فهرست مطالب hojat sheikhi

This research aims to measure and evaluate the social sustainability of the cities of Ilam province emphasizing the sustainability of small cities, using 51 social sustainability indicators, including 8 components: the literacy rate of city residents, the durability and strength of the family, the availability of suitable housing, the quality of population dynamics, access to Healthcare indicators, access to educational indicators, equal access to cultural spaces and access to green and recreational spaces in 21 cities of Ilam province. The main aim of this research is to improve the quality of life for the residents of these cities and to achieve equality and justice; both intra-generational and intergenerational to realize sustainable social development. The main question of this research is what levels of development are the cities of Ilam province in terms of social sustainability? And is there a relationship between the size of the population of cities and their level of social sustainability? In other words, do the small cities of this province have a better social sustainability than other middle cities in the province from the perspective of social indicators?

This research, in order to measure the social sustainability of 21 cities of Ilam province, based on the data of the 1395 census, 51 indicators related to social stability, including 4 indicators of literacy status, 4 indicators of family consolidation status, 11 indicators of access to health facilities and equipment - Medical, 7 indicators of access to educational facilities, 3 indicators of access to cultural-religious facilities, 22 indicators of access to social economic activity (access to suitable housing, employment and economic activity) were selected, then negative indicators were reversed and turned into positive indicators. It was evaluated and analyzed using SPSS software and the application of TOPSIS technique.Then, to determine the relationship between the size of the population of the cities and their sustainability rating, the cities of the province were ranked and classified using cluster analysis, and their results were displayed in the form of maps using Arc GIS. Then, using Spearman's correlation coefficient, the relationship between population rank and sustainability rank of cities was investigated and analyzed. Spearman’s correlation test is a non-parametric synonym of Pearson's correlation coefficient. Spearman's correlation coefficient shows how much the dependent variable changes with the increase or decrease of the independent variable?

The results of cluster analysis about the population of the cities of Ilam province show that Ilam city as a medium city with (166,760 people) at the first population level, four cities of Dehlran (30,385 people), Ivan (29,351 people), Abdanan (22,420 people) and Darreh Shahr (20,371) in the second population level, three cities of Mehran (14,309), Arqavaz Malekshahi (12,333) and Sarableh (10,869) in the third population level and thirteen urban points Asman Abad (5,886), Chavar (5,753), Badre (4,215), Pahle (4028), Murmori (3518), Zarne (3113), Lomar (2655), Mimeh (2628), Sarab Bagh (2557), Musian (2480), Delgosha (2201), Saleh Abad (1707) and Towheed (1475) They are at the fourth level of population.The results show; The only urban point of Towheed, on the first stable level, 4 cities of Mimeh, Lomar, Sarab Bagh and Badreh on the second or semi-stable level, 10 urban points; Sarablah, Musian, Saleh Abad, Delgosha, Chavar, Asman Abad, Murmuri, Pahle, Dareh Shahr and Zarneh are in the thirdor semi-unstable level and 6 urban points of Arquaz Malekshahi, Abdanan, Mehran, Ilam, Ivan and Dehlran are in the fourth or unstable level.The results of this research using the TOPSIS technique and cluster analysis to determine the level of social sustainability in 21 urban areas of Ilam province based on the statistics of 2015 using 51 social sustainability indicators show; The only urban point of Towheed, on the first or stable level, 4 cities of Mimeh, Lomar, Sarab Bagh and Badreh on the second or semi-stable level, 10 urban points; Sarablah, Musian, Saleh Abad, Delgosha, Chavar, Asman Abad, Murmuri, Pahle, Dareh Shahr and Zarneh are on the third or semi-unstable level, 6 urban points of Arquaz Malekshahi, Abdanan, Mehran, Ilam, Ivan and Dehlran are on the fourth or unstable level..Also, the analysis of the population of the cities of the province using cluster analysis in four levels shows that the city of Ilam is an intermediate city with (166,760 people) in the first population level, four cities of Dehlran (30,385 people), Ivan (29,351 people), Abdanan (22,420 people) ) and Dareh Shahr (20,371) at the second population level, three cities of Mehran (14,309), Arquaz Malekshahi (12,333) and Sarablah (10,869) at the third population level and thirteen urban points Asman Abad (5,886), Chavar (5,753), Badre (4215), Pahle (4028), Murmori (3518), Zarne (3113), Lomar (2655), Mimeh (2628), Sarab Bagh (2557), Musian (2480), Delgosha (2201), Saleh Abad (1707) and Tawhid (1475) are in the fourth demographic level.

