hossein malekinezhad

Soil moisture can be considered in the control of desertification, agricultural activities, watershed management and optimal management of water resources.   Since the country of Iran is facing many problems in these fields, the expansion of studies in the field of accurate estimation of soil moisture becomes important (Mehrabi et al., 2019). The GLDAS system may have a high error compared to the measured data in some areas. Therefore, it is necessary before the data and results of this product are used as a decision-making tool in the region.  The quality of these data should be evaluated locally using ground-measured data (Polo et al, 2016 & Sanchez-Lorenzo et al, 2013 & Zhang, 2019).In this study, Terra MODIS data was used to estimate soil moisture due to higher spatial resolution (1 km). Due to the fact that it is difficult to estimate the humidity time series in the field, and radar remote sensing methods produce humidity maps with low spatial resolution. Therefore, in this study, a new method was introduced to prepare a soil moisture map with higher spatial resolution based on NDVI and LST MODIS products.The purpose of this study is to estimate soil moisture in Jiroft city using the products of the Morris sensor and NDVI and LST indices. Considering that Jiroft plain is one of the agricultural poles of Iran. Estimating the time series of soil moisture and then providing a drought index based on soil moisture is a useful method for investigating agricultural drought in the study area.

LST and NDVI have high relative importance in arid regions (Park et al, 2016). In the study area, an algorithm based on remote sensing was used for soil moisture time series due to the lack of access to soil moisture time series. Moody's LST and NDVI products with a resolution of 1 square kilometer were used during 2007-2022. Then multiple linear regression was created using OLS method between soil moisture observations (2021 and 2022) and NDVI and LST time series data. Based on the results, both independent variables NDVI and LST were significant at the 99% level) p-value<0.01) .VIF values were less than 10. Therefore, there is no linearity between the independent variables. The standard error is small, which indicates that the estimated value is exactly the true value. The value of t statistic of two variables is higher than 2, which is considered statistically significant. In general, R2 = 0.78 and it shows the accuracy of soil moisture estimation method. R2 was obtained as 0.74 and 0.8 in the years 2021 and 2022, respectively, which indicates the accuracy of the predicted values.

Estimation of spatial and temporal changes of soil moisture is an important issue in low data areas such as Iran.  We proposed a multiple regression model based on Modis NDVI and LST to obtain surface soil moisture at a regional scale. The results showed that the multivariate linear regression method can be used to estimate soil moisture products with high resolution in areas with little data in the surface layers of the soil. Park et al. (2016) stated that LST and NDVI have high relative importance in arid regions. In the studied area, according to previous studies (Bai et al, 2020 & Wang et al, 2007), an algorithm based on remote sensing was used for soil moisture time series due to the lack of access to soil moisture time series became. Moody's LST and NDVI products with a resolution of 1 square kilometer were used during 2007-2022. Then multiple linear regression was created between soil moisture observations (2021 and 2022) and NDVI and LST time series data using OLS method.  Based on the results of simulated soil moisture changes and the OLS method in estimating soil moisture (0-30 cm), both independent variables NDVI and LST were significant at the 99% level (p-value <0.01)). VIF values are less than 10 Therefore, there is no linearity between the independent variables. The standard error is small, which indicates that the estimated value is exactly the true value. The value of t statistic of two variables is higher than 2, which is considered statistically significant. Overall, R2 was 0.7  And it showed the accuracy of the soil moisture estimation method, which is consistent with the results of (Khanmohammadi et al, 2008 & Lin et al, 2015).

