hossein malakooti

Nitrogen dioxide is a significant factor affecting air quality in various regions worldwide. The aim of this study is to examine the concentration and trends of nitrogen dioxide pollution between 2005 and 2018, and explore its association with precipitation levels in the region. Based on data derived from the OMI sensor in Iran, the average vertical column concentration of nitrogen dioxide during this period revealed that the highest concentration was observed in the troposphere. Megacities, particularly Tehran metropolis, exhibited elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide due to the high population density and extensive road transportation. Analyzing the annual changes in nitrogen dioxide concentration in the troposphere alongside the average annual precipitation in Iran, it was observed that the pollutant concentration increased from 2005 to 2016 and subsequently decreased from 2016 to 2018, primarily due to population growth. However, when considering the overall trend, there was an upward trend with a slope of 3.53× -2. In contrast, the time series analysis of average annual precipitation in Iran demonstrated a declining trend with a slope of (-0.159 mm × ). Comparing the trends of these two variables, it can be deduced that they exhibit a negative correlation.

One of the most important things in a tropical storm that causes its intensity and weakening is the physical exchanges between the storm and the ocean surface. To study surface exchange, two very important quantities latent heat flux and momentum flux are considered. The momentum flux is related to the frictional velocity. Therefore, the frictional velocity has been used to study the momentum flux. The study of latent heat flux in tropical storms shows that this physical quantity has many changes in the tropical storm growth cycle in the central and peripheral parts of the storm. These fluctuations show that the latent heat flux plays a large and colorful role in the development of tropical storms. In all of this research, ERA5 data with spatial resolution accuracy of 0.25 degrees has been used in longitude and latitude data. The results of this research regarding the latent heat flux show that this flux reaches its maximum in accordance with the pressure of the central core at the peak of storm intensity and this flux will start to decrease during the weakening stage of the storm. A good coincidence is seen between the maximum latent heat flux and the minimum pressure drop in tropical storms. Based on the calculation of the latent heat flux for the internal part (radius less than 0.75 degrees) and the peripheral part (between 3 and 5 degrees), it indicates the horizontal flux exchange between the core and the surrounding environment. Actually, as the flux in the environment decreases, the flux in the inner core increases.

The main greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) have a direct effect on the radiative balance of the atmosphere. They are the main driver of climate change, because their global average concentration during the industrial period has increased by about 47% and 156% for CO2 and CH4, respectively, as a result of human activities (IPCC, 2021).The importance of these gases, henceforth called greenhouse gases (GHGs), led to the creation of global monitoring networks to monitor their trends and variability. Terrestrial remote sensing networks such as the Atmospheric Composition Change Detection Network (NDACC) and the Total Carbon Column Observation Network (TCCON) are used and welcomed by researchers due to the long time span of accurate column observations (De Mazière et al., 2018). ; Wunch et al., 2011).Observational grid measurements of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers use direct sunlight to measure the absorption of rare gases along the line of sight and provide detailed information on the total column abundance or vertical profile of greenhouse gases and other species. These observations are used by scientists around the world to detect changes in atmospheric composition, to improve our understanding of the carbon cycle, or to provide validation for space-based measurements. Recently, low-cost mobile FTIR spectrometers have been used in the Collaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) to validate fluxes in urban areas (Hase et al., 2015; Vogel et al., 2019; Makarova et al., 2021).In addition to FTIR observations, surface observations of these gases are performed for better management of springs and wells on a smaller scale. Both types of observations contain valuable information about the emission and atmospheric distribution of these species and complement each other. The need to estimate greenhouse gas emissions using independent approaches has encouraged scientists to develop policies based on different measurements (Dayalu et al., 2009).One of the important factors of global warming, the concentration of CO2 and its changes has aroused sensitivities all over the world. Establishing a clear understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of CO2 concentrations at a regional scale is a critical technical challenge for climate change research. Modeling with the spatial resolution of the CO2 atmospheric concentration was done using the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-GHG) model and from the X CO2 data retrieved from the GOSAT satellite observations, as accuracy control information and Evaluation of the simulated data was used in CO2 column concentration. WRF-GHG is a model for simulating atmospheric chemical transport, designed for regional studies of CO2 concentration. The studied area, the Middle East region was designed as the first domain and Iran as the second domain with a resolution of 30 and 10 km, respectively. The performance of the simulations in predicting the concentration of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2), for the study period of February and August 2010, showed that the spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables is well represented by the model with a correlation coefficient of 93%. -76%, 39%-47%, and 52-80% for temperature, wind, and relative humidity have been simulated. The most important sources of CO2 emissions include man-made emissions, biomass emissions, fire emissions, and ocean emissions. Among the emission sources of CO2 column concentration, human resources have the largest share in the emission of this pollutant with the amount of (38.33 and 23.70) percent in February and August. Biogenic emissions, after human emissions, with (24.08 and 46.64) percentages of absorption and (31.81 and 28.64) in February and August have the largest share in the production and absorption of this pollutant. Fire emissions with (5.76 and 2.04) percent and ocean with a value of (3.23-10 x 6) percent for CO2 pollutants are in third and fourth place respectively in the share of total CO2 emissions. From the analysis of the behavior of monthly average values from the advection field, in both February and August, it was determined that the maximum values of advection occurred at night to early morning. The evaluation results of the RMSE error indicate that the simulation has performed better in the cold season than in the hot season in the aforementioned pollutant simulations. CO2 column concentration was underestimated in winter (0.79 ppmv) and overestimated in summer (0.45 ppmv). This study showed that the WRF-GHG model is able to represent well many important features of observations (such as temperature, wind field, and humidity) in Southwest Asia (Middle East-Iran region) and the use of the model for future studies in It assures the region.

The rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere are a major concern for the environment due to their potential impact on future global climate and the anthropogenic oceanic CO2 sink. Greenhouse gas emissions in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean regions have significantly increased since the 1950s. Oceans are crucial carbon reservoirs on Earth. Understanding the spatio-temporal variability in CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and sea, as well as its drivers, is essential for assessing ocean vulnerability and quantifying their ability to store carbon under future climate conditions. This study examines the spatial and temporal changes in sea surface CO2 (PCO2) and atmosphere-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) in the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Caspian Sea, Arabian Sea, and Mediterranean Sea from 1982 to 2019. Additionally, the research will investigate the underlying mechanisms of seasonal PCO2  variability.

