فهرست مطالب hossein faraji

The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) are instruments developed by competing American research teams, aiming to assess the level of adherence to a dietary pattern, claimed to prevent chronic illness conditions such as dyslipidemia. This systematic review evaluated cross‑sectional studies examining the association between HEI/ AHEI score and the lipid profile in healthy participants.

The systematic review was Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses (PRISMA) compliant, and a search process was conducted through Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Cochrane, PubMed, and ScienceDirect up to November 2022. Studies assessing the relationship between HEI/AHEI and lipid profile (low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C), total cholesterol (TC), high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C), and triglyceride (TG)) were eligible for inclusion. The statistical differences in outcomes, anthropometric indices, and demographic data were extracted from the selected studies. Also, the quality assessment of studies was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.

The systematic search presented 17 cross‑sectional studies. Most of the studies revealed a significant correlation between HEI score and lipid profile (LDL‑C, HDL‑C, TG, and TC) (P ˂ 0.05), while a few of them indicated a significant relationship between AHEI score and these factors. Overall, the elevation of HEI/AHEI score was associated with the improvement in lipid profile (P ˂ 0.05), though this association was more obvious for HEI compared with AHEI.

Overall, the results of the study indicated that an improved lipid profile in healthy individuals is associated with a higher score in either HEI or AHEI. Further research in the future is required to confirm the claim.

 Nitrate can enter water bodies through using chemical fertilizers and discharging the effluents from municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants. As a superiority to the conventional statistical models, Grey models (GMs) require only a limited amount of representative data to estimate the behavior of unknown systems. In the current study, the nitrate concentration of the year 2023 in Babol groundwater resources was forecasted by using GM, namely GM (1, 1). 

 This descriptive-cross-sectional study was performed in the city of Babol. The data of 63 wells in urban and rural areas during the warm and cold seasons between 2007 and 2017 were supplied from the Health Center and Babol Rural Water and Sewage Company. In data set, the observed values between 2007 and 2015 were used to fit models, and the observed values between 2016 and 2017 were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model's predictions. To assess the efficiency of the model fitted and precision of the predicted values, we used indexes of forecast absolute error, small error probability, and the proportion of variance statistical metrics. 

 Simulated results showed that the accuracy of the model GM (1, 1) to predict and forecast both data sets is entirely appropriate and reliable. The forecasting values of nitrate concentration of the year 2023 and 8 years later, for urban and rural areas in warm and cold seasons, are 21.30 and 7.30 and 15.63 and 5.34 mg/L, respectively. 

 Although the predicted concentration of nitrate in the studied area is lower than that the standard concentration suggested by the World Health Organization, all water resources should be protected effectively.

This study aimed to evaluate the health aspects of management and organizational Justice Department of Islamic Development of North Khorasan was. The target population included all employees of the Department of Islamic Development of North Khorasan to 65 hat the sample size based on Morgan table, 55 people were Was using stratified random sampling method were selected. The data from the survey method used libraryThree questionnaire to collect data on organizational justice (Niehoff and Moorman, 1993), organizational health questionnaireGraham (1986) and a questionnaire of 27 questions was used for the management dimensions Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the validity of the questionnaire reliability coefficient values for all variables and parameters of value was 7.0, so the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed Validity was also confirmed by experts To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical test, Pearson correlation test using spss software version 18 and the structural model using LISREL software used The results showed that Islamic management aspects and components (vibrant work environment, inspiring staff, extensive leadership, culture positive and lasting success) and for components of organizational justice (procedural justice, interactive and distribution) and a significant positive correlation was found.

Nutrient deficiency such as antioxidants is a common problem in the elderly; itcan result in different diseases such as cancer. Accordingly, assessment of the dietary intake ofantioxidants is necessary to design a specific plan for solving this problem.

This case–control study was conducted on 152 old people (≥60 years) with and without nursing care innursing care centers in Isfahan, Iran, in 2017. Nutritional assessment was performed by an expertnutritionist using semi‑quantitative validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Nutrition IV softwarewas used as food analyzer. Analysis of covariance and independent t‑test were used for data analysis.

The mean age of the participants was 68.6 ± 4.9 and 68.9 ± 6.1 years in case and controlgroups, respectively, and the percentage of male/females in these groups was 46.3%/53.7% and51.4%/48.6%, respectively. Dietary intake of energy, vitamin E, and selenium was significantlyhigher (P = 0.041; 0.007; 0.017) while beta‑carotene intake was significantly lower in the elderlyunder nursing care than in the control (P = 0.002).

