jafar hasani

 The primary goal of this study was to present a forgiveness model based on childhood maltreatment and attachment styles, with the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in betrayal victims.

 This descriptive correlational study involved betrayal victims who had sought counseling in Tehran in 2022, with a sample of 653 individuals selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used included Bernstein et al.'s (2003) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Hazan and Shaver's (1987) Attachment Style Questionnaire, Young's (1999) Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, and the Forgiveness Questionnaire by Ray et al. (2001). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24.

 The results indicated a negative relationship between childhood maltreatment, insecure attachment styles, and early maladaptive schemas with forgiveness, while secure attachment showed a positive relationship with forgiveness. Furthermore, the results suggested that early maladaptive schemas mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment, attachment styles, and forgiveness in betrayal victims.

 Overall, the results indicated that the evaluated structural model was well-fitted, and the findings could assist therapists and counselors in better understanding the forgiveness process in betrayal victims.

Given cultural differences, therapies that prove effective in one context may not be equally effective in others. Therefore, our study aimed to culturally adapt the acceptance and commitment therapy matrix protocol for health behaviors (eating and exercise) in the Iranian population with obesity. The cultural adaptation study was conducted in five stages: Protocol Translation, Information Gathering, Preliminary Adaptation, Preliminary Test, and Final Adaptation. In stage 2, three professionals specializing in third-wave behavior therapy, one nutritionist, and one bodybuilding coach participated. In stage 4, five individuals with obesity were involved, and, in stage 5, seven professionals in third-wave behavior therapy participated. Data were analyzed quantitatively (mean and content validity index) and qualitatively. A protocol consisting of 12 sessions was developed, assigning two sessions to each of the six steps of the acceptance and commitment therapy matrix. The adapted protocol differed from the original protocol in terms of metaphors, exercises, and materials. We added three metaphors: The Compass, the Noticing Muscle, and the Monsters on the Bus. Additionally, Matrix cards were introduced, including Goals & Directions, The Magic Wand, Who Is Important, Important, Stuff That Shows Up, Behavior, Toward Moves, Toward & Away, Surfing The Waves, Am I Important, Choosing My Life, Psychological Flexibility, Noticing Muscle, Practice, Stuck Loops, Monster Tug-Of-War, Don't Think of It, Don't Feel It, The 2 Rules, Dead Person's Goals, Hooks, Catch & Release, Verbal Aikido, U-Turn, Monsters on the Bus, Two Friends, Texting My Future Self. We also included four worksheets: The Compass, Who or What Is Important, Two Friends, and Texting My Future Self. Excluded items were The Hooky Words Game and Sorting Five-Senses and Inner Experience. The Monster Tug-Of-War metaphor was used instead of the Man in The Hole metaphor; for an experiential exploration of controlling thoughts, the term “pink elephant” was used instead of “purple unicorn;” the new version of the Verbal Aikido Worksheet was used instead of the existing one; and the Two Friend metaphor was replaced with the Mother Cat Exercise. Furthermore, a short video about physical aikido was added, and the perspective-taking dialogue shifted from verbal format to writing format. The content validity index for each session in the adapted protocol, as well as for the entire adapted protocol, was excellent. The study provides valuable insights into the use of the acceptance and commitment therapy matrix in the Iranian population with obesity. It underscores the importance of considering cultural nuances during intervention design.

Individuals experiencing psychological distress symptoms (such as anxiety, mental pressure, depression) and post-traumatic stress often struggle with autobiographical memory and rumination, necessitating psychological interventions. Interventions such as computerized competitive memory training and computerized memory specificity training are available options for psychologists to enhance the condition of these individuals, potentially improving emotional and cognitive symptoms, including autobiographical memory. Cancer caregivers are a population that frequently experiences numerous emotional issues, including anxiety, mental pressure, depression, and post-traumatic stress. The responsibility of assuming the caregiver role and associated feelings of guilt can intensify the pressure on caregivers of children with cancer. Given the constraints of the recent epidemic, it is crucial to offer methods that can effectively improve these individuals’ mental health. Considering the history of Memory Specificity Training (MeST)-based interventions in alleviating depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, the computerized design and localization of this intervention method can be beneficial during epidemic periods when face-to-face activities are limited. The present study aimed to develop an online Persian version of MeST-based training and to assess the content validity and effectiveness of this program.

This study was conducted to develop a computerized version of the MeST training intervention sessions using mobile phone software. The tools used in this study included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Mental Disorders Clinical Version, DASS-21 scale, Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), and therapeutic intervention: Memory Specificity Training or MeST.The main structure of this software was designed and localized by adapting the software of Hallford et al. The Persian protocol, compatible with the Android version, was designed and modified by the working group. During the process of compiling the computerized version, the researchers collaborated with several clinical psychologists, computer specialists, software development experts, and patient caregivers. The classical form previously presented by Farhi Menesh et al. was used to prepare the Persian version of the protocol. With the help of the PHP programming language, the management panel and software were written based on React Native, and other sub-languages were also used for coding.In the second stage, the content validity of the intervention program was evaluated based on the necessity of each section’s existence and the relevance of the content to each section’s goals. This evaluation was conducted by ten psychologists and faculty members of Kharazmi University who were experienced in the field of cognitive sciences and familiar with the MeST tool. The content validity of the Farsi MeST protocol was calculated by evaluating the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI).Then, to check for bugs and changes in the content and notifications, modifications were made in the software’s space based on feedback from a small sample of applicants. Initially, a semi-structured interview was conducted separately by two trained psychologists, and if signs of psychological distress were observed, the individual was included in the study. The selected samples were randomly divided into two groups: an intervention group (15 people) and a control group (15 people). Individuals in the intervention group received seven treatment sessions based on the MeST intervention, held weekly, while no intervention was conducted in the control group. In the end, the effectiveness of the specific computerized memory intervention in reducing pathological symptoms and autobiographical memory of caregivers was investigated.