This study utilizes data from the Max Planck Institute to examine the temporal and spatial changes of air-sea CO2 exchange. The data was obtained by fitting a biogeochemistry diagnostic model of the ocean mixed layer to the ocean surface CO2 partial pressure data. Reanalysis data of temperature and wind speed was used to investigate the factors controlling the variability of FCO2 and PCO2. Additionally, the study examined the factors influencing the variability of PCO2 in each pixel, including the effects of temperature change and non-thermal components such as circulations, vertical mixing, biological changes, dissolved inorganic carbon, and upwelling systems.

CO2 flux has been estimated at up to 50 g C m-2 year-1 over the western regions of the Arabian Sea. The Red Sea is a source of CO2 in all seasons, except for the northern regions, which is a sink of CO2 in winter and spring. The intensity of the CO2 sink has increased in the Persian Gulf and the western areas of the Mediterranean Sea, and decreased in the eastern areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The CO2 source intensity has decreased in most of the seas, including the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and the central areas of the Mediterranean Sea during the studied period. Temperature is the most important driver of the seasonal cycle of PCO2 in the Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf and Red Sea. In addition to temperature, the non-thermal component also plays an important role in the central regions of the Red Sea and the southern regions of the Persian Gulf. The CO2 flux over the seas of West Asia follow the pattern of sea surface partial pressure of CO2. The CO2 flux has a high correlation of +0.80 with the wind speed in the western regions of the Arabian Sea, which is related to the summer monsoon. The high PCO2 (500 μatm) and FCO2 (140 g C m-2 year-1) over the northwestern Arabian Sea in the summer season are due to the monsoon driven upwelling of CO2-rich waters from the lower levels.

Significant changes were most noticeable in the western Arabian Sea. This signifies positive steps towards reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This region holds great socio-economic importance for the coastal countries, with its inhabitants relying heavily on fishing for their livelihood. This underscores the immediate need for science-based management strategies to address the effects of climate change and safeguard the socio-economic well-being of coastal communities in this area.

Spectral and statistical analyses of wind-induced waves are very important in the design of coastal and offshore structures. In this study. the results of numerical simulations by two spectral wave models (MIKE SW and SWAN) were compared to investigate the effect of the Indian Ocean summer monsoon on wave patterns in the Chabahar offshore area in the northern Gulf of Oman. The wind field for the wave simulations was obtained by the WRF model. WRF and SWAN were implemented as wave-atmosphere subsystems of the COAWST (Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport model). For MIKE SW wind input. the output wind field of the WRF model was extracted and converted to the readable format. The results of the wave simulation are acceptable by both the COAWST and MIKE SW experiments in comparison with observational data. but the results of the COAWST model were more accurate than the results of MIKE SW in simulating wave height and period. while in simulating wave direction. MIKE SW was more accurately than COAWST. The wave spectrums were prepared for observational data and model results. All Spectrums had a single peak which means that one main frequency is responsible for the most wave energy. The best-fitted spectrum was JONSWAP for all occasions. This means that the sea state of the study area was not a fully developed sea during the simulation period. Directional wave spectrums of observational data and model results showed the south and southeast directions for the wave energy propagation.

In the Islamic legal system "sharia" as the main source of constitutional law goes beyond the written document and gives content to the norms of the constitution. The idea of ​​an Islamic constitution is neither a mere adherence to the principles of the constitution nor a formalist adherence to its writings, but in fact the same adherence to the spirit of the constitution. In addition, "Ijtihad" and “Maslahah” as two dynamic elements of sharia to deduce sharia rules; Built to suit the needs of each era. In this regard, the study of the nature of the Sharia, which can prevail and influence the principles and concepts of the Constitution as a superior spirit and unwritten norm, compared to the written text of the Constitution; It is essential. The present study examines the position of Sharia in the Islamic legal order as a Hypertext value that has subjugated the identity and foundation of a nation, and also by emphasizing the dynamic elements of the Sharia and their impact on the vitality of this superior norm, tries to clarify the relationship between sharia and the unwritten constitution.

In the context of global warming and climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2) is known as one of the most important greenhouse gases that has significant effects on the global warming. It is considered as one of the consequences of the accumulation of greenhouse gases. It is very important to control the amount of CO2 emissions and reduce the effects of human activity on climate warming and understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric CO2. Due to the coarse horizontal resolution of global transport models, simulation of CO2 concentration in hourly/weekly time intervals and with a good vertical resolution in continental or coastal sites is one of the most important environmental challenges especially in the Middle East.   While compiling information on CO2 emission from different sources, regional numerical simulation with spatial resolution of 30 and 10 km of atmospheric CO2 concentration was carried out using the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-GHG) model. XCO2 information retrieved from GOSAT satellite observations was used as accuracy control information and evaluation of simulated results in CO2 column concentration in hot (August) and cold (February) seasons compared to the output results of TM3 global model.  The performance of simulations in predicting the concentration of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) for the study period of February and August in 2010 showed that the spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables have been simulated well with the correlation coefficients of 86-92%, 75-67% and 76-82% for temperature, wind and relative humidity, respectively. The evaluation results showed that the WRF-GHG model performs better than the TM3 global model in terms of statistical errors. On average, the skewness error values in both hot and cold seasons are -0.79 and 0.45 (-0.85 and 1.12) in the regional (global) model, respectively. The evaluation results showed that the difference between the simulated concentrations and XCO2 observations from the GOSAT satellite could be caused by the underestimation of emissions produced by human activities, oceanic emissions, and exploitation of fossil fuels. This study showed that the WRF-GHG model is able to simulate well many important features of the atmospheric variables fields in Southwest Asia (Middle East-Iran region); then its application for future studies in this region is assured.