The findings indicated that nursingcare leads to improved intake of energy, vitamin E, and selenium, while diminished beta‑caroteneintake in the elderly. Intake of vitamin E, A, C, zinc, and selenium was high among elderly peoplewith and without care, compared with the dietary reference intake. It seems that further studies arerequired to confirm these findings.

Population studies have demonstrated that there is an inverse association between dietary intake of vitamin D and the mean blood pressure in elderly in particular. So, we investigated the correlation between vitamin D intake and the mean blood pressure in the elderly with and without nursing care. Based on a cross‑sectional design, this study was conducted on 152 old people with and without nursing care. Assessment of the dietary intake of nutrients was done by an expert dietitian using food frequency questionnaire and nutritionist IV software analyzer. Also, the mean blood pressure was extracted from participants’ fles. The independent samplet‑test, Chi‑square test, and partial correlation test were used for data analysis. Mean ± SD age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) of participants, and the percentage of male/females were 68.7 ± 5.5 years, 63.5 ± 7.9 kg, 162.5 ± 7.1 cm, 24.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2 and 48.7/51.3, respectively. Also, a signifcant negative relationship was observed between vitamin D intake and systolic blood pressure in all participants (P value = 0.028, r = -0.179). There was no signifcant correlation between vitamin D intake and diastolic blood pressure (P value = 0.558, r = -0.048). The fndings revealed that the nursing care can improve dietary intake of vitamin D in the elderly population. Also, a negative correlation was found between vitamin D intake and systolic blood pressure among all the elderly.

As an important group of health problems, glucose metabolism disorders are associated with a number of diseases as well as mortality rate. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the consumption of decaffeinated coffee‑enriched chlorogenic acid (CGA) can reduce the risk of diabetes and blood glucose rise, while the results of some previous studies have shown an opposite effect. Hence, a systematic search was conducted based on literature search and appropriate keywords through PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge, Science direct, Medline, Cochrane, and Scopus databases from 2003 to 2018. After searching, 1593 articles were found. Then, we excluded papers based on the duplication and relevant for title and abstract, whereas 25 relevant articles remained for checking eligibility criteria. Since only randomized clinical trials studies (RCTs) could be included in the current study, six RCTs remained in end‑stage for qualitative synthesis. The results of reviewed studies showed no signifcant effect of decaffeinated coffee‑enriched CGA on blood glucose concentration. Although recent studies have suggested the effectiveness of decaffeinated coffee‑enriched CGA on blood glucose in animals, and there are various mechanisms for this effect, and the result of our review showed that there is not suffcient evidence for this claim in healthy humans. Hence, further research in this area seems necessary.

Used in the dyeing industry, Acid Green 3 has a complicated molecular structure and a low level of biodegradability. The present study investigated the removal of Acid Green 3 from synthetic solutions by UV/S2O8-2. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the laboratory scale. The effect of time (5 - 60 min), pH (3 - 11), Acid Green 3 concentration (50 - 150 mg/L), and dose of S2O8 (10 - 50 mg/L) was studied under the UV radiation with 510 mJ/cm2 intensity and 636 nm wavelength. Spectrophotometer (wavelength of 636 nm) was used to measure remaining concentration of Acid Green 3 after each experiment. Linear regression was used to create an appropriate linear model. Results showed a removal percentage of 95% was achieved under the optimal conditions of the studied variables: pH = 3, Acid Green 3 = 50 mg/L, S2O8-2 = 50 mg/L and time = 60 min. The kinetics of UV/S2O8-2 process for all the investigated variables followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. In addition, the removal efficiency of COD for Acid Green concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg/L were about 78%, 53%, and 41%, respectively. Linear regression analysis yielded a model with R2 = 0.852 and adjusted R2 = 0.792. In the current study, the variables of Acid Green 3, S2O8-2, contact time, and pH were effective on the process efficiency. Regarding the high efficiency of UV/S2O8-2, this process could be employed for the removal of Acid Green 3 and similar compounds from industrial effluents

