hossein abdollahi

The aim of current research is to compare the Iran's educational upstream documents and international documents in order to identify the components of teachers ranking and explanation of its effective mechanism in the formulating stage of teacher ranking system in Iran. In this comparative study, documentary method with Bereday approach has been used for collection and analysis of data respectively. Research findings revealed that the similarities of documents have been in three components of "goals", "policies" and "strategies". In addition, their differences have been in four components of "principles and values", "career path structure", "scope of action" as well as "prediction of possible challenges"; which "prediction of possible challenges" have not been seen in the upstream documents of Iran's educational system. In order to enhance effectiveness of Iran's teacher ranking mechanism, it is suggested that the goals, policies and strategies of this system should be clearly and precisely determined with regard to the real needs of the society and its common cultural values - through consensus and creating common understanding and values. Also, considering the professional nature of the duties of school administrators, defining a different career path structure from teachers gives legitimacy to this issue. In addition, in order to predict the expected consequences and results related to the goals, it seems necessary to generalize the scope of inclusion and review the definition of school and teacher in the upstream documents of the Iranian educational system.

Considering the importance of acceptable tax expenditures in the process of tax assessment and the necessity of examining the legal dimensions of the issue, these questions arise: What is the definition of acceptable costs and legal conditions for accepting these costs? In this regard, the present study organized two main sections based on the two mentioned questions. Resulting in the first part, statistics and description of "seven legal conditions" for accepting tax costs, and in the second part, "seven legal criteria" governing the stage of determining the instance, assessment and addressing the mentioned costs were investigated. Finally, two legislative proposals and a procedural proposal in this area were proposed. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the latest "tax laws and regulations" in addition to the votes issued by the Supreme Tax Council, "General Board, Specialized Boards and Branches of the Administrative Justice Court" have also been considered.

The present study aims to investigate the subject of critical analysis of school species expansion policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran, using a critical qualitative approach. To collect evidence from legal / policy texts such as the vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the comprehensive document of the scientific map of the country, the theoretical foundations of fundamental change, the set of laws and regulations of education, the set of approvals of the Higher Education Council and research on school typology used. These documents were analyzed based on the discourse approach of Laclau and Mouffe and for the analysis of texts from the approach of Rizro and Lingard, as well as the design of Creswell spiral analysis. The findings showed that in the four historical periods of the Iranian education system from the pre-constitutional period to the rule of the Islamic Republic, the discourse of the form of policies to expand school species has been focused on two dimensions of educational justice and public participation. Therefore, the need for expertise, legalization of policies and programs related to education and compensation for backwardness and efforts to eliminate illiteracy in society have been raised as factors in adopting a policy of expanding the types of education.

Today, the discussion of ethical behavior and ethical values is a prerequisite for management, and all managers and employees of organizations must respect these principles. The purpose of this study was identifying the dimensions and components of ethical leadership in educational managers of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with competency approach

In this research, a qualitative method and the grounded theory approach were employed. The population of the study was educational managers and educational assistants of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2019-2020 among whom sixteen were selected through theoretical sampling method. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview. The information obtained from the interview was analyzed using content analysis technique in data theory using MAXqda10 software.

  From the initial analysis of qualitative research data 513 codes were identified. In the next step, using axial coding, the identified codes were classified into 17 subcategories. Analysis of qualitative data showed that the component of ethical competence with sub-components (ethical knowledge, ethical attitude, and ethical skills) and technical competence with sub-components (technical knowledge, technical attitude, and technical skills) are the main components of ethical leadership in educational administrators of the University of Mashhad Medical Sciences.

According to the dimensions of competency identified in the educational managers, it can be said when a training manager has the characteristic of ethical leadership he also knows what is morally right (ethical competence) and how to do it (Technical competence).

The tax detection phase is one of the main tax stages that determines the fate of a tax case and can provide or undermine the taxpayer rights. Therefore, it is important to extract and explain the legal rules governing this stage.The question is, what are the rules governing Iran's legal systems regarding the tax detection phase? In spite of the existence of several legal criteria that can be identified at the tax detection stage, the most important and applicable of these terms can be summarized in the "Seven Criteria". These seven criteria are often in line with the rights of taxpayers, because the tax Organization has superior sovereignty and power, and violations of taxpayers' rights are more likely. However, some of the criteria are also intended to facilitate the taxation process by the Organization. The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical.