Simulation of near-surface weather parameters is a challenging process, especially in urban areas, because it is difficult to precisely identify surface characteristics in urban micro-scales. Different urban parameterizations for the representation of urban structure are coupled with numerical weather or climate models to improve the accuracy of the micro-scale simulations. In this study, the numerical results of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) with three different urban configurations, namely no urban canopy or the SLAB scheme, Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model (SLUCM) and Multi-Layer UCM or the Building Effect Parameterization (BEP) in the simulation of near-surface air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed are evaluated against the observations in Tehran Metropolis, during 15 to 29 June 2016. Overall, results show that SLUCM and BEP predict meteorological parameters more accurately than SLAB scheme. Although the performance of the model is not the same in different weather stations, comparing SLUCM and BEP results, on average, over four stations of Tehran shows that BEP results in minimum errors and the maximum Pearson coefficients. In addition, the more intense night-time urban heat island is also simulated in BEP (over 2.5°C) in comparison to SLUCM (1.5°C) and SLAB (0.5°C). However, the daytime UHI intensity is approximately simulated with the same intensity in the three mentioned simulations. Since high-resolution numerical simulations are time-consuming and expensive, current results can be used in other related studies to avoid extra costs.

The Constitution recognizes the right to vote to protect the rights of the nation in the administration of affairs and to protect the principles and values ​​of the rule of religious democracy in the elections of councils. Every citizen has the right to run for elected councils. In the implementation of the rule of law, the conditions for a citizen to be elected are determined by the legislature, respecting the rights of individuals. However, achieving the behavioral aspects of the candidacy with selectable conditions such as belief and moral competence in the process of reviewing the qualifications, causes controversy and deprives the citizen of the right to be elected. The questions are what the nature of the right to vote is and what the capacities and guarantees of the principles of the right to be elected in the legal system of Islamic council elections are. The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of suffrage by looking at strengthening the theoretical foundations of the right of individuals to be elected to elected positions, which has been studied and evaluated in a descriptive and analytical manner by focusing on the constitutional capacities. Findings show that the true expression of criteria (appropriate to the requirements), accurate determination of indicators of voluntary conditions and the development of a specialized procedure with the supremacy of the rights of the nation in the constitution, can lead to the realization of the right to self-determination, removal of obstacles, selectivity, and development of public participation in local affairs.

Wind field is known as an important variable that has significant effects on the behavior of other key meteorological variables. In the present study, wind observational data at 10m AGL from three meteorological stations (Bandar Abbas, Qeshm Airport and Dubai), monthly average and 6-hour ECMWF ERA-Interim data, three key indicators of oceanic climatological oscillation (El Niño–Southern Oscillations, North Atlantic Oscillations and Indian Ocean Dipole) have been used to study the low level wind field of the Strait of Hormuz from 1996 to 2019. For this purpose, the correlations of the MEI.v2, NAO and DMI indexes with the surface wind speed of the Strait of Hormuz has been investigated respectively. The results showed that in the Strait of Hormuz, the direction of prevailing wind has occurred westerly during winter and spring, Southerly to Southeasterly during summer and Southwesterly during autumn. The maximum of 10m daily observational mean wind speed was observed about 5.3 m/s and it was occurred at airport Qeshm station, which shows the western parts of Qeshm island is experiencing higher wind potential than other coasts. A lower level of wind speed was observed on the Strait of Hormuz compared to the middle of the Persian Gulf, which indicates lower synoptical forcing and also the importance of meso-local forcing over this region. The decrease in wind field speed with its counterclockwise deviation at the western entrance of the Strait of Hormuz, which can be due to the presence of islands surface roughness and drag, differences of synoptic forcing between two sea sides of this Strait, especially during summer and autumn (slight convergence in low level) contrary to the funnel-shaped coastline at the western entrance of wind. Also, by examining the correlation between the time variation of MEI.v2, NAO and DMI telecommunication indices and zonal s (zonal / meridional) in Bandar Abbas (OIKB), Qeshm Airport (OIKQ) and Dubai (OMDB) stations, it was observed that the meridional wind components (v) with each index has a different behavior correlation in the northern regions (OIKB and OIKQ) and in the southern part (OMDB) of the Strait of Hormuz. On the contrary, zonal wind components (u) with the different telecommunication indices of oceanic oscillations in all three stations had almost the same behavior correlation. In all seasons and throughout the Strait of Hormuz, the mean value of wind speed in the neutral phase of ENSO, compared to the average of twenty-four years and the positive (El Niño) and negative (La Niña) phases has experienced higher values. The results of the correlation between zonal/meridional wind components and MEI.v2, NAO and DMI indices with a time delay up to 12 months in each station were studied. All three indices show a low level correlation of around 0.30 with the zonal/meridional wind components at all three stations. Simultaneous negative (positive) correlation is observed in all three stations between the u-wind component, with the selected triple indexes. Also, in all three selected stations, diurnal variation of wind speed and direction (daily wind regime) confirm the occurrence of sea breeze and land breeze in the coastal areas of the study area and among stations, the highest incidence of sea breeze and land breeze was observed in Bandar Abbas station.

Abstract In the northern basin of the Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea pre-monsoon (March–May) and post-monsoon (October–December) seasons (defined as the seasons before and after the summer monsoon season, Atmospheric conditions create a favorable environment for the formation and strengthening of tropical storms, which can cause human and financial damage if they reach the shores of the Indian Ocean. Various parameters are effective in creating and amplifying tropical storms, such as sea level pressure, sea surface temperature and wind speed. These parameters deepen with the development of the storm and become normal before the storm as the storm weakens. Surface pressure is a quantity that develops and weakens with the growth cycle of a tropical cyclone, and the most important feature of a tropical cyclone is the formation of closed compression lines around the center of low pressure, Which makes it possible to identify anomalies using the tools of statistics and probability and pressure of the rotating center. Statistical or percentage statistical technique has been used to identify low pressure centers.Mean sea level pressure data on the North Indian Ocean were available over a 41-year period, and one of the challenges of using a percentile or percentage on this data is the existence of temporal and spatial dimensions in the data. To overcome the problem of temporal and spatial dimensions of data and define a threshold value for anomalies that includes both time and place dimensions: A) Calculate the percentage index on spatial data in the North Indian OceanB) Calculation of percentage index in time dimension from spatial percentage indicators calculated The important point in identifying the anomalies of the North Indian Ocean is that the best monthly threshold is 97.5% with the identification of 94.5%, which was able to detect the most anomalies in the North Indian Ocean. Therefore, it is observed that the best result in identifying turbulence and rotational disorders by percentage thresholds is the monthly threshold of 97.5%, which is obtained by calculating the percentage threshold by temporal and spatial dimensions

