hossein aghaie

In this study, processed chicory leaf powder was used as a natural adsorbent to remove cobalt ions from aqueous media. Natural adsorbents were characterization by several methods include X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Particle size analyzer (PSA). A set of experiments was performed to detect the optimal conditions and to investigate the effects of various parameters such as initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, solution pH and temperature on the percentage of removal. The optimal conditions for cobalt removal were: pH = 6-8, contact time 20 min, adsorbent dose 20 mg and initial concentration 15 (mg L-1). Adsorption data showed that the adsorption process is more compatible with Langmuir's isotherm. The kinetic data were consistent with the quasi-second-order model with a valid correlation coefficient. Calculation of thermodynamic values ​​showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous, with decreasing entropy and exothermic. Finally, the introduced sorbent was compared with a strong adsorbent such as carbon nanotubes doped with silver nanoparticles (Ag2O-MWCNT). The optimal conditions for the removal of cobalt ions by the processed synthetic adsorbent were: initial concentration of 10 mg L-1, contact time of 40 min, amount of adsorbent 30 mg and pH = 7. Adsorption data showed that the adsorption process for cobalt ions is compatible with Freundlich's isotherm. The kinetic data were consistent with the quasi-second-order model with a valid correlation coefficient. Calculation of thermodynamic values ​​showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The results of this comparison show that the introduced natural adsorbent performs even better than the synthetic and expensive adsorbent and provides a promising outlook if further processing and modifications are performed on this adsorbent.

Recently, the pseudo lattice theory has been used to derive a simple linear correlation for the prediction of the surface tension of pure ionic liquids and their mixtures. That linear equation includes the parameters of coulomb interactions and the short-range interaction between the ions. In this work, a new correlation was derived for the solutions of ionic liquids in molecular solvents. The obtained correlation, predicts that the difference between the experimental surface tension and an approximated surface tension without including ion-solvent interaction, ( ) is a function of -5/3 order of molar volume.  can be calculated by using thermophysical experimental data. The linearity of the plots of  versus V-5/3 for mixtures of ionic liquids and solvents (alcohols and water) confirms the applicability of the pseudo lattice theory for these systems. The slope of the obtained lines, Bmix, is a measure of ion-solvent interaction and is independent of the temperature and mole fraction. Finally, an empirical linear relationship between Bmix and pure ionic liquid properties was extracted for each solvent. The equation of the last linear correlation is valuable for approximating and consequently, the surface tension of solutions at a varied range of temperatures and mole fractions.

In this study, the multi-walled carbonnanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized and then were characterized by the several techniques such as :Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, X-ray powder diffraction ,scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barett-Joyner-Halenda analysis and particle size analyzer. Then, the functionalized multi-walled  carbonnanotubes were used for removing Cr (III) ions from aqueous media. Several adsorption experiments were carried out for evaluating the adsorption capacity of the synthesized FMWCNTs. For adsorbing Cr (III) ions from aqueous solutions. The experimental results showed that the synthesized FMWCNTs have a good capacity for Cr (III) ions adsorption. The effect of the initial concentration of the sorbate, sorbent dosage, temperature, pH  and contact time on the removal  percentage of Cr ( III) ions on to the FMWCNTs and the adsorption capacity of the prepared adsorbent was studied and the optimum value of each of them was determined.Based on the experimental results, the isotherm models evaluation was also performed and the obtained results revealed that the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models can be used for interpretation the experimental results. Kinetic study showed that the kinetic results of this research can be compared with the pseudo first order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models and selecting ones with the largest R2. In addition, adsorption thermodynamic study ,on the basis of the adsorption capacity dependence on the  temperature,was performed. The obtained results showed that the considered adsorption process at the used temperature range is exergonic G0ad<0 and exothermic H0ad<0 and with a decrease in the randomness (S0ad< 0). Based on the magnitude of H0ad, one can claim that the studied adsorption may be a physical adsorption one.