Adding noise to the speech audiometry tests increases the sensitivity and specificity of them. This study aimed to investigate the normative data for the Speech-in-Noise (SIN) perception test in normal-hearing adults aged 18–25, and evaluate the effect of gender and ear laterality on the test score.

In this cross-sectional study, 126 adults aged 18–25 years with mean(SD) of age: 22.28(1.61) years old participated. The SIN perception test using Persian monosyllabic words was performed in quiet and using 5 signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs; 0,± 5 and ± 10).

The mean of SIN perception score was 96.48, 91 and 82.79% at the SNRs of +10, +5, and 0 for the right ear, and 97.09, 91.42, and 84.11% at the SNRs of +10, +5, and 0 for the left ear, respectively. The interaction effect of gender and ear laterality had no statistically significant effect on the test results in quiet and at any SNRs (p>0.05). Moreover, the main effect of gender on the test score was not significant (p>0.05), and there was no significant difference in the test score between the right and left ears (p>0.05).

Given the importance of including the SIN perception test in the routine audiology tests, considering normative data for this test is important. The normative data found in this study for this test can be routinely used in audiology clinics.

Taxation of the right to assign the place is one of the tax law issues that has been less studied about its legal aspects. The existing legal definition of the “right to assign the place and its instances" is faced with the two problems "ambiguity and imperfection" and therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive definition of these examples.Also by following the sources of tax law, five conditions were extracted for the "realization of the transfer of the right to assignment", which must be met in order to include this type of tax.Regarding the "method of transfer of the right to assignment", this is not limited to transfer through official documents and the transfer is also realized with ordinary documents. Also, in order to determine the "time of taxation", the "agreement of the parties to transfer the right" should be considered as a criterion, and in "determining the taxable income", the "customary price of the right to assign the place" is generally used as a criterion for tax officials; A method that is not only a cause of financial indiscipline, but can also be criminal and corrupting, so alternative solutions have been proposed in this case.The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and attention to the latest "tax regulations" in addition to the votes issued by the "supreme tax council", "general assembly, specialized committees and branches of the court of administrative justice" has been considered in this study.

The present study aimed to compare the effect of upgrade of alleles by genome editing was investigated on genomic variance, response to selection and coefficient of inbreeding. For this study, a population of dairy cattle was simulated based on over ten generations with an effective size of 100 individuals in the base population. The genomic structure was assumed consisting of 3 chromosomes with a length of 100 cM and On each chromosome were located 1000 markers 2 allelic markers with a frequency of 0.5 and fifty QTL double alleles, in random with equal frequency. Marker effects and variance components were estimated using Bayes Lasso method and additive model. Then, upgrade of alleles was performed on 5 and 10 bulls. In the first stage 1, then 20, 25 and 50 QTN was upgraded by genome editing. The BGLR package in R software was used to estimate the additive effects and variance component. In the next step, the mean inbreeding coefficient for GS+PAGE was calculated and compared with the GS by PLINK software. The effect of upgrade alleles by genome editing was increased additive variance. With 1 QTNe was upgraded and inherited by next generation, additive variance relative to genome selection increased by 0.139. The response to cumulative selection in GS+PAGE model in 5 bulls and 1, 20, 25 and 50 QTNe, increased by 0.07, 0.17, 0.29 and 0.31, respectively. With increasing the number of QTNe, the inbreeding coefficient also increased slightly, but there was no significant. Genome editting improves the genetic variance of the population without increasing inbreeding.

Although the property transfer tax has been studied from an economic-financial point of view, its legal aspects need further consideration. The Iranian Tax Code has categorized property transfer tax as a kind of income tax. However, a transfer tax could be considered a kind of lump-sum tax which can have positive effects on the tax assessment procedure. Verifying the transfer of property title is subject to its notarization and official registration. But in many cases there is a legal possibility of taxing transfers of property done through non-notarized conveyance deeds, which of course depends on the fulfillment of certain conditions. Also, the transfer of property can take place in various legal forms, including sale, rent on condition of ownership, settlement (solh) against consideration, gift (heba) against consideration, exchange, etc. the taxation of which is done under the law valid at the time of transfer. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical.