Introduction and Aims: Pharmaceutical pollutants in aqueous can cause a number of health problems for people and other creatures. In this study, a survey of Dexamethasone removal from synthetic aqueous solutions was investigated by using UV/S2O8 and UV/H2O2 methods.
This experimental study carried out at lab scale at a reactor with the batch flow. In this study, the parameters of time (5- 60 min), pH (3, 7 and 11), dose of S2O8 (0.1-7.5 mM), dose of H2O2 (0.1- 7.5 mM), and Dexamethasone concentration (5- 20 mg/L) were studied to specify their effects on Dexamethasone removal. Furthermore, the remaining concentration of dexamethasone was determined by spectrophotometer DR (model 5000) in the 241 nm wavelength.
Results showed that with the increasing amount of parameters of pH, retention time, and a dose of H2O2 and S2O8 and with decreasing parameter of dexamethasone concentration, removal efficiency raised. Removal efficiencies of dexamethasone in the optimum condition of time=40, pH=3 and dexamethasone concentration = 5 mM was obtained 47, 59, 82, 91, and 98 percent for UV/S2O8 concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 5, and 7.5 mM, and 19, 49, 61, 65, and 72 percent for UV/H2O2, respectively.
According to higher removal efficiencies of UV/S2O8 method than UV/H2O2, easier storage and moderate stability of S2O8 and also more oxidation ability of SO4- than OH°, it is better to apply UV/S2O8 method to degradation of dexamethasone.

Due to their polycyclic and toxic structure, dyes have a high ability in causing adverse acute and chronic effects on human exposed to them. In present study, the decolorization of acid green3 from aqueous solution by UV/ H2O2 method was investigated
This is an applied-experimental study. Parameters of pH in the amount of 3,7 and 11, contact time in 5,15, 30, 45 and 60 min, dose of H2O2 in 10, 30 and 50 mg/l and initial concentration of acid green3 in 50, 100 and 150 mg/l were examined to reveal the optimum amounts of these parameters. In order to emit the UV radiation, photo reactor with a 2-lit volume was applied, also to measure remaining concentration of dye, spectrophotometer device, model DR 5000 was employed. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test based on 5220C method (standard method book) was used for determining amount of oxidation.
Results showed that contact time = 60 min, pH=7, acid green concentration=50 mg/l and dose of H2O2 =30 mg/l are optimum condition at which the removal amounts of dye and COD were obtained about 97 and 85%, respectively.
In the study, it is observed that parameters of contact time, pH, initial concentration of dye, and dose of H2O2 have a significant influence on the removal of the dye by UV/H2O2 process. Due to acceptable results of UV/H2O2 in the oxidation of the dye and the reduction of COD, this method can be introduced as reliable process to remove of acid green 3 from industrial wastewaters.

Dental wastes due to having bacterial disease-causing agents and toxic chemicals are categorized in hazardous wastes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantity and composition of dental waste produced by general and specialized dental offices in babol city.
From all dental offices (170 and 40 dental offices were related to general and specialized respectively) in Babol city, 20 general and 5 specialized offices were randomly selected. Waste samples were collected three times a week (Sunday, Monday and Tuesday), 50 sub-groups were separated and weighted by a digital scale with accuracy of 0.01 gram. The data were presented by excel and word software in figures and tables.
The total wastes of general and specialized offices were 11829 and 2831.5 kg/year, respectively. The percentages of domestic-type, infectious, pharmaceutical and toxic wastes in general dental offices were 52.5%, 42.5%, 4.7% and 0.3%; and in specialized offices were 42.5%, 50%, 7% and 0.5%, respectively. Most components in a variety of dental waste included plastic, paper, plaster molds, glass and metal.
Due to the large contents of plastic, paper, plaster molds, glass and metals in domestic- type and infectious wastes produced in the general and specialized dental offices, it is necessary to manage the wastes and their separation and recycling in source place.

Introduction and Aims: Access to safe water in terms of physical, chemical and microbial parameters is one of the health care providers of community. Testing and analyzing are essential to understand the safety of potable water. The purpose of this study is investigating the chemical and physical quality of drinking water resources in cites of Bandar Torkaman, Bandar Gaz and Kordkoy.
Material and In this descriptive and crosses- sectional study, 43 samples of deep wells were collected from 3 cities during2006-2010 . 15 parameters analyzed according to standard methods, comparing to the WHO standards.
The results revealed the parameters of EC 625,992,650 μmho/cm, TDS 273, 535,523 mg/l, Nitrate 9/7,10.9,9.9 mg/l, Sulfate 19, 25.6, 39.2 mg/l and Chloride 22, 182, 185 for Bandar Gaz, Bandar Torkaman and Kordkoy, respectively. Also, the average value of hardness in drinking water 185, 255 and 317 mg/l calcium carbonate for Bandar Gaz, Bandar Torkaman and Kordkoy, respectively. According to hardness of water quality Bandar Gaz and Bandar Torkaman, Kordkoy ranged between hard and very hard water group. Fluoride concentration ranged from 0.3 to 0.4 ppm, where 100% samples showed fluoride less than permissible limit.
According to results, the mean concentration of most physico -chemical parameters except fluoride concentration in Bandar Gaz, Bandar Torkaman and Kordkoy drinking water resources is within the Iran and WHO standard limitations.

