hossein mehrabi

West Asia, due to the current developments of the international system, has caused the countries of the axis of resistance in the region to have great geopolitical importance. This importance due to their geographical connection with the country of Iran can have a great impact on the defense strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The country's defense strategy should be investigated as a research problem; Therefore, in the current research, by using the descriptive-analytical method and in an applied manner, and by using the library method and field research, an attempt has been made to find the military geopolitical factors that are relevant and effective on the formulation of the defense strategy of Iran as the research objective. be identified. For this purpose, in order to determine these factors and explain their role (in the form of opportunistic, threatening, strength and weakness platforms), a two-part questionnaire was prepared and designed in order to confirm the effective factors of military geopolitics and their calculated roles on the development of a defense strategy among the statistical sample population. 50 people were distributed as a whole number and after obtaining the opinion of the statistical sample community, it was analyzed using statistical techniques and methods, and then the research questions were summarized and evaluated, and finally, in the conclusion part and in response to the questions The research, while determining the effective factors of the military geopolitics of the resistance axis countries, to explain the four roles (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) of these factors which are effective in the formulation of the defense strategy of Iran. Been paid.

Iran is relatively large country with different climates capable of producing variety of agricultural products. Iran is in fact able to export different agricultural products throughout the year to all neighboring countries as well as outside the Middle East. Due to the relatively cheap storage and durability, nuts have been the most important goods in the agricultural sector to export. Planning in different dimensions of exports, type of goods and importing country destination are the most important concerns of this trade. In one hand, the sun shine, variety of nuts and the market taste and preferences for Iranian nuts is the advantages to export. On the other hand, the uuncertainty about the exchange rate is considered one of the main determinants of international trade and is of particular importance in agricultural markets. The main aim in this research is to estimate the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on exports of Iranian different kinds of nuts using a three-dimensional GARCH model concerning the period 1992-2018. The results show that the effect of the Iranian exchange rate uncertainty on importing countries is -0.15, and among the different nuts, after pistachios, dates with a coefficient of 15.0 affect the nuts export growth.

due to the current developments in the international system, the region of western asia has made the region - based countries have many geopolitical significance. this importance with regard to their geographical continuity with iran has a great impact on the defense strategy. A. it can be noted that in this study, the influence of natural geopolitical factors of these countries has been tried to influence the development of the country's defensive strategy as research issue; therefore, in this study, using descriptive - analytical method and using data collection in library method and field research, the factors of natural geopolitics are related and effective on the formulation of defense strategy J. A. iran as a target of research is identified. in order to determine these factors and explain their role (in the form of تکنیک‌ها beds, تهدیدزا, strength and weakness)the questionnaire was designed and analyzed in order to confirm the effective factors of the natural geopolitics and their احصا roles in determining the effective factors of natural geopolitics and their identified roles, in order to explain the effective factors of the natural geopolitics of countries. A. iran is effective; it has been paid.

A new and efficient approach has been developed for the synthesis of N-amino pyridine-2,6-dione derivatives by a one-pot, three-component reaction of 2-cyanoacetohydrazide, Meldrum's acid, and aryl aldehyde in the presence of piperidine in DMF. All the products were obtained in excellent yields and their structures were established from their spectroscopic data.

Groundwater quality study is one of the important tools for the sustainable development of a region and pro vides crucial information for managing water in different sectors. In recent years, water withdrawal from Iran’s aquifers has reduced the groundwater quality in most of the plains. This research was conducted to investigate the groundwater quality of Seydan-Farooq plain for agricultural and drinking purposes and also mapping some effective chemical parameters in these two sections.