Today, the discussion of ethical behavior and ethical values are a prerequisite for management and all managers and employees of the organization and also they must respect these principles and manifest them in their behavior. Attention and emphasis on the observance of ethical principles and standards in the scientific and academic community provides the foundations for sustainable development. Today, promoting ethics in educational organizations is considered one of the important tasks in addition; all managers need to have special moral competencies and abilities that enable them to perform their duties in the best way. The purpose of this study was to identify and validate dimensions and components of ethical leadership among the managers of the departments of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with a competency approach.

In terms of data collection, the current research was a mixed type of research (quantitative-qualitative). The qualitative part was based on semi-structured interviews while the quantitative part was based on the questionnaire tool (made by the researcher). In the qualitative part of the research, the data collection tools in the first stage included document library studies and in the second stage, using a semi-structured interview with the academic staff members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2019-2020. At first, using the information obtained from the interviews with the managers of the educational groups, information was collected and then coded. In order to collect information in the qualitative section, the results of semi-structured interviews were used. Sixteen academic staff members were selected through theoretical sampling method, then interview continued until theoretical saturation. In order to analyze the data obtained from the interview, the method of content analysis was used in the coding method which contained:  reading important findings related to the studied phenomenon, giving specific meanings to the extracted sentences classification of obtained concepts, referring to the main content and comparing the data , description of the studied phenomenon and finally returning them to the participants to check the reliability of the results, and then coding and extraction of categories were accomplished. In order to determine the reliability, a strategy such as reviewing the participants has been used in the quantitative section; the structure of the questionnaire was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. The final questionnaire was compiled with 85 items in the form of a 5-point Likert scale. Besides the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. The questionnaire was distributed among 300 academic staff members of basic and clinical departments of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences by random sampling method, in addition, in order to evaluate the reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability indices were used. To determine the validity of the convergent validity questionnaire of index (AVE index) and convergent validity index (AVE index) and Smart PLS software were used too.

The results of the qualitative data analysis of the research showed that the three dimensions of moral competence with the components: moral knowledge, moral attitude, moral skill; and technical competence with the components: technical knowledge, technical attitude, technical skill; and ethical leadership behaviors with the components: moral growth , moral strengthening, were the most important aspects of  ethical leadership in educational managers of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The findings of the quantitative section displayed that the factor loadings related to all dimensions of ethical leadership with the competency approach had a favorable status. According to the results, the values of convergent and divergent credit indicators indicated the desirability of the variable credit of ethical leadership with a competency approach. In addition, the values of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability pointed to the high accuracy of measuring the variable dimensions of ethical leadership, and in other words, the reliability of the instrument related to these dimensions. Cronbach alpha and combined reliability of four dimensions were higher than 0/70, while the convergent validity criterion for the four dimensions was upper than 0/50. According to the data obtained from the transverse load index, this measurement model had a suitable diagnostic validity, whereas according to the index (HTMT), this model received good diagnostic validity, and according to the index (CV Com) the model had the necessary quality.

According to the results of the research, managers had the characteristic of Ethical leadership, which provided moral guidance, moral growth, and moral strengthening through the power of authority resulting from moral competence, and specialized power resulting from technical competence. From the theoretical point of view, the present study showed that only ethical person and ethical manager were not sufficient to implement ethical leadership in the organization. Emphasis on ethical person and ethical manager had always been considered in previous researches but the current research showed that the ethical leader should be a professional person in addition to the above two characteristics. Also the current research presented that these three dimensions (moral competence, technical competence, ethical leadership behaviors) interacted and connected to each other. Accordingly, based on the interaction and connection among these three dimensions, it can be indicated that the ethical leader would be defined as an "ethical professional manager".

The present study is based on the theory of policy enactment and its purpose is to analyze layer by layer the reasons for policy enactment in Iranian primary schools to design alternative scenarios. To achieve this goal, the method of causal layer analysis has been used. In this way, the phenomenon of policy enactment was analyzed and deepened in four layers. The study population in this study are actors who are involved in the enactment of qualitative-descriptive evaluation policy. To find the participants, non-random snowball sampling method was used. MAXQDA 2018 software was also used for data analysis. Results at the Lithuanian level, Iranian students have failed to achieve a global average in international exams over the past two decades. At the level of the social system, human factors and cultural, economic and political contexts play an important role in policy enactment, which is not taken into account. At the worldview and discourse level, the paradigm of reductionism prevails in policy-making. At the level of myths and metaphors, policy-making is a conventional and generative metaphor that plays an important role in the linear implementation of policies. Based on the analysis and deepening of the four layers above, alternative policy enactment scenarios were designed and presented for each layer. Language does not just describe reality; Rather, it shapes reality. The use of the metaphor of development and policy enactment in language can play an important role in the success of policies. Thus, the adoption of politics is a complex, creative, intertwined, contextual and political process in which language and metaphor play a vital role but have received less attention.