The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient calculations to check the correlation between the population size and the sustainability of the cities of Ilam province by using the Spearman's coefficient show the value of -0.782, indicating the existence of a strong and inverse relationship between the city's population rank and the sustainability rank. it is them This situation shows that with the increase in the population of the cities, their stability decreases and on the contrary, and for this reason, small cities have more stability. In other words, cities with smaller (smaller) population size have higher social stability, which is a direct result of governments to create educational, health and medical services and other social indicators in these cities, and there is equality and proportionality between the population of cities with higher population and social stability indicators. is not observed; Therefore, any planning in the field of improving the social sustainability indicators of the cities of Ilam province must necessarily start from the cities with higher population such as Ilam, Dehlran, Abdanan, Mehran, Ivan, and Arquaz Malekshahi.

According to the law of the fourth development plan, one of the main axes of the issue of national security is the discussion of passive defense. One of the important parts in the discussion  of passive defense is safe spaces and shelters. In this research, the city of Sanandaj has been chosen as a study sample considering that it is one of the important cities with military importance in the west of the country. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, and for Site Selection urban shelters, four criteria are used: compatible uses, incompatible uses, physical use and safety, as well as effective sub-criteria. (Centers with support functions (cultural, educational, medical and sports centers), firefighting centers, industrial and dangerous centers, sensitive and important centers, population density, dense areas, open and green spaces, main roads, slope and distance from the river ) Used. Using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP), the locations in five floors have been obtained in priorities from very suitable to very suitable for the establishment and construction of urban shelters. The results show that the central areas of Sanandaj city have a very good to good and relatively good situation in terms of the establishment of shelters, which include Enkhelab St., Namaki St. and Imam St., Abbas Abad Beltway, Golshan St., Chaharbagh St., Salahuddin Ayubi St., Taleghani St. Esteghlal St., Twenty-Hasht Day Blvd., Dovazde Farvardin Blvd., Kurdistan Blvd., Ba'ath Blvd., Allameh Hamdi Blvd., Pasdaran St., Shahada St., and parts of Kargar St. that can be considered as favorable locations for shelter construction.

The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the effective factors in the development of tourism in the city of Shush with a future research approach and to examine the extent and how these factors affect each other. The current research is based on the purpose of an applied development type. The method of collecting information is the library, documentary and field method. The statistical population of the research includes 20 experts related to tourism and urban and regional planning, with 56 variables in the form of six dimensions (macro and extra-provincial, economic, managerial, cultural and social, environmental, physical) using the method Delphi and expert opinion were identified. In order to analyze the data, the cross-effects matrix (MICMAC) has been used, which finally has 13 key factors: security and peace of tourism, government budget related to tourism, allocation of financial resources in the tourism sector, entrepreneurship, strengthening the local economy, competition, Tourism offices, tourism institutions and travel agencies, holding festivals, existence of handicrafts, participation of citizens, environmental tolerance capacity, development of recreational and entertainment facilities, suitable location of business centers have the greatest impact on the state of tourism development in the city of Shush.

The rapid growth of urbanization in Third World countries is causing regional balances to collapse; in the meantime, the adoption of some economic policies attracts facilities into several limited areas and the backwardness of other One of the issues facing planners in different regions of the country is the risk of developing major cities in the face of the underdevelopment of small towns and rural areas. This article aims to study and compare the cities of Ilam province in terms of developmental indicators and their developmental extent by using TOPSIS and AHP method with emphasis on system attitude. The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant imbalance between Ilam and other counties of the province, and the city of Ilam is the only city with other provinces in the province. Thus, it can be said that the total number of Counties in the province of Ilam is only 14.3% and 85.7% of them are deprived.