Background & Aims of the Study: Household hazardous waste is an important part of municipal solid waste in any community and if it is not managed properly, it can significantly damage the health of family, community and environment. The present study aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitude and practices of households regarding the management of household hazardous wastes in Amirkola, Mazandaran, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 households of Amirkola, Mazandaran, Iran in the summer of 2014. A researcher-made data collection form in accordance with the objectives of the study was used to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of Iranian urban residents regarding the management of household hazardous wastes through observation of researchers and interview. The validity of the data collection form was confirmed by five faculty members of the Departments of Environmental Health and Community Medicine. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19, descriptive statistical indexes, T-test and Chi- square tests, and p The mean age of studied people was 39.1±10 years and 51.5% had high school and diploma degrees. In this study, 75%, 36.7% and 6.3% of households were good in the knowledge, attitude and practices, respectively. A major part of household hazardous wastes (78%) was the containers of disinfectants and detergents. 43.6% and 10.3% of households separated the household wastes and household hazardous wastes, respectively and no one recycled these wastes at home. 30% of households expressed that the lack of proper management of municipal on collecting the separated wastes as a major factor in the reluctance of them in waste separation. 86.7% of people need to get information about it.
Despite appropriate knowledge of surveyed households on different kinds of household hazardous wastes, most of them had no good attitude and practices and most of them did not separate and recycle the wastes. It is necessary to train the households because of the central role of families in improving the public and environmental health and their tendency to get information on the management of household hazardous wastes.

Introduction and Safe and good quality drinking water is one of the most important human needs. The effect of ground water contamination is one of the most important concerns of public-health worldwide. The purpose of this was to investigate the chemical and physical quality of ground water resource in rural areas of Babol city. Sampling of this cross sectional- descriptive study carried out during 2011-2012. 14 physical and chemical parameters were measured in 78 random samples of 39 stations in Spring and Autumn. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistical method and were compared with the standards of ground water quality of Iran, WHO and Shuler’s diagram. The findings of this study indicated that the concentration of Nitrate, Nitrite, Sulfate, Chloride, Calcium, Sodium, EC and pH were within the standard range, but the level of turbidity, total hardness and Fe at 7.7, 5.13 and 20.5 percent of samples are higher than the standard limits and fluoride concentration that ranged from 0.02 to 1.13 ppm, where lower than the standard limits in 87.2 percent samples and 12.8 percent water samples were within optimum limit i.e. 0.5-1.5 ppm. According to Shuler’s diagram, the parameters of water quality ranged between good and medium situations. Based on the results, the mean concentration of most physico -chemical parameters in Babol’ village’s drinking water is based on 1053 standard limit in Iran, but the fluoride level is lower than the maximum contaminant levels in many villages. Therefore, by addition of fluoride to water supplies of these regions, deficiency complications would be prevented.

Wastewater effluent in hospitals has been increasing during the recent decades due to developments in medical services and products.. This study aimed to investigate the qualitative parameters of effluent wastewater in hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences (BUMS).. Four hospitals were included and their wastewater effluent was studied. Ninety-six composited samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for determining pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorous (TP), heavy metals, total coliforms (TC) and total heterotrophic bacteria counts (THBC) based on standard methods.. Mean ± SD pH of the wastewater was 7.6 ± 0.4. Mean ± SD BOD5, COD, TSS, TKN and TP were 372 ± 173 mg/L, 687 ± 231 mg/L, 289 ± 132 mg/L and 15 ± 5.5 mg/L, respectively. Mean concentration of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Hg, Fe and Cu were 26.5 (g/L), 2 (g/L), 429 (g/L), 34 (g/L), 30 (g/L), 3.7 (g/L), 7.5 (g/L), 2.1 mg/L and 49 (g/L), respectively. The total coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria were 5.4 × 108 MPN/100 mL and 2.6 × 1010 CFU/mL, respectively. Total wastewater quantity and its organic loading rate were 169 263 m3 and 62 966 kg in a year, respectively.. Most of the qualitative indices evaluated in wastewater effluent of hospitals of BUMS were higher than effluent discharge standards of Iran Environment Protection Agency (IEPA). These wastewaters are usually purified improperly by wastewater treatment plants of these hospitals and polluted effluents which empty to the Babol Rood River and Caspian Sea can potentially endanger public health, natural resources and wildlife..