Separating "Anfal" from other examples of public property and as a result, making difference in the rules governing these two (duality theory) and the competing theory that believes in unity of all instances of public property and consequently the unity of the governing rules (oneness theory), has not been limited to a jurisprudential dispute at the theoretical level and has had numerous practical effects. The issue under consideration is, which one is more similar with foundations of Iranian basic law and dynamic Ijtihad methods? Research outcome which has been done in a practical way is that «the theory of public property dichotomy» practically leads to dichotomy and diversity in legislative, financial, taxable, organizational structures and these results don't fit «progressive Velayate Faghih system as an institution based on order and discipline», «the philosophy of the Constitution and drawing the legitimized structures in it», «dynamic Ijtihad methods» and «legal State standards».

The purpose of this article is to criticize and analyze the content and structure of “the Handbook for College Teaching”. The research method was a critical exploration. The book has been criticized and analyzed in terms of its form (advantages and shortcomings) as well as its content (intra-structure). The main positive points of the book are simple and fluent prose, expressing the objectives of the book, using simple and technical terms, presenting conceptual prerequisites, expressing the disadvantages and benefits of teaching methods. However, the negative points are its emphasis on traditional methods and its ignorance of the new teaching methods. The authors did not make a distinction between the concepts of teaching methods, techniques, and skills. There is no appropriate cohesion among the titles within the chapters. Instructional objectives are not mentioned at the beginning of each chapter. Only a few pictures and images were used to help the learners understand the text. Critical thinking methods and techniques, as an integral component of higher education, were, to a great extent, neglected. The theoretical background and the literature of the related studies do not meet academic book expectations. At the end of the article, suggestions are made to improve the content of the book.

The aim of this study was to analyze historical contexts as well as creation and development of quality assurance system of the European higher education area. In doing so, two research questions were addressed: (a) what contexts and platforms have induced emergence and development of quality assurance in the European higher education area and (b) what are the effects of creating and developing quality assurance in the European higher education area? This study was of qualitative research type and the data were analyzed through content analysis of documents available at universities in the European Union and the European Network for Quality Assurance in Higher Education website. The findings demonstrated that economic, sociocultural, political and technological platforms have affected development of an efficient quality assurance system in the European higher education area and have correspondingly made the higher education more competitive and powerful in this area. Moreover, high-quality education, learning, research, and so on have been ensured. With reference to quality assurance development plans, the European higher education area has specially concentrated on thematic issues of quality assurance culture and its recognition, quality assurance of e-learning, as well as capacity building and design of joint quality assurance programs in the European area and outside it.

The aim of the study is to investigate professional ethics in the country's universities and compare it with the world's top universities with an emphasis on effective teaching. The research sample is the top 100 universities in the world and 539 universities in Iran (full number). This research is qualitative and has employed the optimal examination of successful national and international experiences using comparative study. At present, in Iranian universities and even in the world's top universities, more attention is paid to the Charter of Professional Ethics. Universities that have professional ethics documentation with an emphasis on effective teaching do not have a specific unified approach to expressing its content. On the other hand, professional ethics and related documents in universities cause the unity of procedure in the implementation of ethics in universities. University presidents and administrators need to pay more attention to developing professional ethics documents for universities so that they can best achieve the main goal of universities, which is effective teaching.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the empowerment of technical and vocational school managers in Kerman province in 2015-2016. This research was a mixed method. The statistical population in the qualitative section was informed persons in the field of empowerment of technical and vocational conservatory managers who were selected by purposive sampling and chained 20 individuals. In the quantitative section, the statistical population consisted of all managers of technical and vocational schools of Kerman province, who were selected by using sample size determination formula (Sarai, 2014). The data collection tool was qualitative, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by expert opinion and its reliability was calculated. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 5 components ranged from 0.83 to 0.91. In qualitative part, using open and axial coding, 5 main components and 17 sub components of manager empowerment were identified and in quantitative part of research, Friedman rank test was performed to prioritize managers' empowerment components and respectively Executive, organizational, professional, communication and personal skills ranks first to fifth. Given the identified skills and their order of importance, it is recommended that these skills be given priority and importance in executive and training plans to empower managers at different levels.