The terrestrial ecosystem plays an important role in the carbon cycle and each year absorbs more than a quarter of human carbon emissions, which is called terrestrial carbon sinks. In the last few decades, carbon sources and sinks in West Asia and around the Mediterranean Sea have changed due to drastic changes in land cover due to economic development and urbanization growth. In the present study, using the observations-based CO2 flux data of Jena CarboScope Institute, temperature and precipitation data, the seasonal and annual pattern of CO2 exchanges during the period 1982-2019, has been investigated, as well as the role of teleconnection patterns on the CO2 flux fluctuations was analyzed. The results showed that on long term average, the land areas of the northern Mediterranean Sea were CO2 sinks with absorption up to -114 g.C/(m2.year) and the amount of CO2 absorption in this areas have decreased with a trend of up to 5 g.C/(m2.year.decade) during the study period. While the CO2 sinks in the western parts of India (up to -70 g.C/(m2.year)) increased with the trend of up to -8 g.C/(m2.year.decade). Also, the central regions (including Iran, Saudi Arabia and the northern parts of Africa), the northeast (including Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan) and the southwest (including the central regions of Africa) of the study area, which were the CO2 sources on average (between 0 to 50 g.C/(m2.year)), the intensity of CO2 emissions has been reduced with a trend of up to -10 g.C/(m2.year.decade). Based on the results, in the land areas of the northern Mediterranean Sea, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea in Iran (western parts of India, western Iran and central Africa) in the study area, seasonal changes in temperature (precipitation) played a more important role in the seasonal cycle of CO2 exchanges between the atmosphere and the terrestrial ecosystem. The positive correlation between the MEI.v2 index related to El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the variability of the atmosphere-land CO2 flux showed that in El Niño conditions (positive and warm phase of ENSO) the amount of CO2 absorption and sink in the land areas of the northern Mediterranean Sea and West India, Southeast Iran and Pakistan decreased, which can be due to the decrease in rainfall in El Niño conditions in these areas. In La Niño conditions (negative and cold phase of ENSO) in these areas, the amount of CO2 absorption increased and the sinks became stronger. The negative correlation of atmospheric-land CO2 flux variability with both El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole Oscillation showed that in El Niño and positive IOD conditions, CO2 emission decreased in the western and central parts of Africa in the study area, while in La Niño and negative IOD conditions CO2 emission increased in these regions. Also, in the positive phase of IOD, the CO2 sink in the eastern part of Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, the southeastern regions of Iran, southern Pakistan, and western parts of India became weaker, and in the negative phase of IOD, the amount of CO2 absorption in these areas increased.

Economic is an important matter which political system of country had formed on it. On this basis sovereignty system of Iran which had to establish its economic system according to Islamic standards and doctrines had approved principles that shows governance attitude to economic and economic manner dominate on country. On one hand economic and political tasks are that much intertwined that they affecting each other in every aspect because lawyers try to optimize society welfare by achieving economic welfare with codification. On the other hand they analyze rights by viewing economic approach. By prophecy of 44 principle general policies, constitution trace economical departments and their construction. And forecast public, private and cooperative ownership. That in this way importance of private and public section had determined. This dissertation goal is studying economic situation of country and private, public and cooperative economic parts. Separation of private section from public section and effort for implementation of general 44 principle policies resulted in providing context of fight against corruption and increasing efficiency in economic by national economic development expend ownership in public level in order to supply social justice, enhance of business enterprise efficiency, national economic competitiveness increase, increase of private and cooperative section share in national economy, reducing government financial burden, encouraging investment and saving and reducing governmental enterprise. Before codification 0f 44 principle political economic approach was based on being governmental. Position of private and cooperative section in economic enterprise of country got stronger with modification of rules and privatization birth.

One of the consequences of the increase and accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is kown as global warming, which is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental challenges in the world, especially in the Middle East. Given the scarcity of water resources in recent years, the consequences of global warming and climate change in various countries have reached a very worrying level. Carbon dioxide and Methane are known as two of the most important human greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, accounting for 64% and 18%, respectively, of long-lived radiation induction (LLGHGs) (Forster et al, 2007). Methane is considered as the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after Carbon Dioxide.The most important sources of Methane emissions include: biomass incineration, artificial human emissions, wetland emissions, and wastes. Despite the importance of Methane for physical and atmospheric conditions, the spatial distribution of global resources and Methane sinks is not well understood. With the launch of Methane measurement from satellites, knowledge about the global distribution of Methane in the atmosphere greatly increased.The Japanese Greenhouse Gas Satellite (GOSAT) is the only satellite that measures the column mixing ratio of atmospheric Methane. Since the 1990, various global models have been used to simulate CH4 concentrations. High-resolution simulation of CH4 at hourly intervals on Earth, with diverse ecosystems, due to the lack of intensive spatial and temporal measurements and the impossibility of reliable validations for chemical simulations are known as a serious challenge. The main purpose of this study is to understand the performance of the WRF-GHG model in simulation of Methane concentration and validation the results of medium-scale modeling output in total Methane concentration in comparison with GOSAT satellite observations over Iran.

Iran and some area of its surroundings is considered as a study area. This study focuses on two case periods of hot and dry (August 31-2010) and cold and wet (February 1-28, 2010). In order to provide the initial and boundary conditions of meteorological fields, ERA5 reanalysis data were used with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 ° with a time resolution of 6 hours. Different emission input data from three different global greenhouse gas emission databases EDGAR_v5.0 (anthropogenic emissions), GFAS emissions (fire emissions), and datasets (CMS_V01) (wetland emissions) have been used.Preliminary and boundary conditions for the chemical fields taken from atmospheric monitoring service data (CAMS) with a spatial resolution of 0.8º with 137 vertical levels and with 6 hours time resolution. To investigate and quantify the validity of meteorological fields simulated by the WRF-Chem numerical model, a set of observations of selective synoptic stations is used. For validation of CH4 WRF_Chem column concentration and statistical analysis, in the points that include remote sensing data (GOSAT sensor data), is used the set of level 2 products generated by the NIES algorithm. The local transit time of the GOSAT satellite Is approximated around 13: 00_9: 00, so the simulated concentration for this time is applied in the analysis. The first 15 days of the simulation are omitted to take into account the spin-up time. Statistical parameters of mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute error value (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (R) in meteorological and chemical variables are studied for validation of numerical simulations and quantification of error levels.