Treatment of textile industry wastewaters, due to having color and many pollutants, is one of the most important environmental issues. Acid Blue 113 dyes because of having benzene ring, which is not biodegradable, is toxic and carcinogen. The main objective of this study was determination of electrochemical process efficacy for removal acid blue 113 from aqueous solutions by using aluminum electrodes in batch reactor.
This study performed in lab-scale in batch reactor. The effect of different parameters such as voltages (10, 20, and 40 volt), electrode distance (0.5 and 1 cm), and electrolysis times (5 to 80 min) was investigated.
The results of experiments demonstrated that with applying voltage 40V, 0.5 cm distance between electrodes, electrolyte concentration equal to 5 g/l, and 20 minutes electrolysis time, the color and COD removal rate was 99 and 78%, respectively. By increasing voltage and reaction time and reducing distance between the electrodes, power consumption is reduced and also final pH and dye removal efficiency increased.
According to the results, the best removal efficiency of dye was obtained after 20 minutes contact time on the electric potential of 40 V, which was 99%. This process is environmental friendly and can be economically acceptable. Therefore, it can be results that electrocoagulation process by using aluminum electrode is an efficient and suitable method for acid blue 113 dye removal from aqueous solutions.

Background and Heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, and zinc are the most common contaminants found in the plating wastewater that cause environmental pollution due to non-biodegradability. This study investigated the removal of chromium, nickel, zinc and turbidity from wastewater of plating and galvanized industries by electrocoagulation technology. This study was conducted at laboratory scale using four parallel aluminum electrodes (5cm × 10cm dimensions, 1 mm thickness). In each electrode, 6 holes (0.7 cm) were considered. Wastewater samples were first collected as grab sampling and finally changed to combined samples. This study was performed in pH= 3 and pH= 7.2 for plating wastewater and pH= 9 for galvanized wastewater and reaction times of 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes. Nickel and chromium contents in plating wastewater were 45 and 50 mg/l, respectively. Zinc concentration in galvanized wastewater was determined 210 mg/l. Turbidity in plating and galvanized wastewaters were 250 and 200 NTU, respectively. The maximum removal of nickel and chromium was observed in contact time= 80 min and pH=4, while it was seen in pH=9 for zinc (98 %, 95.6%, and 94%, respectively). The maximum removal of turbidity in Ni – Cr wastewater and galvanized wastewater was 97% and 95.3%, respectively. Electrocoagulation technology was found as an effective, economical and rapid method for infiltration of toxic wastewater in plating and galvanized industries.

Fluoride is an essential element for human health. However, excess fluoride in drinking water may cause dental and/or skeletal fluorosis. Drinking water is the main route of fluoride intake. The aim of the present study was to measure fluoride levels in human breast milk collected from two regions of Golestan Province, northern Iran with different amount of fluoride concentration of drinking water in Bandar Gaz and Nokande cities and to correlate it with fluoride concentrations in drinking water used by mothers living in these two areas. Twenty samples of water were collected from seven drinking water wells during 2012 from Bandar Gaz and Nokande in Iran during 2012. Fluoride concentration of water samples was measured using SPADNS method. Sixty breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers of Bandar Gaz and Nokande cities. Content in breast milk was determined using standard F ion-selective electrode. Spearman''s rho correlation analysis was used to assess any possible relationship between fluoride levels in breast milk and in drinking water. The means and standard deviation for F concentration in breast milk and drinking water were 0.002188±0.00026224 ppm and 0.5850±0.22542 ppm, respectively. Analysis of data showed that the variables were not normally distributed so the Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables calculated () and it was significant (P=0.002). Fluoride concentration in water can directly act on its concentration in breast milk. We speculate that modifying F concentration in water can affect accessibility of fluoride for infants.

