hossein ghamari kivi

Intersubjectivity has priority over subjectivity because meaning is discussed and constructed in a two-way process that happens in a conversation. According to this, the research aims to show the terms of change for meaning production in psychotherapy with clients. Two cases (a child and an adult) were selected with apparent symptoms of anxiety and fear with the case study method and available sampling. They were treated by the technical integrative method. Conversations were coded by process-focused conversation analysis. Analyzing results by process-focused conversation analysis showed that in both cases, to happen changes in psychotherapy, besides terms of conversation, a particular type of psychotherapy response is essential (Khayyami's cycle), and client change is not explained by the merely particular response of the therapist; but, the therapist can, by the method used in the research, acquire the meaning hidden behind client's verbal response and symptoms on the dialogue process and show Lacani's transcendental signified and signified chain.

One of the most important issues for freshmen is the basic attention to their academic satisfaction and adaptation with the university. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the structural model of harm of choosing major process on adaptation with university and academic satisfaction with the mediating role of psychological capital. The design of the current research was of the correlation type using the structural equation modeling method. Among the 2490 freshmen through the national exam of Tabriz University in the academic year 2021-2022, 212 students were selected in a targeted manner and answered questionnaires of harm of choosing major process (Naeimi et al., 2022), adaptation with the university (Baker and Siriak, 1989 ), academic satisfaction (Ahmadi, 2018) and psychological capital (Lutans et al., 2007). To analyze the data, the structural equation modeling method and Amos18 software were used. The findings showed that the direct effect of psychological-individual issues on students' adaptation with university (-0.76) and academic satisfaction (-0.63) is negatively significant (P> 0/001). Also, the results showed that educational-social problems and structural-management defects indirectly (P> 0/001) and through psychological capital have an effect on academic satisfaction (+1/27) and adaptation with university (+1/34). Conclusion In general, it can be said that the harms of the field selection process and psychological capital can play an important role in the satisfaction of students' education and adaptation.

It is extremely common for adults to use self-talk to regulate their behavior. However, the underlying processes leading to differences in inner speech are not well understood. In this study, the correlation between various forms of self-talk and symptoms of anxiety (hyperactivity), depression, sleepiness, and distress was investigated.

The research method is a descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of the study included all 10 000 students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in Iran in the academic year of 2019-2020. A total of 378 students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The varieties of the inner speech questionnaire (VISQ) and the four-dimensional symptom questionnaire (4DSQ) were administered to all subjects. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multivariate regression analysis were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 23.

The results showed the strongest inner speech for predicting anxiety, depression, and somatization disorders is another type of inner speech. On the other hand, in those with distress symptoms, evaluative/critical inner speech was appropriately predictive. Also, positive-regulative inner speech negatively predicts anxiety, depression, and distress. In the normal population, positive regulative inner speech is considered an appropriate predictor. 

Consequently, probably two types of inner speech evaluation-critical and positive-regulative exist that have more powerful construct validity, and usage of other inner speech is questionable.