The model has been able to calculate temporal changes in surface temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed to some extent correctly. The general tendency of the model to simulate the observed temperature and relative humidity for the selected time period is evaluated. In general, model values are closer to summer observations than all thirty days in two selective months. The wind speed forecast is often consistent with the wind speed values obtained from the measurements, and in most cases, the wind speed is overestimated at around 1.2 m/s.Statistical evaluations of the WRF-Chem model, together with the GHG gas-phase chemistry mechanism, show the simulation of Methane concentration versus observations by the GOSAT satellite, and the estimation of the average monthly concentration in February and August 2010. The values of MAE, RMSE, RMSE_u, RMSE_s, BIAS and R are calculated equal to 42.92, 46.05, 7.82, 44.60, -24.99 and 0.63, for hot and equal to 12.01, 13.94, 7.09, 11.68, 7.50 and 0.76 ppb, for cold periods respectively. It can be seen that the WRF-Chem model performed better in Methane simulation in cold and wet periods (January) compared to the hot and dry seasons (August).

In this study, the WRF-Chem model was used to simulate meteorological variables and air pollutants (methane greenhouse gas) concentrations in the Middle East-Iran region during the study period of February and August 2010. The sensitivity of the model is considered using the GHG gas-phase chemistry scheme. The main findings of this study are: The model is able to reproduce temporal changes in surface temperature, relative humidity, and wind. The model underestimates the air temperature and relative humidity respectively around, 1/05 ⸰C -5% in the study area (Iran).In simulating of Methane concentration, and examining the results with related GOSAT satellite observations, the model overestimates around15 ppb of the Methane concentrations. The evaluation results show that the WRF-Chem model performs better in the cold season (January) than in the warm season (August). This uncertainty in CH4 simulation can be attributed to a deficiency in various input components of the CH4 emission in different categories. Improving the simulation for the various parameters reported to the model as the primary CH4 emission can generally help to improve the CH4 simulations.

The new insights into ocean-atmosphere-land synoptic studies, have led scientists to trace attractive atmospheric and oceanic phenomena. In this study, by using synoptic maps and some precipitation indices for Iran, we estimated the type and intensity of the extreme precipitation event in Dayyer Port synoptical station (27˚51ʹ34ʺN-51˚57ʹ52ʺ, ID: 40872) for 19March 2017. In order to identify oceanic sources of the water content for this precipitation event, air parcels were traced as lagrangian single particle trajectory by a hybrid model of HYSPLIT which is run backward interactively on the web site, during 9-days by the start of maximum rainfall, locatacted at Dayyer port station. Accordingly, we plotted pattern of the average moisture transfer paths on 800-550 hPa atmospheric levels. The field climate data (including wind speed and direction, relative humidity and precipitation) with 6-hour time steps and spatial resolution of 2.5˚×2.5˚(longitude and latitude), entered into the model from the reanalysis global data archive of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR). Consequently, by assessment of the meteorological maps and data and by using a precipitation index of R10mm, we found that this precipitation event (19th March 2017) defined as a heavy precipitation day. Finally, the simulation outputs clearly showed that the water contents of this rainfall system (19th March 2017) originates from two source locations of the north area of Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea), and also the east part of Atlantic Ocean. In addition, the results illustrated that during the occurrence of this precipitation event, an extra-tropical cyclone was active on the studied area.

Increasing population growth and consequently the development of urban areas can profoundly affect climate events and thus intensify phenomena such as heat stress. Given the expected effects of this phenomenon on human health, it is very important to provide mitigating operational solutions to control future conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of simulating the effect of urban planning solutions on dynamic processes in the urban environment and at the local scale in Tehran city using the WRF mid-scale numerical model. Simulations were performed using 4 nested domains with a two-way interactive nesting procedure. The study used a simple Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model and a more advanced multi-layered approach called Multi‐layer urban canopy (BEP). The results of the simulations, after comparing the two urban schemes with a sensitivity measurement for different strategies, showed that the surface reflectance change scenario has the greatest impact on the land surface compared to the two scenarios of increasing urban green areas and reducing building density. Due to Tehranchr('39')s specific topographic location and high overall temperature in this region, Tehran is relatively vulnerable to heat stress. Compared to the intensity of 5.5 °C for base mode, applying control measures can reduce the intensity of UHI up to 3 °C when using bright colors with high reflectivity for the ceiling and 1 ° C by replacing impermeable surfaces with natural vegetation in urban areas of Tehran.

In this report, we compare data products from three different algorithms with the reference data obtained by ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTSs)  in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), with the 8 selected sites in five years(2011-2015). The algorithms evaluated are NIES, ACOS and SRFP algorithms. These algorithms are focused on retrieving the column abundance of the CO2 to take advantage of the molecular amounts of dry air carbon dioxide (XCO2). To evaluate the products of each algorithm with its equivalent ground observations, statistical indices such as Bias error, root mean square error (RMSE), absolute error (MAE), standard deviation (SD), and Pearson correlation coefficient (CR) were used. By examining the values presented by each algorithm and comparing it with the ground observation values, it can be concluded that the NIES, ACOS, and RemoTeC (SRFP) algorithms have the lowest RMSE, Bias and MAE error respectively. The best agreements with TCCON measurements in the most stations were detected for NIES 02.xx. The SRFP algorithm has a significant difference in estimating CO2 retrieving rates compared to the other two algorithms. So that the lowest correlation values belong to the SRFP algorithm and the highest correlation, values belong to the NIES algorithm.

The northern Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal and Northwest Ocean) is one of the areas under Nedaja mission, one of the areas prone to the formation of tropical cyclons. In this study, we investigated the timing and pattern of forming tropical cyclons in the northern Indian Ocean region using data from the Indian Meteorological Organization from 1990 to 2017. The results showed that the highest number of cyclons occurred in November, June and October, respectively. There were no cyclons in the months of April, August, September, February and March. The frequency distribution graphs of cyclons formed in both the Bay of Bengal and Northwest Ocean regions show two maximum points. The first peak is related to the consecutive months of May and June and the second peak occurs in the months of October, November and December. The lack of intra-tropical convergence zone in the northern ocean causes no tropical cyclons in the area to occur in the summer and winter seasons. Statistical analysis also showed that if a storm occurs at any degree in the first maximum distribution, with 90% probability we will see the formation of a cyclonin the continuation of the first maximum and the second maximum and with 83.3% probability we will see a cyclon formation in the second maximum.. Background preparation using the results of this study can provide significant assistance in tackling tropical cyclons and maritime safety.