Drought is one of the natural disasters that can occur in any climate. In recent decades, Iran has been continuously affected by severe and widespread droughts and has imposed harmful effects on various economic sectors, including the country's water resources. One of the needs for the growth and development of every country is water. On the other hand, due to the lack of permanent or even seasonal surface water flows in many plains of the country, one of the most important sources of water harvesting is the use of underground water reserves. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the status of these resources and determine the influencing factors on them. In this research, it has been tried to identify the areas that are exposed to severe groundwater drought and the impact of the factors affecting groundwater drought using the maximum entropy model and using MaxEnt software in the basin. The Jiroft plain watershed should be identified. To implement the maximum entropy model, 70% of the data were used for model training and 30% for model testing. The results of this study, based on the jackknife test, showed that the most important factors affecting groundwater drought are altitude, distance from the river, and soil moisture, and the model shows the most sensitivity to these parameters. gave Also, the results showed that the model has an acceptable accuracy in identifying groundwater drought, so that the accuracy of the model was estimated at 0.76.

From an economic point of view, the tourism industry has a special place. Especially in the single-product economy of Iran, it can be used as the best and most optimal alternative to oil. Augmented reality technology is one of the world's newest and most up-to-date applied technologies, highly regarded today. This research focuses on augmented reality and its patterns. This research aims to investigate and develop a practical pattern identification of augmented reality (ar) and its tracking in the tourism industry. Designs are provided by capturing the position and orientation of the device and its location using sensors and Computer vision with screen technology (augmented reality guide). A guide is designed, implemented, and evaluated as an augmented reality application on a mobile phone. The proposed solution has been using deep learning in marker identification. The deep learning architecture used is Yolo, and the proposed method's marker identification results have an accuracy of 68.73 maps

The long trends of drought have caused much damage to the society. This phenomenon leads to an imbalance between water supply and demand with the abnormal dominance of arid climate over an area. Given the recent widespread climate changes in the world and the importance of conserving water resources, the present study aimed to identify methods to reduce pressure on drinking water resources in drought conditions. This study was conducted by using the narrative method (scope review). The research environment included Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases and the articles were selected and reviewed according to the defined and peerreviewed inclusion criteria. The period searched was 2000-2020. The findings showed that the effective components in reducing the pressure on drinking water resources are the use of new devices such as water desalination equipment, the use of methods to reduce water loss, culture and community education, and policy and adoption of water management strategies to prevent waste and recycling. Given the level of economic growth of each country and the prevailing culture, it is necessary to take managerial measures, educate members of society and use modern equipment to reduce water consumption. The results of this study showed that the recycling of drinking water and the use of gray water is also an important factor that needs special attention.

Optimizing the use of water resources is inevitable due to water shortages in agricultural areas.  Pistachio gardening has been an attractive agricultural activity for several decades in Iran. Given the limited water resources, areas under pistachio cultivation in arid regions are not economical due to low production. There has been a continuous trend towards application of efficient irrigation systems such as pressurized subsurface drip irrigation methods, but their complexity and high initial investment, make them less suitable for small scale and scattered owners. This research describes the field performance of a very low-pressure subsurface irrigation method which has been introduced before (Dastorani et al., 2010). In this subsurface porous pipe irrigation system, water is delivered directly to the pistachio tree’s roots via perforated PVC pipes covered by plastic textile sleeves. The feasibility of this system has been demonstrated for irrigating pistachio orchards. They compared the effect of traditional (surface) irrigation and such subsurface irrigation method on crop yield and annual growth traits. Their results showed that subsurface irrigation method had relatively higher performance than the surface method. To accurately design such a system, it is necessary to assess the time variations of irrigation parameters including lateral infiltration q (leakage flow rate per unit length), local water pressure along laterals Px in terms of input water flow rate If , and pipe orifice density n, as it is the subject of this research.