Sexual assault is defined as a sexual act in which the victim is forced to engage against their will. Sexual trauma can have a devastating impact on both the victims and their family members (1). The aftermath can lead to severe, long-term consequences for survivors, increasing their risk of developing psychiatric disorders by nearly four times. (2). Studies have shown that nearly 70% of survivors of sexual assault experience significant levels of trauma, and 45% report symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (3). Women, in particular, are at greater risk of developing PTSD than other trauma victims (4), a trauma-related disorder requiring direct or indirect exposure to a traumatic event or prolonged exposure to stressful events (5).
Given that the psychological consequences of sexual assault pose a threat to the mental health of individuals in society, preventative and educational interventions need to be expanded, and families and social networks need to be strengthened to prevent it. Victims of sexual abuse should be identified and treated, and various therapeutic approaches have been used to improve the psychological status and emotional disorders of survivors of sexual assault. However, extensive studies focusing on integrated transdiagnostic and solution-focused approaches have not been conducted, particularly regarding women who are victims of sexual assault both inside and outside of Iran.
Transdiagnostic therapies encompass a heterogeneous group of interventions that target a more comprehensive range of disorders and can be used to treat multiple disorders simultaneously (13). Although rooted in cognitive-behavioral tradition, they emphasize emotions and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Emotional experience and response to emotions are the main basis of the transdiagnostic approach. Research findings indicate that interventions that address emotion regulation deficits can help reduce risky sexual behaviors and subsequent risk of re-victimization (15). Aguilera-Martin et al. (2022) also evaluated the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of individual transdiagnostic therapy versus group therapy for emotional disorders and found that both methods are effective, but group therapy is more cost-effective and less flexible (18).
Solution-focused brief therapy is also an integrated model that uniquely visualizes the client’s resources, reasons for living, and crisis time (18). There is no diagnosis, insight enhancement, or analysis of the past in this therapy. Instead, clients are encouraged to pay attention and take different actions. Solution-focused therapists help clients think about what they can do differently. As soon as a solution is identified, clients and therapists move step by step towards it (19). Leveraging its adaptability and a history of resolving clients’ issues, this approach serves as a solution to a broad range of individual problems. It's also applicable to nearly every clinical problem noted by healthcare professionals. These include trauma treatment (21), treatment for survivors of sexual abuse (1, 22), and treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (26).
Therefore, considering that sexual abuse can cause severe and irreparable harm to victims and their families and hold back society from dynamism and prosperity, the current research aimed to examine the effectiveness of these two approaches on post-traumatic stress disorder in female sexual abuse survivors in this study. The main question in this research is whether there is a significant difference between the transdiagnostic intervention and the solution-focused approach in reducing post-traumatic stress in sexual abuse survivors.

This semi-experimental research was expanded with two experimental groups and one control group, which was done using pre-test, post-test, and follow-up methods. The research population consisted of all women who had been victims of sexual assault and had been referred to psychological clinics in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2022. Among them, three groups of 12 individuals were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group received 10 weekly 90-minute integrated transdiagnostic intervention, and the second experimental group received 7 weekly 90-minute sessions of solution-focused interventions in individual sessions. Conversely, the control group did not receive any intervention during this time. After completing the training, a post-test was conducted one week later, and a follow-up test was performed one month after the post-test. The Foa et al. (1993) questionnaire was used to evaluate post-traumatic stress. This scale includes 17 items on post-traumatic stress symptoms in TR-IV-DSM and was analyzed using SPSS-22 software. Considering the experimental design and the research question, the statistical method used in this study was descriptive statistics, including calculating the mean and standard deviation and using repeated measures analysis of variance to determine the significant differences between the mean of the experimental and control groups' independent variables.

Before conducting repeated measures analysis of variance, the following conditions must be met to ensure the validity of the results. One of the assumptions of the repeated measures analysis of variance is to examine the homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices, for which Box's test was used (P<0.05, F=1.73, Box's M=4.11). The significant level of the Box's test is greater than 0.05, indicating that the variance-covariance matrices are homogeneous. Levene's test was used, which was not statistically significant, to examine the homogeneity of variance among the three groups in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up tests. Additionally, normality test results (P>0.05) indicate that the assumption of normal distribution and homogeneity of variances is met. Therefore, according to the results of the Box's, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Levene's tests, the assumptions of repeated measures analysis of variance are met. However, Mauchly's test is statistically significant, indicating the unmet sphericity assumption. Therefore, the Greenhouse-Geisser correction is used. Accordingly, repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the effectiveness of transdiagnostic intervention and solution-focused approach on post-traumatic stress in the experimental and control groups in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up tests. The results showed that the time factor (F=71.75, P<0.001) was significant, but the group factor (F=1.11, P=0.34) was not significant. Therefore, a significant difference was found between at least two-time points (pre-test, post-test, or follow-up). Table 1 shows the results of the Bonferroni post-hoc test to determine the effect of interventions on the research variable at different measurement stages. The comparison of mean differences between the pre-test and the post-test and between pre-test and follow-up test in experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 was significant, but the difference between post-test and follow-up test was not significant. This indicates the significant effect of both transdiagnostic intervention and solution-focused approaches on post-traumatic stress in sexual abuse survivors in the post-test stage and its continuity in the follow-up test stage. On the other hand, in the control group, all comparisons were not significant.
Table 6. Post-hoc results of the Bonferroni test for comparing the three groups at different measurement stages




