houshang jamali

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has several protein pumps with which it puts antibiotics out.This has led to the formation of multidrug resistance.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gold nanoparticles on the expression of mexA/B genes in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 74 suspected samples of Pseudomonas genus were collected and phenotypic and genotypic tests were used to screen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Then, anibiogram test using 11 antibiotics from different classes was performed by the use of CLSI 2020 standard tables and the disk diffusion method.The frequency of mexA/B genes was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction method and after determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of gold nanoparticles, the effect of gold nanoparticles on the expression of mexA/B genes was evaluated using SYBER Green-Real Time PCR technique.

In this study(67.57%) 50 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified.The highest and lowest levels of antibiotic resistance were related to azteronam(98%) and cefpime(26%).The prevalence of mexA/B genes was respectively mexA(74%), mexB(70%) and mexA/B(58%) and also 12% lacked both genes. Gold nanoparticles showed growth inhibitory effect at MIC≥50ppm and at 25 ppm concentration with ciprofloxacin, showed inhibitory effect on the expression of mexA/B genes.

The results of this study showed that gold nanoparticles can inhibit the expression of mexA and mexB genes in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Due to the fact that gold nanoparticle does not have toxic effects on eukaryotic cells, it can be important in the treatment process of this group of bacteria.

Asymptomatic carriage of Staphylococcus aureus can lead to endogenous infections and cross-transmission to other individuals.

The prevalence, molecular epidemiology, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were studied in school children in Ardabil, Iran.

Totally, 510 nasal samples were collected during 2017. Isolates were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, identification of oxacillin resistance, and molecular typing.

Totally, 13.5% of volunteers were positive for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 17.5% colonized with mecA positive S. aureus strains, including 6.07% oxacillin-resistant MRSA (OR-MRSA) and 11.56% oxacillin-susceptible MRSA (OS-MRSA). Excluding β-lactam antibiotics, high resistance rate was observed for erythromycin (71%), tetracycline (25.8%), clindamycin (35%) in our isolates. Surprisingly, 11% of the isolates [OR-MRSA (25.8%), OS-MRSA (10.1%), and MSSA (5.7%) isolates] were resistant to mupirocin. Moreover, 18 (58%), 29 (49%), and 29 (42%) of OR-MRSA, OS-MRSA, and MSSA isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), respectively. Overall, 97.48% of isolates carried ≥ 3 toxin encoding genes. The pvl gene was found in 46 (29%) isolates. In comparison, 25.50% of MRSA (9.60% OR-MRSA and 34% OS-MRSA) and 33% of MSSA isolates carried pvl gene. SCCmec type IV had the highest rate among OR-MRSA (87%) and OS-MRSA (74.5%) isolates, which indicates CA-MRSA phenotype. Eleven and 21 spa types were identified in OR-MRSA, and OS-MRSA isolates, respectively. The most common spa types were t11332 (14.3%) and t012 (11.4%) in OS-MRSA isolates. ERIC-PCR revealed high genetic diversity among isolates. The number of students in classroom and incomplete antibiotic course were associated with OS-MRSA nasal carriage.

This study showed a high proportion of MDR CA-MRSA nasal carriage among Iranian healthy school children community.

The recombinant human IL-11 is the only approved medicine used for treating chemotherapy-induced side effects. Platelet count decreases (thrombocytopenia) in cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a platelet increasing cytokine. This study aimed to use two shuttle vectors of pHT43 and pMR12 for cloning the IL-11 gene and     expression of its protein in Bacillus. subtilis and the expression level in these two vectors was   investigated.

In this study, the IL-11 gene was designed and synthesized as a closed structure with two restriction sites for BamH1 and XbaI enzymes and a final length of 609 bp. Then the gene was cloned in two shuttle vectors of pHT43 and pMR12 and transferred to   B. subtilis WB 600. The expression level of the recombinant IL-11 was evaluated with the      Bradford incubation, the pMR12-int11-carrying bacteria expressed higher levels of the protein(75 µg/mL) than pHT43-int11-carrying bacteria.

The results of PCR indicated that the IL-11 gene existed in shuttle vectors pHT43 and pMR12. The expression of this protein was about 75 /g / mL using pMR12 vector, which is higher than the bacterium carrying pHT43-int11.

The expression level of the recombinant IL-11 protein with pMR12 vector was higher than pHT43 vector. This amount has not been reported so far for IL-11. B. subtilis can express and produce IL-11 and can be used as a source for drug production

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most accessible adult multipotent stem cells that can be harvested from various tissues. The tissue regeneration field uses MSCs because of their therapeutic potential in tissue damage repair, inflammation suppression, and anti-tumor therapies, relying on their targeted homing and differentiation capability into specialized cells. It is proposed that the paracrine activities of MSCs, including secretory trophic factors, survival signals, and extracellular vesicle release, are the principal mechanism to mediate MSCs function. Current studies show that exosomes secreted by MSCs may also contribute to MSCs’ physiological function. Indeed, they can be introduced as hopeful novel candidates for drug delivery due to their nanoscale naturally-occurring structure, more stability, less immunogenicity, and the ability to pass through biological barriers without rejection to deliver their cargos to recipient cells and tissues. Moreover, exosomes may anticipate beneficial nanocarrier vehicles in targeted drug delivery systems.