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) describes the temperature difference between urban and rural temperatures. Finding urban heat island mitigation strategies is of great importance, given expected influences on human health and air quality. This study presents numerical simulations over a summer period to investigate the impact of urban heat island control measures on Tehran urban air quality. The WRF-Chem Chemical Mesoscale Model is used to investigate the effect of increasing urban vegetation and highly reflective surfaces on the concentration of primary pollutants (CO, NO) as well as secondary pollutants (O3) in urban canyons. In order to account for the heterogeneity of urban areas, a multi-layered urban canopy model is coupled with WRF-Chem. Using this canopy model at its broad range requires introducing several urban user classes in WRF-Chem. Tehran metropolis is considered to simulate designed experiments in the summer of 2016. The selected reduction measures in the simulations are able to reduce the urban temperature by about 1-3 degrees Celsius and average daily ozone concentration by 5 to 10 percent. The modeling results also presented secondary negative effects on urban air quality, which is strongly related to the reduction of vertical mixing in the urban boundary layer. The simulation results show a 1 to 20% increase in the primary pollutants (NO and CO). Despite the daily average decrease in ozone concentration, highly reflective surfaces due to severe short-wavelength radiation that accelerates photochemical reactions can lead to an increase in the peak ozone concentration by up to 9% at noon hours.

Significant emission of heat from human activities and overheating of synthetic surfaces over natural surfaces leads to urban heat island formation. The average annual temperature in central areas of a large city is at least about 1-3 ° C above the surrounding area. On calm nights, city centers can experience temperatures as high as 12 ° C. In addition to the health problems caused by rising temperatures, the effect of increasing rates of photochemical reactions, which in turn worsens indoor air quality, is also of particular importance (Oke, 1982). Specific measures such as the use of green roofs or facades and materials with high reflectivity are able to reduce the intensity of the urban heat island. The purpose of this study is to use the WRF-Chem model, coupled with urban parameterization schemes, to investigate the dynamical and chemical processes when applying conventional reduction strategies. The study area is the urban area of ​​Tehran as one of the most polluted cities in Iran.

To show the three-dimensional structure of urban areas, the urban parameterization plan was used along with the Noha land surface model. In order to show the heterogeneity of urban land levels and to use urban modeling with its full expansion, the main urban class (1) in the WRF / Chem model was divided into 3 subclasses (31-33). The range of the model for the internal nest was 103 by 79 network cells with a horizontal resolution of 1.33 km. In order to identify morphological features for each class of Tehran urban area, the characteristics of roads and buildings (building height, street width, albedo level, vegetation, etc.) as well as thermodynamic properties and roughness characteristics within the model were updated. The simulation period was July 17 to July 23, 2016, a period of thermal stress in Tehran that could be considered as a special period for future weather conditions in Tehran. The basic mode (control) was simulated along with urban planning strategies such as increasing urban vegetation (park), increasing building surface whiteness (albedo), and changing building density (density) for further study.

During the study of simulation sensitivity, different meteorological and pollution parameters of the simulated air in the default mode were compared with the average observations of the three urban metering stations. The correlation between simulations and observations, except for CO, was greater than 0.5, and the model performed well in reproducing various parameters. Comparing the results of simulations with observational data, it can be stated that the model generally simulates the hourly changes of meteorological variables well, but more or less estimates the concentration of air pollutants during the simulation period (Grossman and Sobert and Clark, 2013). One reason for the comparison method is that simulation outputs are extracted at the beginning of each hour, while measurements are reported as average or average daily (Akbari et al., 2001). To investigate the effect of different reduction strategies, the effect of each strategy on the concentration of different pollutants was simulated. On average, the air temperature decreases by 3.37 degrees Celsius and 1.7 degrees Celsius, respectively, for the albedo and park scenario. In relation to the primary pollutants CO, SO2 or NOx, the positive effect of reduced temperature is reversed. This was particularly the case for a scenario in which the whiteness of the roof and walls of buildings increased (the relative increase in primary contaminants by up to 20%). An increase in ozone concentration of up to 9% for the Albido scenario was found around 1300 hours, which could be due to a further increase in ceiling and wall surface whitening from 0.2 to 0.7 (Takabayashi and Moriyama, 2007), which is 67% higher than the increase in use. It was done by two other studies (Taha, 2008 and 1997-A) and on the other hand, the maximum decrease in air temperature in Tehran urban area was 2.170 C, which is about 0.83 33 2.83 33 C lower than the decrease. The temperature was reported by Taha (2008).

Simulation experiments were designed and studied to evaluate urban thermal island control strategies that could have an adverse effect on urban air quality. The selected measures showed positive and negative effects on the concentration and dispersion of pollutants. Albido's strategies and urban vegetation are able to improve air quality, followed by a daily decrease in the average concentration of ozone. Also, lowering the temperature has a significant effect on the dynamic structure of the urban boundary layer. Reduction of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) due to lower temperatures leads to a decrease in turbulence mixing rate and a decrease in the height of the mixing layer, which leads to higher surface concentrations of primary contaminants. This case study provides simulation for a city in certain climatic conditions, because for cities with different sizes, locations, population densities, emission conditions, or different meteorological conditions, similar actions may have different effects on air quality. In urban planning, the social effects of parks on increasing the well-being of citizens should also be considered