Posttest-Follow up
Pretest-Follow up
Pretest-Posttest
Group
Variable


Mean difference
Standard error
Mean difference
Standard error
Mean difference
Standard error




13.08*
1.08
11.75*
1.43
1.33
0.74
Exprimental 1
PTSD


8.91*
1.08
9.41*
1.43
0.50
0.74
Exprimental 2


1.08
1.08
0.58
1.43
0.50
0.74
Control












*0.05>P

The research results have shown that these two treatments effectively reduce post-traumatic stress in victims of sexual assault to some extent. Therefore, it is recommended to hold counseling and psychological workshops titled integrated transdiagnostic interventions and solution-focused approaches to help these clients and assist them in living a better life.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All the subjects received information about the research. They were assured that all information would remain confidential and only be used for research purposes. Furthermore, the patients were assured that if they did not want to participate in the research, it would not lead to the termination of medical services in that center. In order to respect privacy, the details of the subjects were not recorded. Informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to conducting the research, and the researchers observed ethical considerations during the study. Notably, this research has an ethics code with the identifier IR.UMA.REC.1400.027 at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.

Authors’ contributions
Asad Asadi Hasanvand and Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi: Involved in selecting the subject, the study design, and the definition of concepts. All authors searched literature and research background. Asad Asadi Hasanvand: Collecting and analyzing data. Asad Asadi Hasanvand, Hossein Ghamari Kivi, and Ali Sheykholeslami: Writing and preparing a draft. All the authors discussed the results and participated in the article’s final version.

Funding
No financial assistance has been received from any organization.

Acknowledgments
The present study is based on a PhD dissertation in counseling from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. The authors would like to express their gratitude to all individuals who assisted us in conducting this research.
Conflicts of interest
The authored declared no conflict of interest.

Paramedical majors are an attractive and highly demanded field of study among students. But recently, one can see students and graduates of these fields changing majors, failing academics, and re-participating in the national exam. This research was conducted to investigate and identify the psychological factors of harm in the process of choosing a major for paramedical students.

Methods and Materials:

 This study was conducted with a qualitative approach, using the grounded theory method and Strauss and Corbin approach. The statistical population included all the students in paramedical majors of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences who studied in the academic year 2021-2022, 18 male and female students, were selected using purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews.

The information were recorded, coded, and categorized in the form of secondary codes, categories, and classes. The analysis of students' opinions led to the identification of 112 secondary codes, 14 sub-categories, and 4 main categories including inefficient cognitive skills, disturbed orientation, unsatisfied emotions and, ineffective behaviors and actions.

The findings of the research indicate that psychological factors play a significant role in creating and continuing the harms of the process of choosing an academic major, and individual and psychological problems can face challenges in the correct path of choosing a major. The results of this study can be effective in identifying and reducing the harms caused by personal and psychological factors in the path of choosing an academic major.

The present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of narrative therapy on cognitive flexibility and perceived burdensomeness in individuals with addictive tendencies.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The research statistical population included all individuals aged 18-35 years with addictive tendencies in the city of Ardabil in an addiction treatment camp in 2022. Among them, 24 people were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two 12-people experimental (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups, and they responded to the cognitive flexibility scale and the interpersonal needs questionnaire. The experimental group received 6 narrative therapy sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance.

The results showed that the narrative therapy intervention was effective in increasing cognitive flexibility and reducing perceived burdensomeness in individuals with addictive tendencies.

The findings of this research provide useful information regarding the effectiveness of narrative therapy on addictive tendencies in individuals, and psychologists and counselors can use the narrative therapy intervention to increase and improve cognitive flexibility and reduce perceived burdensomeness in the rehabilitation of individuals with addictive tendencies.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparison the effectiveness of integrated Transdiagnisticand solution-Focused intervention methods on suicidal thoughts in Sexual Assaultvictims.This semi-experimental research was expanded with two experimental groups and one control group. Based on this, groups of 12 people were selected from among the female victims. At first, the participants were pre-tested, then both experimental groups were treated separately and the participants were treated individually. And after the end of the training, the post-test was conducted with an interval of one week. A month later,the follow –up test  was completed by 3 groups. In order to collect information, Beck's suicidal ideation questionnaire was used. The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that both methods are suitable. But the Transdiagnisticintervention method has a greater and more meaningful effect.