Due to the vast changes it brings about in the land use and land cover, the rapid expansion of cities has had many negative effects on the environmental quality at global level. Examples include air quality, increased temperature, changes in perspective, and the alteration of agricultural lands into barren lands that leads to the loss of biodiversity. Since land use changes happen at extensively, remote sensing technology is a necessary, efficient, and valuable means to monitor changes. In this study, the effect of land use changes on the temporal-spatial patterns of land surface temperature in the urban lands of Ilam city in a 30-year period (1990-2020) was examined using Landsat satellite images and simulation of changes using fuzzy ARTMAP neural network model. Landsat satellite sensors (TM, OLI, ETM) were used to investigate the longitudinal and spatial changes (LST) in Ilam city.  To provide the land use map, the pixel-based classification for all periods (1990-1995-2000-2005-2010-2015-2020) was applied using ENVI and Ecognitio software packs and then estimations were made using NDVI and LST models. The results showed that Ilam city ecosystem has moderate levels of NDVI. The average temperature of residential land use level in June is 35.8 degrees centigrade, and the temperatures of three land uses of horticulture, agriculture, and other uses (uncovered lands) were 32.22, 37.25, and 38.46, respectively, with the main lands with the minimum temperature being green highlands. In city, existence of high rise buildings and building shading, use of materials with less heat absorption such as Isogam, urban green space and furniture, and air pollution lead to lesser absorption of energy. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of NDVI was aligned with LSP values. The results regarding land use areas using fuzzy-neural network show that residential land uses has risen from 19.18 percent in 1990 to 39.35 percent in 2020, which shows the city expansion and development. On the other hand, the horticultural land use has declined from 8.64 in 1990 to 3.49 in 2020, which can be attributed to the development of urban space.

Weaknesses of traditional approaches to urban planning, including the inability to cope with the complexity and uncertainty of change, forecast constraints as the main support tools for urban planners and decision makers, the main emphasis on spatial form, short-term planning orientation, lack of comprehensive approach And the holistic view of the urban system, the lack of effective participation and cooperation between stakeholders and the neglect of the vision approach to the future, has led planners and city managers to use new tools in this area.The city of Ilam, as the capital of the province due to the strategic location of the international border of Mehran and the location of this city in transit and transit conditions on one side and the other, urban rural migration, irregular expansion of the city, the annexation of some surrounding villages Within the city limits, the uncontrolled expansion of suburban textures around the city, especially in areas with rugged and sloping topography, the staggering increase in land and housing prices, the growing demand for urban life, witness changes in the performance and appearance of the city. In the near future, it will cause many challenges and issues outside of urban development plans and projects in this city. Therefore, the existence of such conditions requires strategic studies based on the future perspective of the city to identify the most important variables affecting urban development. This research intends to identify and analyze the most important factors affecting the development of Ilam city with a futuristic approach and examine the extent and how these factors affect each other and the future situation of Ilam city, which in fact is the basis for developing scenarios and achieving the desired scenarios. Provide. Therefore, according to the purpose, the main question of this research is what are the possible and desirable scenarios in the development of Ilam city?Theoretical Bases Differences in the views and diversity of origins and areas of knowledge of those who have considered futurism have led to various definitions of it, and on the other hand, the relatively short life of futurism indicates that this concept is still in its infancy. There is a transition. Since the 1970s, Europeans have paid close attention to the field of futurism, using the term futurism for the field. The first futuristic studies in science, technology, and innovation at the national level date back to 1970.The fact is that the lack of foresight in the urban development system is one of the main factors in the weakness of the urban planning system. Methods of recognizing and constructing the future require dealing with social phenomena and then through the path of planning. The level of analysis of the city as a platform for social action is one of the most important components of foresight that should be reflected in the framework of city plans. Urban planners should provide commitment to the generation by preparing a vision and prioritizing issues, evaluating and formulating social criteria. Future people, recognizing the factors of change and transformation in society and paying attention to the present by thinking about the future, with an active and intelligent approach, design the desired future of the urban system.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information and data of the questionnaire is based on library, documentary and field studies. In the documentary and library studies section to achieve the desired information, from Internet sources, books and the latest Persian and Latin articles have been used. The statistical population is the entire geographical area of Ilam city and the statistical sample includes 50 people from the community of experts in the field of urban planning in the departments of road and urban planning, municipality, governorate (technical office and office of urban affairs), environment. To analyze the data and variables, the modeling process and MIC MAC software, Scenario Wizard were used.