In jurisprudential literature, Defamation is performed with other punishments. Therefore, the purpose of the punishment of Defamation should be considered with the purpose of other punishments. The question of this article is what assumptions can be made about the purposes of the punishment of Defamation and the associated punishment? In response to the question that has been discussed regarding the fatwas of the jurists on the four crimes of fraud, beshrew, pander and false testimony by descriptive-analytical method, while recognizing the punishment of Defamation as complementary, assumptions of separation of Defamation’ purpose from punishment of the attendant and the complementarity of the purpose of the Defamation in relation to the punishment of the attendant is proposed. If Defamation has a separate purpose, it is the purpose of individual deterrence, general deterrence, or prevention of victimization, and the attendant punishment necessarily pursues one of the above three objectives without being similar to Defamation. If the purpose of Defamation is similar to attendant punishment, both punishments simultaneously pursue a single goal at different levels. However, if defamation is complementary punishment, two hypotheses can be proposed: some goals are complementary to others, and some punishments are complementary to others to a single goal. If Defamation has a separate purpose, it is the purpose of individual deterrence, general deterrence, or prevention of victimization, and the attendant punishment necessarily pursues one of the above three objectives without being similar to Defamation. If the purpose of Defamation is similar to attendant punishment, both punishments simultaneously pursue a single goal at different levels. However, if defamation is complementary punishment, two hypotheses can be proposed: some goals are complementary to others, and some punishments are complementary to others to a single goal.

In this study, the electrochemical determination of oxazepam in plasma samples was studied. The composite of graphene oxide/boron (B-RGO) was synthesized via the hydrothermal method and it was cast on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The polyaspartic acid (poly(ASP)) was deposited on the B-RGO by electropolymerization to prepare the modified electrode named B-RGO/ poly(ASP)|GCE. The B-RGO and B-RGO/poly ASP were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical studies were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. The experimental parameters affecting the reduction of oxazepam such as pH, preconcentration time, scan rate and other analysis conditions, and instrumental parameters were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range was obtained from 0.001 to 800 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The repeatability of the method for the electrode to electrode and one electrode were 4.3% and 4.9%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 nM and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1 nM were obtained. The high efficiency of the developed electrode in the determination of oxazepam in the plasma sample was proved by using acceptable results and satisfactory relative recovery percentage (>90%). Based on our calculation, the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (ks) was 1.92 s-1. The interaction between oxazepam and modifier was single-layer and multi-layer adsorption, respectively in low and high concentrations.

In this study, a nickel nanocatalyst was synthesized over a mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN), then used as catalyst support that was loaded by Ni nanoparticles for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene. The base of the catalyst was examined by the first polyol method with 15% by weight of nickel and the synthesized sample of the catalyst at temperatures of 700/800/900 was examined. Ni / MCN Catalysts Using methods FESEM, TPO, ICP, TGA, TEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, TPR, and Reactor tests were characterized. industrial catalyst Ni / Ɣ Aluminum The catalytic performance of nanocatalysts was evaluated in the temperature range of 200-40 ᵒC. New operating conditions for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in an ethylene-rich stream were introduced. As the temperature rises, it makes a very promising choice for ethylene production and also suppresses oligomer formation during acetylene hydrogenation. This nanocatalyst yielded significantly higher than 93% of what had previously been obtained for the production of ethylene was found that loading Ni on MCN led to a performance with about 99% acetylene conversion. performance compared to the G58C catalyst. Finally, acetylene and ethylene selectivity in different ratios of acetylene and hydrogen inlet feed in the hydrogenation reaction were investigated. In addition to increasing the temperature or decreasing the H2 / AC molar ratio, the selectivity to ethylene is 96% compared to 78% conversion by commercial catalysts.