Marital conflicts increase in the first five years of life and effective interventions are essential to reduce these conflicts.

This study aimed to compare the effect of schema mode therapy  and emotion-focused therapy on communication patterns in new married couples involved in conflict.

The design of this applied research was experimental with a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all couples with marital conflicts who were married for less than 6 years and referred to the private centers of counseling and psychological services (Peivand-e-Zendegi & Andishe) in the city of Astara in 2019. 30 couples (n=60) were divided into two experimental groups and a control group by available sampling and random assignment. The Communication patterns questionnaire (Christensen & Sullaway, 1984) and clinical interview were the instruments in this study. schema mode therapy  (12 sessions of 90 minutes) and emotion-focused therapy (10 sessions of 120 minutes) were implemented. After three months of follow-up, repeated measurement variance analyses were used for the analysis of the hypotheses.

The findings indicated, schema mode therapy increases mutual constructive communication patterns (P>0/01) and reduces the demand-withdraw patterns (P>0/01) in couples. The emotion-focused therapy increases mutual constructive patterns in couples (P<0.01) and reduces mutual avoidance (P<0.05) and demand-withdraw patterns (P<0.01) in them. In addition, schema mode therapy increases more effectively the mutual constructive pattern (P<0.01) and decreases the demand - withdraw pattern (P<0.01) than emotion-focused therapy is more successful than schema mode therapy in reducing mutual avoidance patterns (P<0.01).

Schema mode therapy  and emotion-focused therapy interventions can be used to improve communication patterns in couples involved in conflict.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments on cognitive emotion regulation in adolescent girls with self-harm with suicidal ideation. The present study is a quasi-experimental study with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the present study was all female high school students with self-harm with suicidal ideation who were referred to Shahid Fahmideh Student Counseling Center in Bonab city in 2019 In this study, the available sampling method was used to select the sample. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of narrative therapy based on the intervention program of White and Epston (1990) and the control group did not receive any intervention. Findings indicate that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments had a significant effect on improving cognitive emotion regulation (p <0.00). It can be said that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments is a suitable intervention method for counselors and psychologists to improve cognitive emotion regulation strategies in girls with self-harm with suicidal ideation.

The Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES) to code the client’s responses and the Process Focused Conversation Analysis (PFCA) to code the therapist’s responses were applied to transcripts of a successful case of integrative psychotherapy of depression.

The method used for the present research was a case study. Dialogues (150 conversations between therapist-client on the basis of meaning) between a therapist and a client in one case with a good outcome were coded and analyzed by two different systems of APES and PFCA.

The data revealed that combining the results of APES and PFCA is a suitable coding system for drawing a client’s change equation. In a pyramid of therapeutic change, questions, skills, and techniques applied by the therapist are located in the base, center, and high level, respectively. Meanwhile, higher APES levels are located at the top of the pyramid. The efficient intervention has to be delineated on the spot and is appropriate for a situation in which the client is at one particular moment. Case improvement has demonstrated that at high levels of APES, level 4 is the critical one.

Setbacks and stagnations are common within psychotherapy and are generally affected by the main topic of the therapeutic conversation.

The Covid-19 pandemic has made fundamental changes in the human world at the levels of relationships, jobs, education, and health issues. This study was conducted to identify the components of basic psychological coping strategies in people with Covid-19 disease. Participants were people recovered from coronavirus. The research method was qualitative. Eighteen persons were studied through semi-structured interviews. One hundred thirty codes identified related to the objectives of the study. The results of the analysis identified four main topics and sixteen primary categories for hospitalized patients. The four main issues include symptoms and coping skills, treatment expectation, and consequences. The results showed that benefiting from psychological capital can be considered an essential aspect of coping skills. In dealing with Covid-19 disease, patients use all kinds of problem-focused to emotion-focused coping strategies and their resources and even negative coping methods to survive. How a cohesive body and mind make survival. Good physical perception, self-confidence, high will to survive, and hope are among these resources. All patients are grateful for their health after recovery. More importantly, the perception of social support, such as being supported by a spouse, family member, and proper physical activity, are healing factors against Covid-19 disease.