Nitrate and Nitrite are entered to environment and ground water resources through using the chemical fertilizers, discharging the effluent of municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants and discharging the human wastewater. Nitrate is the cause of Methemoglobinemia disorder in babies. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of Nitrate and Nitrite in drinking water of transmission line and of consumption points in rural and urban places of Babol. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in Babol in 2013. A total of 376 water samples were randomly collected from water transmission line and consumption points in rural and urban places of Babol in summer and winter. Spectrophotometer of HACH Company, DR5000 model with 520 and 570 nm wavelengths was used for measurement of Nitrate and Nitrite concentration in water. The results were compared with national standards and WHO guideline of Nitrate and Nitrite concentrations in drinking water. The concentrations of Nitrate and Nitrite in drinking water of transmission line and consumption points of rural places were 4.4±2.7 and 0.04±0.02 mg/l and 8.3± 5.3 and 0.035±0.03 mg/l, respectively. In urban localities these amounts were 8±1.5 and 0.045±0.3 mg/l and 8.8±3.7 and 0.038±0.035 mg/l. There was significant difference between the Nitrate of water in transmission line and consumption points (P= 0.03). The concentrations of Nitrate and Nitrite in drinking water in summer and winter were 6.7±1.9 and 0.03±0.001 mg/l and 9.4±3.9 and 0.04±0.001 mg/l respectively. There was significant difference for the concentration of Nitrate in terms of analysis (P=0.014). Result of this study showed that the maximum Nitrate and Nitrite concentrations in all rural and urban water supplies in summer and winter were fewer than the standard of drinking water of Iran and WHO guidelines. However, it is necessary to monitor continuously the contents of the nitrogenous compounds into the drinking water resources due to undesirable effects on the human.

Underground water resources constitute an important part of urban water resources. One of the serious challenges in ensuring and promoting community health is gradual increase in nitrate levels of drinking water of communities across the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal variation of nitrate and ammonia levels in drinking water wells of Babol city using GIS software, in 2010-11. This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on drinking water wells of Babol city in 2010-11. Sampling was done according to a standard method from 20 drinking water wells, in different seasons; and in final, 80 water samples were analyzed. Nitrate and ammonia concentration of samples was measured using Spectrophotometer DR2000 (Hach company) in 500 and 425 nm, respectively. For qualitative analysis and seasonal fluctuation of nitrate and ammonia concentration of different areas, Geographic information systems, ArcGIS, was used. The results showed that the highest amount of nitrate was in summer (23.68 mg/l), and the lowest was in winter (14 mg/l). While the highest and the lowest amount of ammonia was in spring (0.43 mg/l) and summer (0.06 mg/l), respectively. Also, the results showed that only in well number 5 located in Kate Sofla village, nitrate concentration had increasing trend, and in the remaining wells, nitrate and ammonia concentration, had an increasing and a decreasing trend, respectively. The results indicate that nitrate and ammonia levels in all samples were lower than the WHO recommendations. To avoid increasing in the ammonia and nitrate concentrations in the underground waters, ongoing training to farmers on the proper use of chemical fertilizers, as well as the construction and operation of wastewater collection systems are recommended.

Dental wastes are a main part of urban solid wastes in each society and have pathogenic agents and toxic chemicals, which put health of patients, personnel and other referees to dental clinics in danger. The present study was done to recognize the quality and quantity of the different generated wastes at various parts of the Faculty of Dentistry-Babol University of Medical Sciences.

The whole solid wastes generated in the odd and even days (Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday) of the middle of the week from the second month of each season were examined. Various dental solid wastes including general, infectious and hazardous chemical wastes were weighted by typical scale.

The generation rate of the solid wastes were: total dental wastes: 291.2 kg including general solid wastes: 251.3 kg (%86.3), infectious wastes and sharps: 38 kg (%13) and hazardous chemical waste: 2 kg (%0.7). The total amount of wastes in a year was 69888 kg. The solid wastes are daily produced according to each active dental unit as total, domestic-type, infectious and the hazardous chemical wastes were 3.07 kg, 2.65 kg, 0.4 kg and 0.02 kg, respectively.

Considering the quality and quantity of the generated dental solid wastes especially infectious wastes and their unfavorable effects on the people's health and environment, it is necessary to compile a distinct policy for the management of these medical solid wastes. Also, holding training workshops, knowledge of the staffs in the dentistry care centers should be increased to avoid possible dangers.

The purpose of this article is to study and classify certain linesfrom Moulana’s poetry in particular from MasnaviManavi which has bearing on the movements, states, and signs and also to study Moulana’s perspective regarding the manner by which the message is conveyed through these movements.Accordingly, Koranic tales and poetry of other poets relevant to the subject have been employed.    Since a great deal of human communication is concerned with the body language, and there is a close relationship between the human soul with the  subconscious movements and signs emanating from the person makes body language a more sinceremeans of communication, hence Moulana’s attention to this form of communication is analyzed.  The conclusion proves that Moulana finds body language a more sincere mode of expression than verbal communication.