend.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect(s) of social capital on quality of life, treatment compliance, and pain in patients with breast cancer.
In a clinical trial, 29 patients with breast cancer (who referred to Kashany hospital in Shahrekord during 2010 - 2012) through non-probability (available) sampling were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group received some interventions to promote social capital and the non-intervention group took routine treatment.
Before the intervention, both groups were similar in terms of the study variables. But after the intervention, in the intervention group social capital, Qol and treatment compliance increased and in the non-intervention group, these variables decreased. Pain in both groups was reduced, but this reduction was more noticeable in the intervention group.
Increasing the social capital results in promoting Qol, health behaviors, treatment compliance and pain relief. Then methods of promoting social capital can be used as a way to improve Qol and treatment compliance and relieve pain.

Many researches have been done on the addiction process، but few studies have examined the process of resiliency against addiction. This study was aimed to identify the facilitating and inhibiting factors in the young people’s resiliency process by analyzing their living experiences. This qualitative study was based on grounded theory with Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The data underwent open، axial and selective coding. The study focused on Darvaze Ghar neighborhood of Tehran. Data were collected through open unstructured interviews and focus group discussion. In total، 21 interviews were conducted with 12 respondents and a focus group discussion was held with 7 participants. Lincoln and Guba (1985) scales were used to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. The obtained codes were classified into 19 categories، including personal characteristics، family support، culture، spirituality، spiritual beliefs، environment، and social interventions. According to their nature، these categories were facilitating or inhibiting the process of resiliency against substance abuse. The youth with more religious beliefs، awareness، self-confidence، optimism and hatred towards drugs are more resilient against substance abuse. Moreover، the families with a higher sense of responsibility trust and monitor their children’s activities، talk to them about different issues and provide them with good trainings from the very childhood; therefore their children will be more resilient against addiction.