Nonsuicidal self injury has become a common and worrying issue among female adolescents. One of the most important factors in the occurrence of self-harming behaviors is negative emotions. Studies have examined the efficacy of limited therapies on borderline personality disorder and the efficacy of narrative-therapy on girls with nonsuicidal self injuiry has been neglected.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments on emotion regulation in adolescent girls with nonsuicidal self injuiry.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with experimental and control group. The statistical population of the present study was all female high school students with nonsuicidal self injury who were referred to Shahid Fahmideh Student Counseling Center in Bonab city from 2015 to 2020. In this study, the available sampling method was used to select the sample, Thirty students with a history of nonsuicidal self injury who had low emotion regulation were selected and were randomly assigned to the experimental group of 15 people and the control group of 15 people.The experimental groups were exposed to 8 sessions of narrative therapy based on the intervention program of White and Epston (1990) and the control group did not receive any intervention.The post-test was performed for groups. Due to the nature of the research, the statistical model used to test the hypotheses of the present study is multivariate analysis of variance.

Narrative therapy with an emphasis on innovative moments had a significant effect on improving emotion regulation (p <0.00).

According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments is a suitable intervention method to improve emotion regulation in girls with nonsuicidal self-injury.

So far, several interventions in the field of non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) have been carried out under the title of schools silent crisis, however, no research has been found to develops and validates the integrated interventions approach on NSSI and its important consequences.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an integrated interventional approach for NSSI, emotion regulation difficulties, mother-daughter relationship and negative automatic thoughts of adolescent girls.

A quasi-experimental and pre-test,post-test research design with a control group were applied. The statistical population of the study was all first and second year high school students with NSSI. Using chain sampling, 32 participants were selected and randomly assiged to control and experimental groups in Ardabil in 2019-2020. Both groups were pre-tested and post-tested by Sansone, Wiederman, & Sansone Self‐harm inventory (1998), Gratz & Roemer Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (2004), Hollon & Kendall Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (1980), and Fine, Moreland & Schwebel Parent-Child Relationship Survey-Mother (1985).

The results showed that the integrated interventional approach is effective in reducing the difficulties of emotion regulation, improving the mother-daughter relationship, reducing negative automatic thoughts, then reducing NSSI in adolescent girls )p<0.05(.

The approach of integrated interventions is effective on research variables and could be used as an appropriate intervention by school counselors and therapists for adolescent girls with NSSI.

Narrative therapy (NT) has a post-modern approach and assumes people as experts that construct their narratives.

This study aims to provide a review of relevant literature from 1995 to 2021 on studies using narrative therapy, considering how to use it, the application of this approach, and its outcomes.

This study is a systematic review. According to this method, Web of Science and Scopus depositories was selected because they are acknowledged to contain high quality and high impact studies.

Results of this study show that some studies have not clarified how narrative therapy techniques were used and even have conventional outcomes. The others use one or both essential techniques, including externalizing and unique outcomes. Besides, some studies focus on meaning-making and changing discourses.

As a result of this review study, studies that have used the essential techniques have increased the efficacy of this approach, including externalizing, unique outcomes, meaning-making, and changing discourses (focusing on language and construction).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments on resilience in adolescent girls with non-suicidal self-harm. This research is a quasi-experimental type and a post-test pre-test design with an experimental and control group. The statistical population included all female students with non-suicidal self-harm in the secondary schools of Bonab city in the academic year of 2019-20. For this purpose, after administering Gratz's (2001) intentional self-harm questionnaire (DSHI), and Connor-Davidson's (2003) resilience scale (CD-RISC) 30 students with a history of self-harming behaviors and low resilience were selected with a Purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups. (Experiment and Control). The experimental group was exposed to 10 sessions of narrative therapy based on the White and Epston (1990) program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. After the intervention and one month later, a post-test was performed for both groups. Due to the nature of the research, the data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings showed that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments had a significant and positive effect on increasing resilience (p <0.01). According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that narrative therapy with emphasis on innovative moments, is a suitable intervention method to increase resilience in girls with self-harm without suicidal ideation.