In the present research, the Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (FMWCNTs) were functionalized and then were characterized by using the Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer –Emmett-Teller and Barett-Joyner –Halenda (BET/BJH) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) techniques. Subsequently, the functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used to remove chromium picolinate (ChP) drug from the aqueous media, and its ability for ChP adsorption was also evaluated. To achieve this purpose, the effects of the variousparameters such as pH, initial concentration of the sorbate, sorbent dosage, temperature, and contact time on the removal percentage of ChP drug onto the FMWCNTs adsorbent were studied and reported. Based on the experimental results, the optimum conditions to perform the adsorption experiments were determined. In addition, the experimental results were examined using some suitable isotherm models, and it was found that the Langmuir isotherm model is more suitable for fitting the results of the considered adsorption process. Finally, the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of the ChP adsorption onto the FMWCNTs sorbent were considered and the related results indicated that the studied adsorption process is exothermic and exergonic and almost is physical adsorption. In addition, the kinetic results showed that the adsorption of ChP onto the FMWCNTs adsorbent obeys the pseudo-first-order reaction law from the kinetic point of view.

In this study, the Cu nanoparticles were prepared by reducing CuSO4. These particles were used in making copper nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (nano-CPE). The electrochemical characteristics of this electrode (nano-CPE) were investigated. The results of the electrocatalytic oxidation of theophylline (TP) on nano-CPE, using the cyclic voltammetry technique showed that nano-CPE, has more reactivity and more effective surface area, as compared to the unmodified carbon paste electrode (un-CPE). The investigation of voltammograms obtained from oxidation of TP at different scan rates on the nano-CPE confirmed a cyclic mediated redox mechanism followed by reducing Cu(III) which is a chemical reaction (EC mechanism). These species formed in more positive potentials and act as a redox intermediate for TP oxidation. There was a linear relationship between the oxidation peak current and the square root of the scan rate, showing that the oxidation reaction of TP at nano-CPE might be due to the diffusion-controlled process.

In this research, at first ordinary Aloe Vera micropowder (OAMP) and its impregnated form (IAMP) as the natural sorbents were prepared and then characterized by several techniques such as Fourier transform spectrophotometry (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Elemental analysis (EA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BET/BJH) essay and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The removal efficiencies of the prepared adsorbents were assessed upon their capacities for removing Reactive violet 8 (RV8) and Congo red (CR) dyes as the organic pollutants. Our preliminary adsorption experiments showed that the OAMB ability for removing RV8 and CR is very less than the IAMP form, so we focused on the IAMP removal ability and we used it as a fairy powerful adsorbent in this study. The effect of several parameters such as initial adsorbate concentration (C0), adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature and solution pH on the adsorption capacity of IAMP adsorbent were investigated and then several isotherm models were examined to fit the experimental results. Consequently, we concluded that the Langmuir and Freundlich models fit reasonably the experimental results. In addition, thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the adsorption process were also done and the corresponding thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were concluded and reported.

In this work, the structural and electronic properties of folic acid molecule on functionalized (7,0)zigzag single-walled carbon nanotube was studied in gas phase on the basis of density functionaltheory (DFT). Furthermore, covalent interaction of folic acid with single-walled carbon nanotube wasinvestigated and its quantum molecular descriptors and binding energies were calculated. The DFTB3LYP/6-311G(d) calculations revealed that the binding energies of single walled carbon nanotubewith folic acid have negative values and decrease with increasing in the number of functionalization.

Judges should not be regarded as mere speakers of and tools in the hands of the legislature. They are as actors animating the laws enacted. The judges’ acting can be justified on three grounds: limitations of law-making, including lack of expertise in and inattention of, the being expedient of, and purposeful acts of legislature, being societies in transition, and impossibility of anticipating all cases and situations as well as the inherent indeterminacy of language in some cases; correcting the legislature’s deviance by means of interpretation based on the principle of separation of powers; and updating the meanings of the criminal laws and adapting them to prerequisites of collective life at the time of interpreting the laws. The judges’ acting reflects in three forms, i.e., exploring (vs. making) the meanings of criminal laws, effects of their fore-structures on interpretation, and formulation of the purpose of criminal laws.