The results show that the degree of saturation of the matrix is 84.83%, which indicates that the selected factors have a large and scattered effect on each other and in fact the system has been in an unstable state. Out of 2383 evaluable relationships between the variables of this matrix, 426 items have a value of zero (no direct relationship), 1304 relationships have a value of one (low impact), 910 relationships have a value of two (medium impact) and 169 relationships have a value of three (high impact) They were.

This futuristic approach identifies and analyzes the most important factors affecting the development of Ilam city and examines the extent and how these factors affect each other and the future situation of Ilam city. The main results of this research have two stages: The first stage is the results related to the variables that determine the development of Ilam city. For this purpose, 53 factors in 6 study sections (economic, social, political, etc.) and in the impact analysis matrix were adjusted and collected for development and planning experts of the city and analyzed with MICMAC software. Finally, from the initial 53 factors, 10 factors were selected as key factors that will play the most important role in the future development of Ilam city, which are: the existence of non-governmental organizations, the need for integrated urban management, management Executive, urban pollution, location of urban land uses in different parts of the city, implementation of a comprehensive and detailed plan, increase of facilities and public services, organization of social activities, citizen participation, urban culture. Among these, key development variables have a special role and place in the scenario development process of Ilam city. Then, by defining the possible situations of each factor in the future progress of this city, 30 possible situations were designed. Then, using the capabilities of Wizard software, 2 strong scenarios, 93 weak scenarios and 17 believable scenarios were extracted. In general, it should be said that the main result of this research shows that the future development of Ilam city continues

Land and housing prices are subject to various factors and conditions. Therefore, prices are different in different times and places. In other words, at the level of a city, land and housing prices are different from one region to another based on local and socio-economic characteristics. The change in prices is one of the most visible economic reflections of intervention in physical tissue of the cities. Public transport is one of the essential services of today’s cities and ensuring that it is delivered efficiently and effectively is one of the priorities of many cities. The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of expansion of public transport on housing price using Hedonic model in the neighborhoods of Kasra, 22 Bahman and Towns of Maskan and Moallem in Kermanshah. This research is applied in which correlation method and Hedonic function were used. The effects of independent variable and dependent variables were evaluated using field studies. Thirteen variables were used of which physical condition, situation and access can be mentioned. Eviews and SPSS software were used to analyze the data and estimate the model. The obtained results showed that the coefficients of all the understudy variables were statistically meaningful. Since the p-value for all variables was less than 0.05, so there is a meaningful relationship between the price of residential units and the studied variables.

Actually, the old structures are parts of urban structures that their functional and body qualities are reduced or disturbed. Principally, the subject of improving the old structures is the impossible matter without citizens' participation. Therefore, it can be said that it is necessary for achieving the stable development of people's participation in the economical and social fields and increasing citizens' role in urban affairs can play a significant role in creating necessary balance and harmony between society classes. This study is performed through analyzing the role of people's participation in improving the old structure of Jalili neighborhood in Kermanshah. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, survey (questionnaire and interview).and the considered information is gathered by observing and filling the questionnaire and SPSS software is used for analyzing them. The statistical population of the present study includes all resident households in the Jalili neighborhood and the population has more than 5600 members. The Cochran Formula is used for selecting the samples among residents. Consequently, the amount of 359 members is selected as the sample. The findings of the study show that citizens' participation is calculated lesser than the average and it can be said people's participation is not located at the suitable level in improving and renovating the old structure. In addition, it can be expressed that reliance on managers, the effective factor on people's participation and the shortage of cultural-social constitutions for excluding people's participation in improving the old structure of neighborhood.