In this research, the results of chemical analysis of twelve wells in 2016 were used. First, ground water type and hydrogeochemical facies were determined. Factors controlling groundwater chemistry were determined using Gibbs diagram and plot of Ca+Mg versus SO4+HCO3. To classify water for irrigation, electrical conductivity )EC(, sodium adsorption ratio )SAR(, sodium percentage )%Na(, magnesium ratio, corrosivity ratio, and permeability index were used. Then, the map of some important parameters for irrigation water was prepared. To classify water for drinking pur poses, chemical parameters were first compared with World Health Organization )WHO) guidelines. Next, some important parameters for drinking such as total dissolved solids, total hardness, and chloride ion concentration were compared with existing standards and their effects on human health were discussed. Then, the map of these parameters for the study plain was prepared. Finally, the quality of water for drinking purposes was evaluated using the Schoeller diagram.

The distribution pattern of samples in Durov diagram indicated the tendency of some samples to reach the end of the hydrogeochemical evolutionary cycle. As such, the bicarbonate type was changed into chloride type in
a short time. Based on Gibbs diagram and the plot of Ca+Mg versus SO4+HCO3, rockwater interaction and dissolution of carbonate rocks were the main factors changing the groundwater chemical quality of the plain. According to SAR value, all samples fell in the excellent category which is suitable for irrigation and there is no risk of soil alkalinity. While in terms of salinity )EC(, they are acceptable in the agricultural sector. Based on the percentage of sodium, samples were categorized as excellent, which are suitable for irrigation. According to the permeability index, all samples, except for one sample, showed good irrigation quality and did not change the soil permeability. In the majority of samples, the magnesium ratio was less than 50, which is suitable for irrigation. Comparison of chemical parameters with the WHO guidelines showed that none of the parameters exceeded the permissible limit. Comparison of TDS and chloride in samples with other existing standards showed that only one sample was brackish, which is not suitable for drinking purposes. Based on the groundwater hardness, water of the study plain was classified as high hardness water. According to the Schoeller diagram, the water quality of the study plain was classified in the good category.

According to the hydrogeochemical results, waterrock interaction and weathering of carbonate minerals are the main factors in changing water chemistry. Since the majority of rocks recharging the aquifer are calcareous, it seems obvious that calcium and bicarbonate ions are dominant in the groundwater. In all samples, except those wells with pos sible saltwater intrusion, parameters such as salinity risk, SAR, sodium solution, and permeability index were acceptable for irrigation and there was no risk of soil alkalinity. Aquifer recharge by limestone-dolomite and dolomitic rocks in some regions has increased the magnesium ratio of groundwater in about 40% of samples. It has also increased the groundwater hardness. None of the chemical parameters exceeded the permissible limit set by the WHO and Schoeller diagram indicated that the water quality of the study plain was classified in the good category.

The present study has tried to help the development of the branch of sustainability science by improving the characteristics of composite indicators, by proposing a new methodology for constructing sustainability composite indicators. In order to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed method in practice, its application has been presented for assessing agricultural sustainability levels in southeastern Iran (Kerman province). For this purpose, the base indicators in three dimensions of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) for the selected counties of the province were selected based on the literature review and comments of a panel of 15 academic experts and calculated using the data and information mainly collected from the Public Agricultural Census of 2014 and the Statistical Yearbook of 2015 in Kerman province and then normalized. Then, using the Fuzzy Pairwise Comparisons, social preferences for the relative importance of the indicators, based on the questionnaires designed for this purpose and completed by the panel, were introduced into the aggregating functions as weights. The outcomes of this methodology were economic, social, environmental and total sustainability composite indicators for each of the counties, using which the studied counties were ranked based on the relative levels of sustainability. Also, the sustainability of the area was determined in each of the three dimensions and in an overall manner. The results of the study indicate that the proposed method is able to enhance some of the features of the composite indicators in the sustainability assessment process and to support agricultural policy decisions, as a practical tool.