The increasing exploitation of groundwater reserves and consequently the drop in the water level and reduction of the reserves have seriously caught the attention of officials and planners to the integrated management of groundwater and surface water resources. The evaluation and management of water resources are considered as one of the key factors in comprehensive development. Boein Aquifer in Isfahan Province located in the Gavkhooni Basin is studied in this study. The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Reclamation Drought Index (RDI) and Groundwater Standard Index (GRI) in the time scales of three, six, 12, 24 and 48 months and Cultivated Land Index (CLI) in annual time scale are calculated. Results showed that the highest correlation between the SPI and GRI is in 18 and 24 months' time scale, and there is a delay of 1.5 to 2 years between these two droughts. Contrary to the results of some references, the correlation between meteorological drought index and GRI does not always increase with increasing the time scale. A synchronic study of the SPI, GRI and CLI shows a large difference between the SRI and the other two indicators in 2004-2008 periods that may be related to the poor management of the region. However, more close values obtained for these three indices in the recent years mainly due to the better management of water consumption by relevant organizations. To determine homogeneous drought regions, different combinations of temporal and spatial scales were used by creating 39 different scenarios and running 390,000 simulations. None of the heterogeneity measures were met in 90% of cases. This indicated that the linear moment technique is not a suitable method for determining homogeneous arid regions of groundwater probably due to the non-random data. Therefore, the linear moment technique will be more useful if the data is random.

Today, the world is facing several problems, including population growth, urbanization, food demand increasing, depletion of water resources, and environmental degradation. "Urban agriculture" as part of urban activities is an opportunity to make positive changes in the world food system and produce quality food. Urban agriculture is a new solution to deal with environmental, social, and economic problems. It is obvious that with the expansion of cities and the growth of the urban population, the demand for food will increase. Agriculture has always been the main supplier of human food and creates food security for society. In addition to its advantages and disadvantages, urban agriculture also has its challenges. Cities are the main centers for achieving the goals of sustainable development, and therefore the production of quality food in the smallest place and in the shortest time is very important. By producing food on rooftops, backyards, and suitable urban areas and by applying proper management, the food needs of citizens can be answered and the quality of the urban environment can be maintained. It also provides an opportunity for low-income citizens to achieve food security by creating jobs and reducing household food costs. The present study is based on a descriptive and review method using library studies.

The increase in greenhouse gases in recent decades and the resulting increase in temperature have upset the balance of the planet's climate system and caused widespread climate change in most parts of the world. In this study, first the SWAT model was calibrated for Jamishan watershed. The calibration and validation stages, NS and R2 coefficients were 0.6, 0.61, 0.52, and 0.54, respectively. According to the results of sensitivity analysis in the region, it was found that among the 20 parameters affecting runoff, the curve number was the most important parameter. Then, the values of temperature and precipitation for the next period based on the climate change scenario were subscaled with the outputs of the HadCM3 general atmosphere rotation model for the three scenarios A2, B1 and A1B using the LARS-WG model. Later, in order to simulate the watershed runoff, the data were introduced to the SWAT model and the results showed that the runoff in the statistical period of 2015 and 2026 increased by 6, 7 and 6% respectively compared to the observation period in each scenario A2, A1B and B1 and this shows the impact of climate change on runoff in the near future from 2016 to 2026. This study showed that changes in meteorological parameters will lead to significant changes in hydrological regime such as watershed runoff. Increasing rainfall and temperature are likely to cause floods in the region in the future.

Floods have historically been the most common, deadliest and most expensive hazards among natural hazards. The risk of flooding has increased over time, especially since countries have allowed changes in the land uses and land coves in floodplains and plains. In Iran, like the other flood-prone areas of the world, the severity of floods and the extent of their damages have increased dramatically in recent decades. Land use and vegetation play an important role in the production of runoff due to its effect on infiltration, erosion, evapotranspiration and transpiration.