Decreasing the vulnerability of urban land uses which leads to the reduction of damages is considered as the most important goals that urban planners and managers have attempted to implement it in cities. It would be possible through applying new approaches of crisis management such as passive defense that can be effective in creating urban environments. The present research is aimed to study the vulnerability of Hamedan city based on the principles of passive defense. The study is an applied research based on its purposes and it is analytical-descriptive one in terms of nature. Data analysis was done based on passive defense framework. For data analysis, 9 main land uses and 23 subsidiary land uses are compared and scored using Super Decision software. By evaluating criteria and sub-criteria to which the closeness-farness from the main criteria or density-dispersion towards them are important, the distance was calculated in ArcGIS environment. Following the afore-mentioned procedures, Hamedan city is classified in 5 categories (i.e. very high, high, medium, low and very low) in terms of vulnerability. The most important risk factors of Hamedan city can be mentioned as: high population density in some neighborhoods around the first ring of Hamadan, the construction density in neighborhoods around Sepah square, Khezr and places around Rajaee Street, the fine-grainedness of residential units, the lack of open spaces and green spaces in the old neighborhoods of Hamedan and the concentration and centralization of official buildings in several parts of the city.

IntroductionIn present century, the tendency to urbanization has been seen in most countries. The physical development and population growth of Iran cities have had a coordinated and balanced increase until several decades ago. Based on new changes, the cities have been changed and improved quickly. These changes have been unbalanced and uncoordinated in the form of quick increase of population and physical growth of the cities. Generally, this urban unbalanced development has been happened in the unprepared lands in the cities. Therefore, the most important issue against urban development is the place for their future development. Principally, the establishment and creation of a city is depended on the geographical location and condition more than anything else. Based on geographical site where the cities are located on it, they may encounter with different geomorphologic phenomena for their future development. These phenomena may provide the possibility of developing city or they may be expressed as an impasse in urban development and reconstruction. How much cities are developed they will encounter more with different unites of topography and geomorphology and their related issues. Therefore, the importance and necessity of knowing the features of natural environment for recognizing proper points for creating buildings and structures will be obvious from improper points. Urban Spatial and growth development in Ilam have been affected somehow by factors such as imposed war, urban-rural immigration like borderline villages and cities. Despite the end of war, Ilam has an extraneous growth consecutively because of starting noticeable and extensive hostilities and the significant role of Ilam and its official-political center and services. The population increase has caused the frequent demands for residences and according to the limitation of area in Ilam, we can see the construction on the hills and Slopes over 15%. The natural condition around the city does not have an appropriate base for development because of environmental situation. So, according to mentioned problem, it is necessary that the urban development to be ordered for preventing the destruction of proper usages that one solution is optimized location of urban development.
MethodologyThe method of the research is applied method based on purpose and is descriptive-analysis based on the identity. The method of gathering information is limited to case study based on field-library studies and Spatial data of studied scope. The Spatial information (Slope, Slope aspect, topography, land use, geology, distance from water channel and road) is digitalized and save from related maps. The model which is used to incorporate the mentioned information is actually a weighted model that criteria are located in a hierarchy system and compared pair-wise and each of them is given an especial weight between scale 1 to 9. Based on AHP model, weight and priority of parameters are performed based on physical features and characteristics of the scope according to expert's views.
Results and discussionIn this section of the article, the effective variables and evaluation of affect proportion in each of them in determining the optimized direction of urban development are studies and evaluated in Ilam. Besides the analyzing the percentage of each factor affect, a map is provided for developing according to each layer and then a final map is provided and presented for urban development. In the final layer, the criterion with more value has more priority than other criteria. The coefficient of slope criteria, hypsometry, lithology, land use, the distance from road, geographical direction and distance from water channel are 0/33, 0/22, 0/16, 0/11, 0/08, 0/06 and 0/04 respectively. The observations show that the topography has a great effect on location and urban space development. Because this city is located by mountains from all directions and based on dip, Ilam is located in a dip between 0% and 15% and the higher slopes are coincided on mountains. Also, the material of geology in the studied scope is lime, marl, shale and alluvial components that subsidence of the city is not unexpected by urban development on these components.
Conclusion The urban Spatial development means evasive and expanding physical areas of a city is one of the necessities for developing urbanization and it should be guided to a direction to observe all principals of development. Understanding urban development has an important role in planning urban development and balanced urban development management. Studying and recognizing the natural features in every region can play an important role in planning and proper location for urban development. However, the expanse of the city without paying attention to natural features can develop the city toward a direction that its results would be the increase of prices, problems for services and encountering with some environmental dangers. So due to natural factors, geographical and environmental Therefore, these factors were the substrate and position of Main City In addition, it can all urban design elements such as space, form, structure and texture of change It is important.
Ilam is located inside of a field among mountains where is surrounded by mountains that is in contract with gemological conditions by urban area development toward mountains for the lack of enough land in the filed for its expanse. Due to the natural characteristics of the study area, by providing different information layers, logging and analysis of geographic information system database,by using AHP model, The land proportion is divided to five areas most inappropriate (25,3%), inappropriate (31,7%), average (18,5%), appropriate (14,6%), most appropriate (9,9%). Based on less area of appropriate and most appropriate areas for Ilam development than inappropriate areas, it is possible to revise proper strategies for developing the center of residences and guide the function toward appropriate areas and prevent the evasive of residences in the inappropriate areas and in addition to protecting this part environment, the existed sources can be used desirably.