Analyzing current definitions of public properties in Iranian legal system indicates that distinction between these properties from State properties cannot be sought in criteria such as devoting to public services, the ability to confiscate, style of utilization, conformity of public properties from civil and commercial laws. Also existing approaches about the issues such as “relation between public properties and State-owned companies' properties” and “rules governing public properties” are facing criticism that necessitate the redefinition of public properties. In this research, it has been endeavored to redefine the public property according to criteria of Iranian constitutional law system such as interpretation of civil law according to the Constitution, with regard to the effects of the concept of sovereignty; in such a way that, while respecting the fundamental legal-jurisprudential frameworks, the efficiency of the State in utilizing public properties shall be taken into accounts. According to this redefinition, public properties (in the general sense) unlike private ones, are properties devoted to public benefit and belonged to legal person of public law and consisting of State properties, State-owned companies properties and public properties (in the strict sense). These properties can be divided into “original or subordinate” public properties and "national or local" in the domain of State ownership. The redefinition will have many practical legal effects in the legal system.

In this paper, the effect of glass powder, nanosilica, glass fibres and polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete is studied.
At first, in order to obtain the proper control mix design, the effect of the type, amount and the maximum dimension of the sand, the amount and dimension of the glass powder, and the microsilica to cement ratio on the 7-day compressive strength of the reactive powder concrete was studied. Then, the effect of the glass powder as a substitute for sand and cement, nanosilica as a substitute for the cement, the combination of glass powder and nanosilica as a substitute for the cement, and the use of glass fibres and polypropylene fibres on 7-day and 28-day compressive and flexural strength was studied.
Obtained results showed that adding the glass powder as a substitute of sand reduced the compressive strength by 8.5% and increased the flexural strength by 5%. Replacing the cement with nanosilica increased the compressive and flexural strengths by 4% and 17%, respectively. Adding the combination of nanosilica and glass powder as a substitute of cement increased the compressive strength by 12% but it had not a considerable effect on flexural strength. Adding glass fibres reduced the compressive strength by 6% and increased the flexural strength by 30%. Polypropylene fibres decreased the compressive strength by 12% and increased the flexural strength by 15%

Although the impact of psychological capital has long been taken into consideration, but today, understanding the relationship between psychological capital and scientific optimism is considered a necessity. In this study, the psychological structure was studied as a mediator variable in the relationship between organizational capital optimism and psychological capital was studied. This study is descriptive-survey based on the data collection method. In this study, 290 students of Farhangian University were studied as a statistical sample using simple random sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire. the reliability of the instruments measured using Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability and validity of the instruments was determined using a convergent and divergent validity method. Structural equations and Smart PLS2 software were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that psychological capital and academic optimism respectively: Prognosis and consequence of psychological atmosphere are considered and scientific optimism with the resilience component has a negative and positive relationship with the components of self-efficacy, hope and optimism (P<0.05). Overall, results indicated that 44 percent of academic optimism changes are directly explained by the components of psychological capital and 45 percent of the scientific, indirect and optimistic changes through the psychological climate mediator variable. The research has provided important theoretical and empirical findings for future research on academic education and optimism, and also suggests that student perception of the psychological climate is a requirement for scientific optimism.

Psychological capital is considered as the basis of sustainable competitive advantage in today’s organizations and can be developed and managed with minimal costs compared to tangible assets and can lead to significant results.
This quantitative research was carried out to determine the direct and indirect impact of psychological capital on female’s organizational optimism with psychological climate acting as the meditating variable.
This study was a descriptive correlational research that included 45 females, who were employed at Farhangian University between the academic year of 2016 and 2017. A sample of 45 was determined using the census method. Data were collected using a standard questionnaires, including psychological capital questionnaire, psychological climate questionnaire, and organizational optimism questionnaire. The reliability of the instruments was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, combined reliability and factor load, and the validity of the instruments was determined using a convergent and divergent validity method. Cronbach’s alpha test obtained a value of 0.98, 0.96, and 0.93. The data were analyzed by the structural equation modeling and Smart PLS2 software.
The results indicated that the female’s organizational optimism had a mean value of 3.46 ± 0.75. Also, on average, the participants were 35 ± 0.43 years old and had 25 ± 0.38 years of work experience. Psychological capital and female’s organizational optimism are antecedents and consequences of psychological climate among students, respectively, and psychological climate has a significant mediating role on the relationship between psychological capital and female’s organizational optimism; 53% of the total effect of female’s organizational optimism was indirectly explained by the psychological climate (P The findings suggest the need of implementing programs, which strengthen women’s psychological capital in order to improve psychological climate and achieve a greater organizational optimism.