Lead as a naturally-occurring element has different effects on hematopoitic system, nervous system, kidney, reproductive system and bone. In this investigation, was determined the effect of garlic alcoholic-water extract in kidney poisoning treatment induced by lead in neonatal rat. Rats were divided into 7 groups of 8. The First group was the control group, which had received no materials. The second group had received 0/1 ml distilled water, the third group had received the lead with a dose of 0/6 gram per liter. The forth group had just received 0/4 g/kg garlic alcoholic – water extract. The fifth, sixth, and seventh group had first received 0/6 g lead perliter and then received doses of 0/1, 0/2, 0/4 g/kg garlic. Then, injections was performed orally in 10 consecutive days. The data were analysed then using T. Based on the obtained results, there is a significant increase in the body weight and the kidney of the third, fifth, sixth and seventh groups compared with the control group. However, the body weight and kidney of rats in the fourth group showed a meaningful decrease comparing with the lead group. Regarding the third group, there was a meaningful increase in Urea, uric acid, creatinine and potassium compared with the control group but a significant decrease in the sodium. Protective effects of garlic on kidney are related to antioxidant properties, since different types of oxidation reactions have negative effects on glomerular filtration rate. Garlic is eliminating the poisoning effect of lead on the kidney because of having properties such as antioxidant and protective effect.

Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity results from the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidneys, and since cinnamon has antioxidant properties, this research studied the effects of cinnamon extract on the prevention and treatment of gentamicin-induced toxicity in immature white rats.Materials and

in this study 36 immature female Wistar rats were divided into 6 equal groups. The control group did not receive any solution or medication. Every day The control group 1 received 200mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of cinnamon in Gavage form, the control group 2 received 80 mg/kg Gentimicin in intraperitoneal injection form, and empirical groups 1, 2 and 3 received 80 mg/kg Gentimicin in intraperitoneal injection form and 50, 100 and 200 mg Hydro-alcoholic extract of cinnamon in Gavage form for 14 days, respectively.

Results show that serum concentrations of uric acid in sham group II increased significantly compared to the control group at 5%, and that the concentrations of urea and creatinine in sham group II and in the experimental group I were significantly higher compared to the control group at 1%. The diameter of proximal tubules in sham group II was significantly larger compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, the diameter of glomeruli in the experimental groups and in sham group II significantly increased compared to the control group and sham group I. 

Cinnamon extracts have antioxidant properties and somewhat reduce the negative effects of Gentamicin. Therefore, it is recommended cinnamon extracts be used to reduce Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in patients

Gentimicin is an antibiotic from the family of Aminoglycosides used in the treatment of infections resulted from Gram-negative bacteria, the use of which is limited due to its nephrotoxicity. In this study the histological effect of cinnamon on the nephrotoxicity resulted from Gentimicin in rats is investigated because of the Antioxidant properties of cinnamon.Materials and Thirty-six mature female Wistar rats were divided into six equal groups. The control group did not receive any solvents or medicines. The experimental group I received Gentamicin with the daily dose of 80 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection, and the experimental group II the daily 200 mg/kg gavage dose of hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon. The experimental groups III, IV, and V were given the daily dose of 80 mg/kg of Gentamicin through intraperitoneal injection together with 50, 100, and 200 milligrams of cinnamon extract, respectively, by gavage for 21 days.     results indicate that the cortex diameter in experimental groups 1 and 4 increase significantly (P<0.05) compared to control group and experimental groups 2. Diameter of medulla did not increase significantly in different groups. In contrast, diameter of the proximal tubule showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in experimental groups 1, compared to other groups. Also the glomerular diameter in  the other experimental groups increased significantly compared to control group and experimental groups 2 . the results of the study show that cinnamon apart from having phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties, can cure the tubular injury resulted from Gentimicin.

Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with restricted application in man and stock due to its side effects such as Nephrotoxicity and autotoxicity. Cinnamon bark has antioxidant properties. This is the first study on the protective effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.Methods and Materials: Thirty-six mature female Wistar rats were divided into six equal groups. The control group did not receive any solvents or medicines. The experimental group I received Gentamicin with the daily dose of 80 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection, and the experimental group II the daily 200 mg/kg gavage dose of hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon. The experimental groups III, IV, and V were given the daily dose of 80 mg/kg of Gentamicin through intraperitoneal injection together with 50, 100, and 200 milligrams of cinnamon extract, respectively, by gavage for 21 days.   

Serum uric acid concentration in the experimental group I increased significantly compared to the control group at the 5% probability level, and urea and creatinine concentrations in the experimental groups I and III showed a significant increase compared to the control group at the 1% probability level.