The modified surface of Typha latifolia L. root (MSTL), as an alternative economical adsorbent, wasused for the removal of Ni (II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effect of initial pH, initialconcentration of metal ion, and contact time was investigated in a batch system at room temperature.The kinetics data could be fitted well by pseudo-second-order model with correlation coefficientvalues greater than 0.99. The mechanism of adsorption process was tested by fitting the experimentaldata by intraparticle diffusion kinetic and Boyd kinetic equations. The adsorption data could be fittedwell by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of MSTLwas determined to be 37.31 mg g-1 for Ni2+ and 28.90 mg g-1 for Cd2+ at room temperature when theinitial concentration of both metal ion was 100 mg/L, and the pH of the solution was 5.00 and 4.00for Ni2+ and Cd2+, respectively. It has been suggested that the MSTL can be successfully applied forthe removal of toxic heavy metal ions such as Ni2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solutions.

The performance of Head-Space Liquid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-LPME), coupled with capillary gas chromatography, was assessed for the extraction and determination of ultra trace amounts of isoamyl acetate in some real samples. A 2.5 µL of benzyl alcohol was used as extracting solvent and experimental parameters impacting the performance of extraction were optimized as 1250 rpm stirring rate and 15 min extraction time at 30 oC with 0.34 g.mL−1 NaCl for increasing the of ionic strength of sample solution. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection calculated to be 0.50 µg/L. The linear range of calibration curve for isoamyl acetate was found 5-1300 µg/L with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999. Tap water and liquid soap samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method. The relative standard deviation of water samples spiked with isoamyl acetate at 0, 200 and 400 µg/L levels was from 2.79 to 2.39%; whereas for liquid soap it was 2.74% and 2.48% for standard addition and calibration curve methods respectively. Recovery for water samples were between 101.8-103.2%; and for liquid soap sample, 103.2% and 101.8% was obtained when standard addition and normal calibration curve were employed correspondingly.

Thermal denaturation of p-Iactoglobulin type B in the absence and pteNcno: of g arious concentrations oftrehalo5e, sucrose and sork toles sugar osmolytes and twlyols were nuyoured hy monitoring changes in theabsorption coefficients at pH 2.0. These measurements gave aliss, or I. mpdpDint of denaturation), Al-fis(enthalpy change at Ty). and ACp (consttun-pressure heal capaciit eh.iltgtii under a gisen solvent conditionUsing these valuer of Ali,, rs, and AC, , AG D° (Gibbs Dieu:, chantiet was determined at a givenconcentration of each sugar. Ii has been obsessed that each sugar glafili se. the 13-lac toglob B m ternsof 3. and AGna. The temperature that corresponds to rtmirntim proiv in Rahflits.. Is is increased G thepresence of these osmulytes. The same rend was also obsessed for fir,. the temperanirc corresponding tonun eat-haler change of denaturation.

The hydrolysis of cadmium nitrate was studied spectrophotometrically at different ionic strengthsof sodium perchlorate in a wide pH range, 1-12, and at 25 C. Least squares calculations areconsistent with the formation of M(OH)+, M(OH)2, M(OH)3- and M(OH)42- species, which M isCd2+. The dependency on ionic strength in the background electrolyte solutions was taken intoaccount by using a Debye-Huckel type equation, and finally the results have been compared withdata previously reported and interpreted.

A highly selective electrode for Bromide ion based on aza pyrilium derivative as an excellentionophore is described.The sensor exhibits a good linear response with a slope of ( 60±1 ) mV per decadeover the concentration range of ( 1×10-3 – 9×10-6 M ) , and a detection limit of ( 3×10-6 M ) of Bromideions .The electrode response is independent of pH in the range of(4.0 –9.5).Selectivity coefficientsdetermined by the matched potential method ( MPM ) . Indicate that the interference from inorganic andorganic anions is negligible. The proposed sensor shows a fast response time of approximately (20 s).Ithas been used as an indicator electrode in titration of Bromide with Ag +.