In this study, to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater of Seydan-Farooq plain, chemical analysis results of twelve wells in 2016 were used. According to the spatial distribution maps of chemical parameters, groundwater quality diminishes from North-West to South-East. The study of geological formations shows that groundwater quality is suitable in the vicinity of recharging formations of aquifer which are mainly carbonate rocks and it decreases towards the outlet of the plain and next to Kajdomi Formations as well as clay-marl sediments. Stiff diagram shows that the predominant water type in aquifer is calcic-bicarbonate. However, in some wells such as wells no. 4 and 6, chlorine anion is predominant. Piper diagram of Seydan-Farooq plain indicates that five hydrogeochemical facies with predominant bicarbonate and calcium constituents. Gibbs diagram reveals that rock-water interaction process is the main source of ions and change in chemical quality of groundwater in the studied plain. Also, geochemical ion ratios were used to determine the source of salts and ions in the aquifer. Geochemical diagrams confirm that the rock-water interaction is an active process in the studied aquifer also shows that the dissolution of clay-marl sediments, ion exchange process and in some area human activities affect the groundwater quality in Seydan-Farooq plain. Since there is no linear pattern in any of the scatter plots and the samples are distributed in two areas, it can be concluded that there are at least two aquifer recharge sources.

2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-iodopyridine was successfully synthesized in one-step from the reaction of pentachloropyridine with sodium iodide using microwave irradiation. The reaction of O, N, and S centered nucleophiles with 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-iodopyridine was studied in order to assess regiochemistry of aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Substitution occurs at the para position to ring nitrogen by S centered nucleophiles, while O and N centered nucleophiles substitution occurs at the ortho position of pyridine ring. IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, confirmed the structures of all the compounds.

Since the agriculture sector is the largest custodian of the food supply, food production and food security, there is a need to increase the production in this sector which is subject to technology and mechanization level. Therefore, the purpose of this study aims to investigate the effect of agricultural mechanization coefficient on the food security of Iranian rural families in the period 1984-2013 using auto-regressive distributed lag method (ARDL). The results show that the mechanization coefficient and per capita income variables had a positive impact on the food security of rural families in the long term, while the food price index variable had a negative impact on the food security of rural families in the long term. Hence, it is suggested that the government should support the importers of agricultural machinery against currency exchange rate fluctuations. Also, the use of technology is difficult due to the small and scattered farms in Iran. Therefore, localization and promotion of the capital-intensive technologies is proposed.

Attention to food security in Iran is one of the main objectives of the rural development and agricultural programs and the government is doing the relatively wide range of actions to improve that. Food security is a very widespread concept and is determined by interacting a range of biological، economic، social، agricultural and physical factors. Food security is a goal that other important economic objectives are latent behind it، each one is very important. In this study the factors affecting the food security in urban and rural households examined during the period of 1983-2010. To do this، first aggregate food security index for urban and rural households and other indicators used in the study was calculated. Then، by using the approach of Johansen - Juselius the econometric analysis was carried out. Results show that the crop diversification variable، Per capita income and imports of agricultural products have significant and positive impact. Gini coefficient and the policy of government support to agriculture have significant and negative impact on food security of urban and rural households. Prices of agricultural products in rural areas have positive impact and in urban areas has negative impact on food security.

Subsidies are known to distort prices, the optimal allocation of resources and economic growth and induce budget deficit and increase social costs, resulting in irreparable adverse effects on the economy. On the other hand implemetation of subsidy reform programs can have a widespread impact on economic aggregates A clearly specified trend in trajectory of macroeconomic variables is expected to better enable policy makers in planning for appropriate fiscal and monetary policy pakeges. The task of determining the best policy package, consistent with macroeconomic goals and constraints presents a genuine Stochastic Optimal Control problem. Solution for such a problem requires a practical statistical algorithm. The OPTCON2 method employed in this study seems to be a suitable method. First, the econometric relationships among the macroeconomic variables of the model is estimated using 2SLS statistical method. Subsquently an OPTCON2 prorgram is specified using C # Language in a visual studio. Simulation program for subsidies during the 5th development plan indicates a decline in economic growth for the first year, followed by a small rise in growth rate during the subsequent years. The findings also indicates an initial rise in inflation followed with a decline in later periods. It was also indicated that the unemployment rate is likely to rise in the beginning, leveling down to a given rate later.