The unfavorable consequences of the expansion of the metropolitans, including urban heat island and air pollution, have attracted the attention of urban managers to strategies for improving environmental conditions. In recent years, along with population growth and high energy consumption, as well as building materials replacing permeable surfaces and urban green spaces, deteriorate the urban heat island phenomenon and air quality in Tehran. Given the significant area of roof surfaces in urban areas, the application of new and environmentally friendly technologies such as the development of cool and green roofs, with heat island modification impact, can play a positive role in reducing cooling energy consumption and improving air quality. Therefore, to study the mutual interaction between meteorological parameters and changes in the urban structure and its possible side effects on air quality, numerical simulation of green roof and cool roof strategies based on the urbanized coupled meteorological-chemical model (WRF/Chem/SLUCM) during the period June 15 to 30, 2016, have been conducted in Tehran metropolitan area. Results show that the development of cool roofs with an averaged diurnal temperature decrease (-0.65°C) and a decrease in the heat flux (-57 W/m2) has a positive role in the reduction of Tehran heat island. Also, the relative reduction of atmospheric pollutant concentrations has also been achieved in numerical simulations. It shows that the decrease in the height of the boundary layer and turbulence process as a result of the decrease in near-surface temperature has not caused a significant change in the air quality in Tehran. The development of green roofs has led to a daily (nightly) decrease (increase) in the air temperature. The increase in temperature during the night was noticeable (up to +0.53°C), and it is a result of the high emissivity of vegetation, as well as a decrease in wind speed in the vicinity of green roof surfaces which slows down the natural ventilation over the city. Furthermore, an increase in the near-surface humidity also predicted in both strategies which improves the environmental comfort satisfaction in the summer hot and dry days. Comparison of these strategies performance shows that cool roof has a significantly sensible cooling effect than green roofs, and the process of reducing pollutants, especially at night, is more favorable in cool roofing strategy. Consequently, since the cooling efficiency of green roofs depends on soil moisture content, as well as comparing construction costs and no need for specific infrastructure, the development of cool roofs in Tehran metropolis is recommended.

Since the wind pattern on various activities in islands as well as its effect on other meteorological parameters is important long – term temporal and spatial variations of the wind field are studied. Here, the warmest month (July) and the coldest month (January) 2015, are selected in order to test the sensitivity of low-level wind simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to the parameterizations of the boundary layer (PBL), the surface layer (SL) and the land surface (LSM) over Qeshm Island. As this work was focused on the simulation of near-surface and vertical wind profiles, the physical options related to the parameterizations of boundary layer processes (SL, PBL and LSM) that have significance influence for this purpose are validated. Although more physical options are available in the model (for cumulus convection, short and long wave radiation, microphysics and etc.), it is not feasible or necessary to include all the model configuration options in the sensitivity analysis to obtain an efficient model configuration optimization. The model grid comprised of four nested domains at horizontal resolutions of 45, 15, 5 and 1 km respectively. The innermost domain (D4) with 1 km spatial resolution covered the chosen area to simulate PBL wind field over Qeshm island region. The results of the simulations under five different configurations are validated with the observational wind speed data of Qeshm Airport and Marine Qeshm Stations. The results demonstrate that in both episodes, the ACM2 boundary layer scheme has presented the best performance in combination with the Pleim - Xio surface layer and the Noah land surface schemes because it considers vertical mixing both local and non-local in simulation of planetary boundary layer wind structure. The simulations of WRF are sensitive to warm and cold seasons as well as selected parameterizations. After selecting the appropriate configuration, the simulation of the wind field for one year was carried out to investigate the low level wind field, the vertical structure of the boundary layer wind and the impact of the land mask distribution on and around the Qeshm Island. These simulations indicate higher wind speed in spring and summer and the roughness of the island causes a low level wind convergence, then turn to the left on the Strait of Hormuz with decreasing wind speed. Monthly average of the wind direction during the daytime of reference month of each season are generally simulated to be southwesterly (January, April, July, October) and during the nights of January and July it is southerly to southeast and in April and October it is simulated southwesterly. The direction of the wind has significant variations at sunrise and sunset due to changes in regional scale forcing and baroclinicity behavior between the sea and the coast. Surface roughness in coastal areas, strait narrowing and sea breeze, enhance the low-level jet during summer and spring middays at altitudes of about 180 to 200 meters. In other words, we can say these low-level jet (Shamal winds) during summer and spring occurs as a result of the interaction of two pressure systems; the heat low pressure cell (low level cyclone) over Iran and a semi-permanent high over northwestern Saudi Arabia and it acquires some convergence because of the these factors.

Urban green spaces are essential parts of the city's configuration which can be expanded in the urban areas in the forms of parks or gardens, and green urban structures such as green roofs or green walls. The green areas around the city are usually constructed in the form of Green Belts and forest parks. In new decades, land use/ land cover alterations have remarkably reduced the urban green spaces which cause environmental concerns such as biological pollutions, increase in surface runoffs and greenhouse gases, and the phenomenon of dust and the urban heat island. Studies on the role of urban greening on air quality in different regions have shown that the structure, physical characteristics and vegetation types can be the decreasing factors of air pollution, but in special circumstances, they may show adverse negative impacts. Indeed, on one hand, they can affect the wind and temperature fields, as well as the atmospheric emission patterns and the transmission of pollutants and natural ventilation over the city, and on the other hand, by releasing organic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), they may accelerate the rate of ozone production. Therefore, proper selection of plant species and management of urban green space design are substantial and complicate issues in urban management programs. One of the proposed strategies to control the excessive expansion of cities, prevention of marginalization and population growth in cities is the development of the Green Belt. According to the definitions, the Green Belt is a green striped borderline in the margins of the city that has numerous environmental impacts, such as beautification of the urban landscape, stabilization of the soil and preventing the entrance of the aerosols and dust to the city center. According to related studies, the area and density of the Green Belt play major roles in changing the concentration of atmospheric pollutants due to sedimentation and deposition processes. The history of the Green Belt Development Project of Tehran backs to about 40 years ago and its completion is one of the priorities of the urban management programs. It is predicted that the area of Tehran Green Belt reaches more than 40,000 hectares so it is expected to show significant changes on the micro-climate of the city. Therefore, in this study, the role of the Green Belt Development of Tehran on weather parameters such as wind and temperature fields, relative humidity, surface heat flux and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), as well as the atmospheric concentration of atmospheric gas pollutants (SO2,NO2,CO and O3) are studied, using coupled Meteorological-Chemical numerical model (WRF-Chem). WRF-Chem numerical model (version 8.3) coupled with the Noah Land Surface Model and the UCM urban canopy model is used for numerical simulations. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global forecast system (GFS) reanalysis data on a 1˚×1˚ grid are used for the atmosphere and soil initial and boundary conditions. MOZART (Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers) data are applied for boundary conditions of domain 1 and initial conditions for 4 domains in the chemistry section. The 2005 version of carbon bond chemical mechanism (CB05) and the MADE (Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe) aerosol scheme are used for simulations. Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is used for biochemistry. Anthropogenic emission inventory is produced by PREP-CHEM-SOURCES preprocessor from RETRO (REanalysis of TROpospheric chemical composition) global data. Tehran updated emission inventory is mapped over the global anthropogenic data in the fourth domain and emissions are introduced to the model through two separate times (wrfchemi_{00z,12z}_d04). The control case is representative of the current state of land use in the city of Tehran. Four early summer days (18-21 June 2016) with the cloudless condition, calm wind and without precipitation are selected for the simulations. In the next stage, the green belt scenario is performed to reproduce the meteorological and chemistry parameters and the results were compared with the control case. Findings show that green belt development on the eastern and southeast boundaries of the city has reduced the temperature (about 2.5°C) and increased relative humidity within the city (about 7% at nighttime and 4% at daytime) which confirms the positive role of this green area in improving environmental comfort level. Also, the cooling effect of this green space in the borders of the city is noticeable. Furthermore, this urban green approach reduces the wind speed and changes the wind direction over the region. This factor, as well as the observed decrease in PBLH (nightly changes in the center of the city are -200 meters and in the northwest and southeastern margins are -300 and -500 meters, respectively), have caused the accumulation of polluted air in the city center. Particularly during the night, the green band of the northern margin of the city has reduced the influence of local mountainous winds to the city and a significant reduction in wind speed in the city center, which has a negative impact on the status of air pollution and heat island in this area. Changes in the wind direction in the western border of the city prevents the outflow of polluted air and entrance of the clean air which has a negative effect on the concentration of industrial pollutants in this part of the city. Further studies in this area are needed in other seasons, especially in winter, with significant levels of pollution. Based on the results obtained in this study, low-density plants with limit height which have less unwanted impacts on wind flow and natural ventilation of the city, are proposed to be used in Green Belt project of Tehran Metropolis.