Cinnamon extract was able to protect rats against Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity due to its contents of phenolic compounds and of other antioxidant substances.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157: H7 have emerged as pathogens that can cause food-borne infections and severe and potentially fatal illnesses in humans. E. coli O157: H7 colonizes the digestive tract of cattle and is transmitted to humans by food and water. The objectives of this study were to characterize the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 isolates in hamburger in Shiraz and to test their antimicrobial sensitivity. In this research، 428 samples of hamburger were collected from 7 main factories of meat products and enriched in TSB with novobiocin medium at 37ºC. Fermentation of sorbitol and lactose and activities of β- glucuronidase of separated bacteria were examined by using the SMAC and VRBA media and CHROMagar medium. Then isolation of E. coli O157: H7 was confirmed with the use of specific antisera; and with the multiplex PCR method، the presence of E. coli O157: H7 virulence genes – including stx1، stx2، eaeA، and hly – was analyzed. Finally، antibiotic resistance strains were tested with disk diffusion methods. Out of all the examined samples، 264 (61. 68%) sorbitol-negative bacteria were separated in the CT-SMAC medium. After evaluation with specific antisera، the rate of the recognition of E. coli O157: H7 was 5 (1. 17%). The stx1 and eaeA genes were diagnosed in 2 (0. 47%) cases of these samples. All the isolated bacteria were resistant to penicillin، clindamycin، and erythromycin antibiotics. The presence of STEC in animal products suggests that they may be a potential hazard for human health. A regular monitoring of STEC O157، mainly in hamburger، should be performed to prevent a possible consumer health threat.

Bakground & Since Olanzapine is used in the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia، the aim of this investigation was to assess the effect of Olanzapine on the pituitary –gonad axis and spermatogenesis in adult male rats. In the present research، 50 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 10، including control، sham، and experimental groups I، II، and III، which orally received 5، 10، and 20 mg/kg Olanzapine solution for 28 days، respectively. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment، all the rats were weighed and anesthetized. Blood samples were obtained from the heart and were centrifuged; the sera were thereafter evaluated for concentrations of LH، FSH، testosterone، and prolactin via the RIA method. The results show that there was a significant increase in the body weight of the group receiving 20 mg/kg Olanzapine solution. In addition، the results of hormone assay demonstrated that the serum concentrations of LH and FSH were comparable between the experimental groups، while there was a significant increase in prolactin and significant decrease in testosterone in the group receiving 20 mg/kg Olanzapine solution. The changes observed in the subjects were due to the presence of compounds in the Olanzapine solution، especially Benzodiazepine، which affected the body weight and serum concentration of prolactin and testosterone in the groups receiving 20 mg/kg Olanzapine solution.

The widespread use of the pills of ecstasy has opened the floodgates to social damage. Severe kidney and liver damage as well amnesia and imbalance are some of ecstasy pills complications. This study evaluated the effect of these pills on the ovary and hormonal axis of pituitary-gonadal axis in rats.

Thirty-five female immature Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 7 rats, comprising control, sham, experimental 1, experimental 2, and experimental 3 groups. The control group did not receive any solvent or medication; the sham group received physiologic serum (0.2 cc) once daily for 14 days; and the experimental groups of 1, 2, and 3 received a solution (0.2 cc) once daily containing 0.5, 1, and 2 mg of medication for 14 days via intraperitoneal injection. Hormone measurement was done with the ELISA method. Ovaries were excised to prepare tissue sections and to investigate the number of ovarian follicles. The number of follicles was calculated via the physical dissector technique.

There was a statistically significant difference in body and ovary weight between the control group and the experimental group 3. Also, the number of primary and Graafian follicles decreased significantly. The results did not show a statistically significant difference between the three experimental groups and the control group in terms of FSH and LH hormones, but the rate of progesterone hormone had a meaningful increase.

Use of ecstasy pills exerted a destructive impact on the ovary and progesterone hormone.

PAHs are non-polar organic compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene multi-rings. Among these compounds، acenaphthene is a multi-ring hydrocarbon that occurs abundantly in nature. Use of microorganisms to clean the contaminations of soil can be cheap and effective. The most important acenaphthene-degrading bacteria are pseudomonas، micrococcus، and Bacillus. The goal of this study was to isolate and identify the bacteria which degrade acenaphthene in soils around Abadan Refinery and to investigate the relation between the levels of environmental pollution with acenaphthene. Soil samples were collected from three areas around Abadan Refinery. The number of the bacteria was counted on the nutrient agar culture with and without acenaphthene. Isolation of the bacteria was done by culturing the samples on acenaphthene broth with a mineral-salt medium، and on an acenaphthene agar medium. Then، the bacteria were identified via biochemical diagnostic tests. The logarithm average of the bacteria was 4. 786 ± 0. 073 at a medium with acenaphthene، which was 6. 671 ± 0. 073 less than that of the control medium. The maximum number of degrading bacteria was 7. 089 ± 0. 089 at Station C، and the minimum number of the degrading bacteria was 4. 485 ± 0. 089 at Station B. In this study، Bacillus sp، Micrococcus Luteus، Corynebacterium sp، Staphylococcus epidermidis، and Pseudomonas sp bacteria were isolated and identified in terms of frequency، respectively. The results of this study showed that the soil around Abadan Refinery contained a great number of acenaphthene degrading bacteria، especially Bacillus and Micrococcus.