Khorrambid watershed having an area of ​​88.7 km is a part of the Sivand Dam watershed. The average rainfall of this basin is 228 mm and it has a semi-arid climate in the view of Domarten. Khorrambid metropolitan basin consists of 12 smaller sub-basins in the study area with three main waterways named A, B and C that cross the city upstream of Khorrambid and pass through the city. In this study, the design, purpose, and efficiency amount of the flood and runoff output amount have been evaluated and finalized from the hydrographic network. The set of Management, Biological and Structural works carried out in the Khorrambid urban basin of the Sivand Dam Branches include: management excavation, piling, seeding, Dry working forage, Dry Stone Structures, rock and PVC mesh, rock and earth dams. Detailed studies and implementation of Khorrambid urban watershed was carried out in 1999 and the implementation of watershed management projects started in 2002 and by the end of 2010 about 33% of the projects were implemented in the study phase. At the same time, the evaluation process regarding the effect of these projects on flood and runoff control took place. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of projects (management, biological and structural) on the runoff and water resources in Khorrambid watershed in Fars province. In this study, first, the height of the dams, the length of the reservoir and the slope of the canals were measured under the basins where structural projects were carried out to determine the route of the new water movement. Then the new concentration time was calculated using the Branse-Williams method. In the next step, soil cover layer data such as the percentage of canopy cover, hydrological groups and vegetation status were obtained to determine the number of curves and maximum holding and infiltration potential in the soil. Then using SCS method and Hyfa software, modeling the flood volume and outflow runoff for sub-basin were estimated.

By analyzing the results of statistical analysis of changes it can be said that there were many changes in all land use and land cover as well as the implementation of structural and biomechanical projects in the studied area. To investigate the effect of land use and structural changes on the hydrological regime of the studied basin, SCS method was utilized. This model was formulated using GIS techniques. The results showed that due to the increase in rangeland land use (from poor to good condition) and the construction of watershed structures, flooding in the area has decreased in case there were 24-hour rainfall. This amount of runoff reduction in the basin A and C was 41% and 72%, respectively.

It is suggested that by evaluating the projects, if the performance of these projects could be evaluated in appropriate ways and from various technical and engineering aspects, the results would lead to finding the causes of the proposed operation failure and presenting appropriate solutions to address them. On the one hand, this could improve the quality of implementation of watershed management activities, on the other hand, it would increase operational efficiency, and the learnt lessons would enhance future plans. On the other hand, it is recommended that since watersheds are in fact considered as a natural-human system as well as a planning and work unit, comprehensive management of these watersheds is essential for achieving sustainable development goals. Watershed management is a complex process whose practical goals should be in line with the promotion of stakeholders` interests and stakeholders` engagement at all levels of planning and decision making. Integrated Watershed Management requires a flexible process that taking into account the challenges and constraints of the Watershed System, makes good use of its opportunities and potential conditions to ensure the social and economic well-being of its stakeholders while maintaining the security of water, food and environment in order to meet its goals of sustainable development.

Groundwater resources have shrunk noticeably in arid and semi-arid areas in recent decades. Therefore, determination of the most important problems of the aquifers and the best management strategies is important. The purpose of this study is to identify in the causes of the imbalance of groundwater in the Abarkuh Plain aquifer, in the Yazd Province. To attain this, the criteria and sub-criteria of groundwater problems were determined using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in the Expert Choice software. Then, aquifer management strategies were designed using the same process (AHP method). The results indicated that agriculture, with a relative weight of 76.00% compared to industry and domestic water is the most effective consuming sectors in creating the aquifer imbalance. The most important agents in this sector were over-exploitation of the aquifer (22.50%), competition in agricultural water utilization (20.10%), irrigation systems (14.50%), cultivation patterns (12.50%), cultivated land area (8.20%), illegal irrigation wells (6.00%), and the development of high water demand industries (4.50%). Furthermore, the most important solutions for crisis management were irrigation system reform and cultivation pattern correction. To acheive these solutions, management strategies including equipping the wells with the volumetric counters, prevention of illegal pumping, separation of drinking from sanitation water, and development of the low water-consuming industries are suggested.