The dependence of numerical models on the selected domain, in turn, affects the accuracy of prediction and simulation of Tropical Cyclones (TCs) and is considered as a very serious challenge. In the first part of this study, the WRF model was used to determine the sensitivity of the track and intensity of TC GONU to a selective domain. In the second part, the performance of assimilation 3D in order to reduce the dependence of the sensitivity of the TC Gonu simulation to the selective domains was evaluated. The Gonu was the strongest TC occurred over the Arabian Sea. The peak intensity of TC Gonu was estimated 140 knots and 130 knots by Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and India Meteorology Department (IMD), respectively. Four domains were separately selected. All of the simulations in this study were initialized at 00 UTC of 2 June for six days. In all simulations, authors used the data from NCEP global final analysis (FNL) on a 1.0°×1.0° grid to provide initial and boundary conditions. Despite the little difference in selective domains, the results in the first section showed the simulated tracks differed compared with each other, considerably. For performing simulations in the second part, the QSCAT, BUOY, METAR, SHIPS, SONDE, and SYNOP data to number 2064, 30, 63, 18, 37, and 208, were used, respectively. The results in the second part showed that assimilation of the satellite and synoptic data at the time of the start of the model, lead to improving quality of the first guess data. Therefore, the accuracy of the simulated tracks in all selected domains was enhanced and reduced the sensitivity of TC Gonu simulation to the selected domain. Regardless of the great difference in simulated tracks, especially in the case of no use of assimilation, which in turn influences the intensification of the TC, in all of the simulations, the simulated intensity during the intensity peak of the TC is higher compared with the IMD reference data and is less compared with JTWC reference data. Since during the simulations, the sea-surface temperature  has been used constantly and on the other hand, the exact values of sea-surface temperature have a significant impact on the intensity of the TC simulation, the WRF model coupled with an ocean model for accurate determination of sea-surface temperature during simulation can improve the accuracy of the results of this study. There is, of course, another way to improve the quality of the results, when results depend on the selective domains. For every domain, one simulation is performed and the average of the simulations is considered (ensemble forecast). The high amount of time spent in this method is considered as serious trouble. It should be noted that in regional models, the sensitivity of simulations to the selected domains is also highly dependent on the boundary conditions, which should be considered.

Wind-induced waves are the most complex waves among sea waves. In special circumstances such as extreme winds and storms however, it is essential to estimate and predict them correctly. In this research, the height and period of waves was investigated during winter Shamal wind using SPM method and a numerical simulation employing Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave Sediment Transport COAWST, in the northwest of the Persian Gulf in January 2015. The beginning of the winter Shamal wind coincides with the passage of a cold front over the Persian Gulf, when the wind speed increases and the direction of wind changes to north and northwest. According to the results simulated wave height and period from COAWST show better agreement with field data compared with those of SPM method. This conclusion is also verified with statistical methods such as RMSE. In both methods, the frequency spectrum of the region is single-peak. Besides, the peak of the spectrum of SPM and COAWST, shows under-prediction in comparison with the field data. According to the standard spectrums, the JONSWAP represents the closest wave spectrum of the area under investigation.

The effects of evaporation on the ocean mixed layer in the presence or the absence of Langmuir circulation (LC) and wave breaking (WB) is studied through the Large Eddy Simulation. We have used approximate parameters of summer monsoon for defining the experimental simulations. The simulations were conducted for 33.5 hours and we ignored the first 9.5 hours of results and the simulated parameters is investigated during 24 hours period. We can mention that there is a good matching between diurnal variations of TKE and SST with diurnal changes of latent heat flux in the presence of evaporation and absence of Langmuir circulation and wave breaking and TKE in this case increased between 25 to 100 percent related to the case on the absence of evaporation. Although, evaporation in the presence of LC and WB decreased SST, around 0.060 C in a 24 hours period, but as expected, it decreased SST in the case of presence of LC and WB less than it (0.050 C). Meanwhile, it was found that, evaporation in the absence of LC and WB causes a slight decrease in velocity shear and shear production and an increase in dissipation rate (approximately double), pressure transport, and TKE transport. These two terms of TKE budget balance with dissipation rate close to the sea surface and the diurnal changes of TKE profile is observable just in this case. However, the most effect of adding the presence of evaporation to the presence of LC and WB in TKE budget is summarized to decreasing of shear production in the middle part of ocean mixed layer. It is also found that, in the presence of evaporation, presence or absence of LC and WB doesn't affect the profile of turbulent heat flux; similar to the evaporation which doesn’t change the Stokes production.