The Covid-19 pandemic has made fundamental changes in the human world at the levels of relationships, jobs, education, and health issues. This qualitative study was conducted to identify the components of basic psychological coping in people with Covid-19 disease.

The participants of this study were selected from the list of names of Ardabil Health Network in a purposeful manner. The time of approval of the research was 1399 and the date of its completion was 1400. The research method was qualitative interpretive phenomenology. Therefore, 20 patients who were hospitalized at home were asked through semi-structured interviews and data analysis process continued until reaching the theoretical saturation point. In this study, 123 codes related to research objectives were identified using open coding method.

The results of the analysis showed three main issues and thirteen primary classes. The main subject of symptoms includes physical, psychological and social classes. The main subject of coping skills includes the first classes of entertainment, nutrition, spiritual, psychological, medical, social resources and despair. The main subject of consequences includes the first classes of life, the first class of concerns and the first class of relationships.

Thus, people with Covid-19 disease, use all kinds of problem-focused to emotion-focused coping strategies and all of their resources even negative coping ways to cope and to survive. Therefore, body and mind coherently tries to ensure the survival of the person.

The Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES) for coding of client's responses and process focused conversation analysis(PFCA) for coding of therapist's responses were combined to each other to write the equation of change within psychotherapy.

the research method was case study and the psychotherapy orientation was integrative. Recorded sequential conversations between therapist and client (120 dialogues) were transcribed and coded by APES and PFCA within four therapeutic sessions with one good outcome case that suffered from somatization.

results revealed that there is directive relationship between APES level improvement and therapeutic sessions in client. Different kinds of questions, skills and techniques were identified and entered in change equation. Combination of two different coding models, PFCA and APES, supplies suitable situations for assignment of triangles series within sequential conversations between therapist and client. The questions and skills are at the base and the center of the pyramid of therapeutic change respectively and the techniques are above them and the client answers are at the top of the pyramid.

Using the two coding methods mentioned, the client's quality of responses can be shown in an objective format. In this way, in this way, the quality of client's responses in assimilation levels is identified and the effect of therapist's responses in progression or setbacks in process change are simply observable.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of narrative-focused and solution-focused questioning on anxiety reduction in people withover anxiety disorder. The statistical population of this study was all patients suffering over anxiety disorder who referred to Sepand Counseling Center in Ardabil or the people who referred to the center by other specialists in 2016-2017. The subjects were selected through the available method from the clinical population. Of these patients, 30 patients (15 in each group) were interviewed and the Beck Anxiety Inventory was distributed among them as a pretest. Then, the narrative-focused and solution-focused questioning counseling program was implemented for 8 sessions of 2 hours. After the sessions, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (RCA) was repeatedly administered as a post-test.

The data analysis using content analysis method showed that there is a significant difference between the content narrative-focused and solution-focused questioning in the over anxiety disorder. Also, the result of the covariance analysis indicated that the effectiveness of the narrative-focused method is significantly more than the solution-focused questioning.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the questioning technique is effective regardless of the counseling method, which was used at the level of a common and general change factor.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mandala therapy on reducing anxiety in adolescents. The research was experimental with a pre-test post-test design developed with a test group and two groups of comparison. The statistical population of the study consisted of all high school students in the city of Germi aged 15 to 18 years old, among whom 45 were randomly selected and divided into three groups: one experimental group (15 people) and two groups Each group of 15 people was randomly assigned. The subjects completed the Spielberger positional anxiety questionnaire (1983) in two stages (pre-test and post-test). The experimental group was asked to paint the mandala for 20 minutes. Also, the first group was asked to engage in staining for 20 minutes and the second group was asked to compare for 20 minutes to Draw free painting. The results of covariance analysis showed that the difference between the groups in the post-test of anxiety was statistically significant, meaning that all three methods of mandala coloring, stained chess coloring, and free painting were effective in reducing anxiety. The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the mandala staining method had more effect than the other two methods. This difference can be interpreted by calling on its actions to integrate activities in the course of the engagement of subjects in the drawing of the mandala.