One of the challenges of a usury free banking system is the challenge of accounting for these banks. The research seeks to this question: Does the current accounting system support the usury-free banking system? If not, what is the desirable pattern of usury free banking accounting? Based on this, the main hypothesis is the "desirable accounting model in alignment with for usury free banking based on accountability approach", and eight sub-hypotheses were designed in line with the main hypothesis and presented to the experts and their answers to these hypotheses were collected. The research data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and analysis of variances. Therefore, the research hypotheses were confirmed by the experts. The results of the research show that the desirable accounting model has the following characteristics. "The desirable accounting model is the accountability approach," "the bank has the role of the wakil of the depositors," "the users of financial information, to maximize profits by observing Islamic standards." "The main feature of information is correctness, fairness, and understandable." "," Determining and distributing profits based on Islamic standards. "," Current value is the basis of measurement. "," Reporting purposes, providing information on how to fulfill the task of wakil, and responsive and responsive relationships".

Thermoset polymers have excellent properties of high dimensional stability at elevated temperatures, low creep and good resistance against solvents due to their three-dimensional crosslinking structure. Proper thermal-mechanical properties for these polymers are based on such cured structures with high crosslink density. Due to its excellent mechanical properties, epoxy resin has been widely used in coatings, adhesives and composites. In recent years, a variety of modification procedures have been introduced for toughening of cured resin structure in order to minimize crack formation and improve their impact resistance. Chemical modification of epoxy resins with polyurethanes is one of the most efficient procedures to achieve this goal. Polyurethanes have unique properties including good abrasion resistance, ease of processing and high rupture strength. After a brief introduction of epoxy and polyurethane resins, the procedures and the mechanisms of fracture toughness in polyurethane-modified epoxy are reviewed in present article. Different polyurethanes with wide range of chemical structures are able to toughen the epoxy structure efficiently and provide improved resins for use indifferent applications.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the relationship situation between technical and vocational training and labor market and explaining an appropriat mechanism for communicating with working environment in Iran. The research method was scientific-surveyable and to collect data analysis documents and research-scientific reports from structeured interviews with selected experts in curriculum, educational planning, and executive of technical and vocational training has been used. The findings showed there are no effective mechanisms in order to communicat between technical and vocational training and labor markets. Other important findings of this research are: the essential of revising needs assessment methods and skills stadards, developing job culture, emphasing on the skillful and practical aspects in education in comparison with theoretic education, the essentials of and industrial govermntal organizations in real cooperation with technical and vocational training, technical and vocational training development the in macro-plan frame of Iran’s social, cultural, and economical development and refusing the quantity development of technical and vocational training

Today the psychological factor is one of the controversial subjects in tendency to cosmetic surgery. This study has aimed to compare the hardiness, defense mechanisms and negative self-image among cosmetic surgery applicants with non-applicants.
This causal-comparative study was carried out in Tehran, Iran from April to June 2015. The samples of this study included 60 applicants and non- applicants of cosmetic surgery which were referred to private clinics for cosmetic surgery in regions one and two in Tehran and were selected by convenience sampling. The study tools included defense mechanisms questionnaires and psychological hardiness questionnaires, negative self-portrayal scale questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed by analysis of variance and multivariate tests.
The results of the multivariate analysis of the variance test indicated a significant difference between the applicant and the non-applicant of cosmetic surgery in hardiness aspects (control and commitment), defensive styles (matured, immature and neurotic), and negative self-portrayal scale (anxiety signs and physical appearance).
Due to the differences between the hardiness, defense mechanisms and negative self-portrayal among applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgery, it is important to pay much attention to psychological structures before doing cosmetic surgery.