In a natural ecosystem, land exploitation and change in environmental conditions, particularly changes in vegetation and land use effects on hydrological responses such as floods and erosion and sediment and ultimately causing heavy social-economic losses. Then, prediction of effect of land use changes on flood situation in the future decades and sedimentation of watersheds will be the way to deal with this phenomenon. To simulate the hydrological behavior in future decades, HEC-HMS model was calibrated and validated for the previous period, with changes in curve number and percentage of impermeability (as a result of land use changes). Then, predicted hydrograph for coming decades (2020, 2025 and 2030) and last (2004) were compared. The results show that the peak discharge and flood volume in the 2020, 2025 and 2030, will be increased in compared to the decade of 2004 equal to (52.8 and 20/41), (70.29 and 32.51) and (87.78 and 38.05), respectively will increase. Mean peak in the 2020, 2025 and 2030 will be increase (due to land use change), 16, 25 and 38.35 percent, respectively. In the next step, sediment changes in the future was investigated using the sediment rating curve in decades of 2020, 2025 and 2030. The results showed that the amount of sediment for 2020 will be increase 12.01 % compare to 2004, for 2025 compare to 2020, 15.14 % and for 2030 compare to 2025, 36.64 %. According to the results, land use change in future leads to increase in discharge and sediment, which could affect the hydrological and morphological conditions of watershed.

The use of evaporation reducing physical covers in open water reservoirs is one of the most important methods of water conservation. In the present study, three floating cover including Foamthalate, Urthalate and Unoconcrete were designed to protect the water resources of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, which is based on two polystyrene and polyurethane materials. In order to protect the surface layers of the mentioned coatings against the climatic factors and acidic conditions of water was designed concrete liners in 18 concrete mixing designs and the water-to-cement ratio, the amount of Pozzolan replaces cement, Filler and polypropylene fibers was investigated as variable factors. Then the compressive strength of 28 and 42 days of the samples, as well as the corrosion rate within two months, were measured. In the following, the significance of the observed differences obtained from different experiments in samples made was investigated using Duncan's multiple range test. Finally, the results showed that the presence of Isfahan steel slag as a Pozzolan with 45% by weight of cement and the filler of WR780 at a rate of 2% led to get a maximum resistance of 42 days (560 N) and the lowest corrosion rate (4 g) in the L1 experiment. In addition, the results of the L10 and L15 experiments showed that the amount of Pozzolan replacing cement is a very important factor, so that amounts of more than 50% of it, significantly reduces the strength of the concrete and increases the amount of corrosion.

In this study, urethalate floating cover is designed using soft drinks bottles and foam polyurethane in order to prevent evaporation losses of water reservoirs of Sarcheshme Copper Complex. Designed urethalate is including four square coatings with two layers of bottles that foam polyurethane  is injected into these coatings to maintain and shaping and liners of  anti-acid concrete has been created on its surface to protect of the upper layer. For evaluating the performance of two layer urethalate cover to reduce evaporation, two ponds with an area of nine m2 in the vicinity of Sarcheshmeh tailing dam were constructed and then the evaporation losses was measured for two month in each pond. The obtained results using designed cover showed performance of two layers urethalate in evaporation reduction. More than 92.5% of the expected evaporation was reduced. Due to the durability and performance of urethalate, this project can be considered as a worthwhile project to be used elsewhere. It would also be a useful application of environmental waste material to save water in the region with water scarcity in Iran.