The present research was conducted with the aim of determining the position of questioning, skills, and techniques in counseling of clients with depression using a process-focused conversation analysis method. The research method was of qualitative type, with single-subject design. Two persons with depression referring to Sepand Counseling Center in Ardabil were selected using convenient sampling method and were treated with counseling and psychotherapy using the meta-theory method. The events of each session were written completely and then, therapist's reactions for each client after labeling was entered in the form of the change equation based on the regression analysis model. The results showed that it is easy to extract the change equation in terms of questions, skills, and techniques from the psychotherapy process and objectify the change equation using the symbolic system. On the other hand, the level of contribution to variance for each of the effective components dependent on the therapist's responses was determined. based on the formulation of the change equation, the supervision of the psychotherapy would be simplified; a wide range of counseling and psychotherapy events can be found, such as the cognitive complexity of the clients and the extent of the therapist's or client's activity.

The purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on the parameters of the model of coping with loss, hope and spiritual well-being in grieving students. The research was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design and control group. From among the grieving students at Mohaghegh Ardabili University, 30 undergraduate students were selected using convenience sampling method. Schneider Hope Questionnaire and Spiritual Health Questionnaire were used as pre-test and post-test in this study. The Data were analyzed using the statistical analysis of covariance. The results of the data analysis indicated that cognitive-behavioral group therapy is beneficial for increasing the hope and spiritual well-being of grieving individuals, and there is a significant difference between the two groups (P</001). Accordingly, it can be said that cognitive-behavioral group therapy is effective in improving the parameters of the model a coping with loss; it helps the grieving individuals in their emotional discharge and acceptance of death, and increases their hope and spiritual well-being.

Because female-headed households due to divorce, death, addiction and downtime wife, are considered among the vulnerable population This research aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive self-compassion training on self-efficacy in women headed house -holds.
This research was a queasy-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with an experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all women headed households of Rasht city in 2015. Thirty women were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups (each group contain 15 person). The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes educated by cognitive self-compassion training and control group didn’t receive any training. The groups completed the questionnaire of self-efficacy as a pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance method with using of SPSS19 software.
The results showed there was significant difference between Cognitive Self-Compassion training group and control group on variables of self-efficacy. On the other hand cognitive self-compassion training led to significant increase self-efficacy of women headed house -holds. (P Regarded to results of this research suggest that counselors, therapists and clinical psychologist can use cognitive self-compassion training method for improving self-efficacy of women headed households.

Divorce rate is increasing day by day and its implications especially in women is one of the nowadays psychotherapy challenges and greater attention is needed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of metaphorical cognitive and behavioral therapy on depression, and resilience in divorced women.
This study method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. Statistical population were all divorce women under 45 years whome covered by the welfare organization in Myaneh city in winter 2014. Among whom 30 persons were selected as the accessible sample and then they were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental (15 persons) and control (15 persons). Beck depression test (1991) and Connor and Davison resilience test (2003) were takken twice from each group. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used.
The result of covariance analysis showed that the mean scores of depression in post test was significantly lower than control group (P We can conclude that metaphorical cognitive and behavioral therapy can reduce depression metaphor in divorced women, so this treatment can be as an intervention fits with our culture, at health centers and organizations.

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of stress inoculation training and drug therapy on blood pressure and quality of life in woman with hypertension. The statistical population consisted of all the woman who suffered from hypertension in the health and medical centers of Khalkhal. The sample (N=40) was selected by available sampling.The data collecting tools included the short form of the quality of life questionnaire)WHO QOL BREF(and a barometer. This study had an experimental design and data were analyzed by multiple analysis of covariance. Stress inoculation training decreases systolic blood pressure and increases the level of quality of life for women suffering from hypertension. Although it can be said that this training does not decrease diastolic blood pressure. Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) is effective on the improvement of quality of life and decreases blood pressure in the patients with Hypertension.