As an interface between the city and citizens, urban neighborhoods have formerly played a major role in shaping and organizing urban activities over the time. They also were encouraging the feelings of belongings, identity, and social relations among their residents by providing the required daily services. However, such neighborhoods don’t play any important roles in various urban plans and programs nowadays. Meanwhile, the idea of sustainable development at neighborhood level is recently emerging among urban planner circles again. Returning to the urban neighborhood solution is considered as a viewpoint that addresses the current problems of cities and urban life. It seeks possible ways to solve the problems using the powerful internal forces and existing social capitals. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of social capital and its components in neighborhood sustainable development of Illam city. The applied method is analytical-descriptive. Documentary methods are used to complete the theoretical and literature reviews of the study. Field methods and questionnaires are used to accomplish the other parts of the research. The sample includes all the residents of 14 districts of Illam city among them, 383 persons were selected by Cochran formula to complete the questionnaires based on a Cluster sampling. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by a formal way and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (0.871). To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) as well as inferential statistics (correlation and multiple regressions) were carried out. The findings revealed that variables of normalization, civil participation and social solidarity have a positive and meaningful effect. But the variables of linking to social networking and social security have a reverse effect and the variable of social trust has no effects on neighborhood sustainable development in Illam city.

Residential uses are the most important function of any city that have occupied the largest part of the cities. Supply of housing quality is one of the main objectives of housing programs in developed countries and providing this quality is one of the most serious challenges that housing policies and programs are faced with. The first important feature for adequate housing, is its land. Because the house that is placed in unsuitable location can not provide the requirements of its residents, even if it is appropriate. Therefore, the correct locating of housing in addition to improving the quality of housing will also reduce costs. In this survey, the researcher tries to find prone vacant land for residential establishment in order to achieve the most important purpose of the research that is locating of residential lands and due to the need for new residential buildings in Behbahan. Then it has investigated that the options have the potential for residential establishment or not?" and " Which one is more suitable for this purpose?". For this purpose, in this project after performing library studies and identifying the criteria needed to residential locating, three points of the city have been selected for residential establishment. After attending in these places and doing field activities, these three sites were scored based on criteria listed. We used "bipolar- scale" to change qualitative data into quantitative data. Finally, decision making matrix include alternatives rates is provided. After doing all the TOPSIS method steps that is elaborated in this text, one option is introduced as the best choice among the three options. Then, these areas were closely visited. Surveys conducted, and questioning of the experts about the status of selected sites, confirm the validity of selected options and the accuracy of the TOPSIS method.

The degree of existing different and various natural, economic, social and political factors either have caused regional inequalities or have increased such inequalities. In 2006, out of 26 cities of province of Hamadan, the city of Hamadan covered 49 percent of urban population and smaller cities and towns (those with population below 25 thousands people) covered 15 percent of urban population. The province of Hamadan also has two major areas in north and south of the province that covers more than 77 percent of urban population and the other 22 percent are in only 13 cities of the province. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and studies the role of middle city of Hamadan in regional development. The research uses quantitative methods and models, considering population variables, sanitation, cultural and educational facilities. The results of the study show that this city has an important role in spatial development; and most of the service and economical potential of the province are concentrated in this city. The most important reason for this, is the less number of middle cities and their improper situation.