Water is a scarce resource in the Middle East region and climate change is expected to exacerbate this situation. Developing countries are vulnerable to these changes, primarily due to their limited adaptive capacities in dealing with extreme events. Therefore, investigation of this phenomenon will be very crucial in such areas. In the past decades, water shortage in Yazd province which is located in arid regions of Iran has resulted in transferring the water from Isfahan. But recently, due to increasing in water demand, inadequacy of this project clearly has felt. Evapotranspiration and agricultural water requirements are two crucial issues of this area which affected by climate change. Thus, considering climate change projections and future agricultural water requirements is necessary to determine water stress risks in the study area, Hence, this study aims to answer the following research questions:
Currently, how much irrigation water do we need in the Yazd-Ardakan region?
How does future climate change impact future irrigation requirements?
How does future climate change influence sustainability of the agricultural water consumption? The data used in this analysis represented into two time periods, including (i) present (values for the period 1971–2005), and (ii) future, called year 2070 (values for the period 2021–2070). To evaluate future climate changes, daily climate data from Yazd Synoptic station for 1971-2005 period have been used. Data, including precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hours. To investigate the climate changes of Yazd-Ardakan plain in the future period of 2021-2070, RCP 4.5 scenario has been used through SDSM 4.2.9 software. The effect of climate change on reference evapotranspiration and agricultural water needs were estimated. Crop evapotranspiration and irrigation requirements for two periods, were estimated following the standard procedure described in the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 (UN-FAO, 2007) and CROPWAT software. Two indices considered to evaluate the sustainability of the agricultural water consumption in the study area. These indices including the ratio of evapotranspiration to the precipitation (EPR) and the ratio of maximum agricultural water deficit to the amount of agricultural water need as deficit index (MD). These indices estimated under present and future climatic conditions. To evaluate the amount of water used for main agricultural products, questionnaires were completed in the area. The results of statistical validation of the predicted values, showed no significant differences between historical and predicted values of precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine. Therefore, suitability of LARS-WG model to simulate climatic data of the study area is confirmed. Investigation of the precipitation in the Yazd station showed that in spring season, precipitation will be declining and in autumn will be increasing. In other words, the distribution of precipitation in the future will have significant changes and as winter precipitation decreases the spring precipitation will have increasing trend. Results showed that monthly minimum and maximum temperature will increase in almost all months. Results of estimating agricultural water requirements showed that due to higher temperature, reference evapotranspiration, crop evapotranspiration and irrigation requirements will be increased up to 4% under climate change conditions. The EPR and MD indexes will increase by 24% and 13% respectively. The results revealed the imbalance between agricultural water use and the precipitation in the study area. In the other hand, results of the questionnaires showed that, the water used in irrigated agricultural areas is not in accordance with the requirements of products and therefore leads to water stress and, consequently, yield reduction of products. Therefore, in these conditions, appropriate management strategies and planning should be implemented to ensure the sustainability of water resources inthe Yazd-Ardakan plain. This work focused on the climate change impact on cultivated area in the Yazd-Ardakan plain considering the possible alterations of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation requirements. According to this study by increasing in maximum temperature in the future, water needs of agricultural section will grow significantly. Therefore, planners and authorities should consider this fact for the future water resources allocation and strategies.

In water systems, precipitation is considered as input and evaporation as the output of the system. Water availability can be estemated from the relationship between these two factors. Therefore, evapotranspiration is the most important factor after precipitation in hydrological cycle. Evapotranspiration is influenced by climatic parameters such as temperature, wind, humidity and sunshine hours. In this research, changes in PET and effective climatic parameters, influencing on PET changes including temperature, wind, humidity, and solar radiation were investigated. For this purpose, PET in 14 weather stations of Yazd province were calculated using the FAO-Penman-Monteith method. Due to the lack of sunshine hours data in some stations, regeneration of the incomplete data was done by using regression method. Due to the lack of wind speed data at some stations, their reconstruction by using data from other stations was done by applying three methods of Inverse Distance Weighted, Kriging and Cokriging. After calculating potential evapotranspiration, PET data were zoned and their monthly and annual trends tested by Mann-Kendall test. Despite occurrence of climate change and increasing of temperature in 13 stations out of the 14 stations, it is expected an increase in potential evapotranspiration in past few decades, while, there is a decreasing trend in PET. Investigating on the effective parameters in potential evapotranspiration showed that wind speed has declined in the last few decades, and despite of an increase in temperature, potential evapotranspiration rate reduces in 64.3% of the stations. General trend of evapotranspiration was -0.86 in this period, which indicates a decrease in evapotranspiration in the Yazd province.

Flood control, artificial recharge of aquifers and attempt to optimize the utilization of the natural resources are some of the most important measures in the arid and semi arid zones that occurs by flood spreading projects. At the current study the impact of flood spreading on downstream qanat discharge at Myankooh area of Mehriz (Yazd province) was investigated. To gain this goal after collecting the discharge Statistics from 1997 to 2013, Standard Discharge Index (SDI) was calculated. The amount of flood water entering the aquifer areas and precipitation figures were used to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The correlation between the SDI and SPI and flood volume was extracted. Also, the operators’ comments were collected by using the designed questionnaire. According to the results, the SDI increased at the same time as wet period and flood spreading time. But the share of each one on this invreasing wasn’t clear. The correlation with SDI and SPI in different qanats was significant (1%) with 12, 6 and 3 months’ delay. Close to 28% operators assessed the project’ impact high, 43% very low and others moderate.

