hosein karimzadeh

The Qaleh Chai watershed as one of the watersheds of Lake Urmia has 36 rural settlements that are often active in agriculture. This area has been experiencing a reduction in available water for the past 20 years or so. Water scarcity has doubled the need to improve water productivity. The present study was conducted with the aim of forecasting water productivity in 36 rural settlements of the Qaleh Chai watershed. Data collection was in the form of a Delphi questionnaire with the participation of experts, which was analyzed with Micmac software. The number of components studied included 20 components affecting the promotion of water productivity. Data analysis led to the identification of 9 key components affecting the improvement of water productivity in the Qaleh Chai watershed. The most important key components identified are canal renewal, reducing irrigation time and increasing frequency, reducing the land area in steep areas, improving the quality of management and taking a comprehensive approach, transferring water from the source to the farm using Indoor canals, using of agricultural inputs with less water requirement, subsidies for sprinkler and drip irrigation, use of advanced equipment to reduce water consumption and improve villagers' water productivity skills respectively with scores 767, 766, 655, 654, 632, 609, 608, 541 and 496. The results of prioritizing the villages in terms of key components showed that the Harglan village, the Almalo village, and the Tutakhaneh village have the highest score (0.042, 0.045, 0.051), respectively. According to the research findings, It can be said that the realization of strategies to improve water productivity in the group is the simultaneous attention to all components and the adoption of a comprehensive approach.

While women account for half of the rural population and have many potential for contributing to social and economic activities, but neglecting about capacity building and empowerment, they have created many challenges for rural women and their ability. Attention to women's abilities in order to empower can increase their participation in livelihoods by increasing their ability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate capacity building for empowerment of rural women. The present research is an applied objective and the method of doing that is scrolling method. The statistical population includes rural women in Zanjan city (N = 43559). In this case 381 women were selected as samples by Cochran formula and using quota sampling. The relationship between capacity building and women's empowerment was investigated by Using Univariate Exploratory Equivalence Ratio to identify the dimensions of capacity, a single-sample t-test was used to assess the capability and, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that from the four dimensions considered for measuring rural capacities, respectively economic dimensions (0.613), social dimension (0.133), structural-institutional (0.191) and environment (118.3) 0) are The most important dimensions of capacity building for rural women.

The benefit model of local government says that individuals would be responsible for the cost of producing and procuring of public services, if they benefit from government services. while one of the failures in the financial and revenue system of the municipalities is that there are many services in cities which is not equally accessible to everyone and its distribution in different areas of the municipality is not the same. therefore, the main purpose of the paper is to determine the eligibility of tax due to the quality of access to services. This research based on the purpose is an applied research, and it essentially is an descriptive-analytic research and it is based on documentary studies, library and field studies. It has been widely used various types of GIS capabilities such as Spatial Analysis Tools and spatial statistical tests included Nearest Neighboring distance and Moran I index. Two types of relative and functional weight have been used in order to weigh the indicators and to evaluate the layers. Finally, the combined model of human development index HDI is used to interpret its results in order to use the scientific results of ZONAL analyzes. The results of two spatial statistics tests, the Nearest Neighboring distance and spatial dependency test of Moran I showed the spatial distribution pattern of public services has been clustered and heterogeneous in the city as well as the results of the surveys showed the quality of access of 75.5% of the city's total area of Tabriz city is in poor conditions and completely deprived and it means that space justice does not exist in the utilization of public services. with regards to levels of access for the fair financing of public services It is suggested that levels of privilege pay more taxes than deprived levels because they spend less time and money on access to services.

The touristic Resources and the attractions based on tourism, constitute the main topics in this field. Studies of these two topics, form the foundations of tourism. Resources and tourist attractions of the constituent elements of tourism are considered. Varzaquan County has a great potential for tourism development. There are pristine natural areas, climatic conditions, naturally beautiful landscapes such as forests Arasbaran, Chychaklu, all hands in have to make this city a special place for attracting the tourists. In this research, rankings of the city are based on ability and suitability for tourism development. In analysis and application of spatial data there are usually same uncertainities. Different reasons form these uncertainties in the data model and the presented model in this paper and is based on the spatial data, reduces the mentioned problem. The present approach is based on gray theory has recently been presented in scientific circles. A major focus of this paper is to enhance the effectiveness of the Original TOPSIS Method to evaluate the system of indicator-based model. Therefore, the authers have introduced the weight of each index to the Original TOPSIS Method for improvement. Initially, the Gray Correlation Analysis Method is utilized to calculate the weight of each index. In the recent years, the Gray Correlation Analysis Method has been widely used in the fields of geology, ecology, economic and so on. It is an effective method to examine the relationship between statisticd data by judging the interrelationship between the two indices based on the extent of their links. Secondly, the calculated weights are added to the Original TOPSIS Method. Evidently, the indicator-based model (based on selected indices) is applied in all kinds of field in terms of decision-making. Thus the evaluation system of indicator-based model plays an essential role. In recent years, the Original TOPSIS Method has been widely applied in evaluating the performance of indicator-based model, which has no restriction of sample size and data distribution pattern. Unfortunately, it’s undeniable that the selected indices have always some certain relationships with the effectiveness of the structuredmodels. Additionally, the changes of each index may lead to the internal change of the interactions between indices. All defects mentioned above may contribute to the deviation, which causes negative affects on decision-making.Thus the evaluation system of indicator-based model plays an essential role. In recent years, the Original TOPSIS Method has been widely applied in evaluating the performance of indicator-based model, which has no restriction of sample size and data distribution pattern. Unfortunately, it’s undeniable that the selected indices have always some certain relationships with the effectiveness of the structuredmodels. Additionally, the changes of each index may lead to the internal change of the interactions between indices. All defects mentioned above may contribute to the deviation, which causes negative affects on decision-making.