In this study, to evaluate and comparing of drought and wet occurrences, Annual rainfall data related to a 60-year period were used for Kermanshah, Kordestan, Kerman and Yazd provinces. Among the different drought indices, the precipitation-based indices such as, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI), Z-Score Index (ZSI) and Nitzche model were used. The results showed that the classification the dry periods indicated all provinces in the recent decade have experienced a period of prolonged drought. The number of drought occurrences of Yazd, Kermanshah, Kerman and Kordestan provinces had the highest frequency, respectively. ZSI index showed more drought periods. This index is more sensitive and more complete classification than two SPI and PNPI indices in investigation of dry periods and its similarity is very close to SPI index. But The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) because of having more capabilities such as more detailed classes in drought phenomenon, higher accurate in dry periods and more sensitive to precipitation variation, was recognized the best model because of avowing statistical characterization of precipitation (Intensity and Abundance) and separating droughts in four provinces.

More than 80 percent of the water used in the flotation process Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine is provided from recycled water of tailing dam. Due to the water shortage problem in the current condition, evaporation is considered the most important factor of losses from this important resource. In this study, were introduced two chemicals including hexadecanol and octadecanol. The two chemicals have a significant impact in reducing evaporation from open water reservoirs of mine that these reservoirs is provided much of the water in the flotation circuit. In the following, the combination of these two substances were added to five different water samples and were examined its impact on the recovery of the three mineral, copper, pyrite and molybdenum and then, the significance of the observed differences flotation tests on water samples were analyzed using Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed, fatty alchohol not only have not been a negative impact on the recovery of three mineral copper, pyrite and molybdenum, but also have increased 0.1% recovery of copper and 3.5% molybdenum recovery. Moreover, have increased pyrite arrested an estimated 30%.

The study of desertification due to drought in arid and semi-arid areas which have been seriously affected by the challenge of insufficient water resources is very important. The Doroodzan dam basin, located at north of Fars province, is one of the main strategic regions in Iran which plays an important role in agricultural productions and have been faced with overexploitation of water resources, land degradation and desertification. So, the current study was conducted to investigate the trend of drought changes in this area during the last four decades. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) as meteorological and hydrological drought indices, and also the modified Mann-Kendall test were applied to investigate the drought trend. The results indicated the increasing trend of droughts for both indices. The SDI showed increasing trend for all-time series, while SPI showed this increasing trend for long term droughts (i.e. 9, 12 and 18 months) in significant level of 5%. Also, the comparison of averages of Mann-Kendall Z indicated that SDI was more than three times higher than the SPI which illustrates more hydrological drought intensity than the meteorological one. Also, the increasing trend of the SDI in the middle zones of the basin, which have been affected by intensive human activities and land use changes, is far more, almost 4 times, from the those areas in the upland or outlet of the basin. Therefore, the optimized water allocation in middle areas of basin is recommended to manage and reduce desertification severity.

The main problems in flood frequency analysis are limited number of gauging stations and recorded data, together with the inaccurate at-site estimations in the study area. These problems have caused increasing application of regional methods. Regional analysis seems to be a useful method for estimating peak flow at area with no data or low-recorded length. Regional flood frequency analysis relies on physical and climatic characteristic of basins and applies statistical method to study flow records. The methods of regional analysis are numerous that the selection of each one of them in any study area depends on data length, climatic factors, data type and expected return periods. In this study four techniques of regional analysis were used to evaluate the priority and importance to estimate the peak flow for different return periods. The Hybrid, Multiple regression, L-moments and Canonical Correlation Analysis are the four approaches applied for some watersheds of Isfahan–Sirjan and Yazd-Ardakan Basins. A number of 16 stations were selected and their data were analyzed to find out peak flow. The results of this analysis were compared to the Hybrid and Multiple regression approaches using RRMSE and MAE statistics.The results showed better performance of the CCA method rather than the other methods in all return periods. After CCA, Multiple regression methods were selected to estimate the peak flow (Model 2,3). Therefore, CCA method can be adopted as regional flood frequency method for the study area.

One of the most common types of polymeric waste is beverage bottles. Unfortunately, undertaking basic measures for recycling or reuse of these materials is very limited in Iran and always a huge amount of this waste is released into the environment. The present study was conducted in order to reduce evaporation from water resources of Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex and optimal use of great waste of this polymer. For this purpose, a plan is presented to build a Foamthalate floating cover. This cover was obtained from industrial injection of polystyrene into filled molds with Delester™ bottles. After preparing and constructing coatings, Foamthalate covers were transferred to research ponds in the vicinity of Sarcheshmeh tailing dam and the performance of coatings was evaluated for two months. The obtained results showed performance of Foamthalate coatings in evaporation reduction is more than 90%. Finally, because of the dual-purpose function ofFoamthalate, it can be considered as successful and efficient design to protect the environment and deal with water scarcity challenge.

The main objective of water spreading projects is recharging aquifersþ.þ In this study, changes of soil surface permeability in Yazd water spreading projects, including Sirizi in Bafgh, Herat ýand Miankouh in Mehriz were investigated. Using a double ring, 12 Permeability tests (in first ýand fourth strips and three tests for each strip) were performed. Using measured data the ýperformance of permeability equations such as Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lewis, Horton, SCS, ýand Philip were compared in estimating cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate in the ýstudy areas. Results showed that average permeability for Bafgh, Herat and Mehriz water ýspreading projects were about 1.06, 1.52 and 2.94 cmhr-1, respectively. The best equation for ýestimating cumulative infiltration in Bafgh was the Horton equation with RMSE and Nash ýSutcliffe coefficients of 0.097 and 0.992, respectively, while in Herat and Mehriz the best ýequation was the Kostiakov-Lewis equation with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and RMSE of ý0.385, 0.994, 0.081 and 0.991 respectively.

The Plain of Tuiserkan is located at a semi-arid climatic regime. During the last five years, overexploitation of underground water has caused more than 22 meters depletion of groundwater water level in this region. The role of water management is very important in this plain. To study the changes of groundwater, the annual and perennial hydrograph and water balance were investigated in the study area. According to the annual unit hydrograph, the level of underground water has dropped 1.98 meters yearly and 7.57 meters perennially. Annual changes in aquifer capacity has been 20.97 million cubic meters of water and for the 91-92 water year, it has been about 12.99 million cubic meters. Therefore, by continuing such a decreasing trend in the plain, it will be facing a water crisis in the next few years. To investigate the effects of precipitation and snow cover on the groundwater levels the artificial neural network model was used. The results showed neural network model has the lowest error index for snow cover data and monthly and three months later discharges with the correlation coefficient of 0.45 and error percentage of 0.028 can be appropriately predicted.

In order to understand the future urban water needs, industry, drinking and sanitation water needs were studied as two major consumers of the Yazd city. . In the present study, water consumption data of Yazd city and its effective parameters including climate, population growth and welfare of the community were collected and examined by regression model in Spss18 software. Then, by using Lars-WG model, future temperature was modeled by A1 and A scenarios. Results showed the impact of climate change is significant in the study area, but compared to population and industrial growth is negligible. Therefore, water drinking consumption was modeled by using the population growth factor. In order to predict the urban water demand in 2036, the exponential model was used to estimate thecity population Using water consumption in industrial sector and by considering different industrial development scenarios, water requirements for this sector was also predicted for 2036.The results showed, it can be predicted that in1415, the amountofwaterneededfor drinkingwill be2.2 times, and for consumptioninindustrial activities7.2to7.6times tothe current situation.