The content validity review of the Persian version of the MeST online training software indicated that the CVI value for all items was more than 0.6, demonstrating the importance and necessity of the questions in the designed scale. A content validity index higher than 0.8 was achieved, indicating a satisfactory correlation of all items with the objectives of the constructed tool. However, the CVR and CVI were not appropriate for the materials providing the desired results and the timing of the sessions. Moreover, the content validity review of the session content indicated that the CVR index for all sessions was 0.99, and the CVI index for all sessions was equal to or higher than 0.8. Therefore, the relevance and necessity of the concepts used in the sessions were confirmed. The two groups were homogeneous in terms of variables such as gender, caregiver’s education level, and history of psychiatric diseases (P>0.05). The comparison of DASS-21 indices and autobiographical memory for the two groups is shown in Table 1. The results of the within-andbetween-group variance analysis for the variables of depression, anxiety, stress, and autobiographical memory are shown in Table 5. The results of the within-andbetween-group variance analysis show that no significant effect was observed in the state of depression over time (P=0.51, F=0.43). The interactive effect of the time groupwas also not significant, indicating no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.84, F=0.03). The results of the between-group comparison for the depression variable showed no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.14, F=2.27). The within-group analysis of the anxiety variable (P=0.18, F=1.82) and stress (P=0.27, F=1.23) also indicated the absence of a significant effect. The interactive effect of the time groupwas also not significant for the two variables of anxiety (P=0.96, F=0.001) and stress (P=0.19, F=1.73). The between-group comparison for the variables of anxiety (P=0.45, F=0.58) and stress (P=0.92, F=0.008) indicated no significant difference. Besides, the results of the within-group variance analysis showed that no significant effect was observed in the state of autobiographical memory. The interactive effect of the time groupwas also not significant (P=0.13, F=2.49). The results of the between-group comparison for the autobiographical memory variable also showed no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.78, F=0.07).

This study introduced an online version of the MeST intervention in Persian and confirmed its validity. Although validating the reliability and validity of the questionnaire is a lengthy, multi-step process, challenging the content of research tools aids in better understanding, using, and critiquing the content of a tool with a precise approach. Evidently, the MeST-based intervention has a short-term effect on reducing symptoms of depression. Previous studies have demonstrated that the MeST-based intervention positively impacts post-traumatic stress and depression symptoms. However, this study showed that these effects were transient, and the follow-up assessment largely lost the benefits of MeST over control groups. Other findings from this study indicated that online memory specificity training leads to short-term improvement in autobiographical memory. Other studies have also shown that specific memory training significantly improves specific memory. Nevertheless, this intervention does not impact stress and anxiety levels. Given that the MeST-based intervention is effective, easy, and inexpensive, it can be presented alongside traditional interventions. Although MeST is promising as a new intervention, future studies with larger samples and control groups are recommended to investigate the mechanism of MeST’s action due to its transitory effect.

The primary aim of the current research was to present a forgiveness model based on childhood maltreatment and attachment styles with the mediating role of defensive mechanisms in betrayal victims.

Methods and Materials: 

The method of this study was descriptive-correlational and of the structural equation modeling type. The population of this study consisted of individuals who were victims of betrayal and had sought counseling in Tehran in the year 2022, from whom 653 persons were selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study were the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire by Bernstein et al. (2003), the Attachment Styles Questionnaire by Hazan and Shaver (1987), the Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire by Andrews et al. (1993), and the Forgiveness Questionnaire by Rey et al. (2001). Data were analyzed using SPSS-25 and AMOS-24 software.

The results indicated that there is a negative relationship between childhood maltreatment, insecure attachment styles, and undeveloped and neurotic defensive mechanisms with forgiveness (P<0.01); whereas secure attachment style and developed defenses had a positive relationship with forgiveness (P<0.01). Additionally, the results suggested that defensive mechanisms mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and attachment styles with forgiveness in betrayal victims.

Overall, the results demonstrated that the evaluated structural model has a satisfactory fit, and the findings could aid therapists and counselors in better understanding the forgiveness process in betrayal victims.

This study has been done with aim of effectiveness trans diagnostic therapy based on emotion efficiency, cardio-vascular reaction, sleep quality and psychological flexibility of the prisoners with PTSD. The research method was semi-exprimental with pre-test, post-test and the control group with monthly period follow-up. The statistical population included all patients referred to Sadr psychiatry hospital in Tehran in the years 1400-1401, from which 30 people were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner and randomly assigned to exprimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups In order to gathering data, efficiency emotion scale (EES-2), depression scale, anxiety and stress (DASS-21), psychological flexibility form and Pitesbourg sleep quality index (PSQI) and estimate vital signs by pressure gauge device were used Data were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance The result of analysis showed that, there was significant difference between the exprimental group and control group in terms of dependent variable in pre-test phase towards post-test in monthly period follow-up The examination of the follow-up periods showed that, there was no significant difference between monthly follow-up and post-test periods. The presistence of the treatment effect over time and a month after end of meetings From the above findings, it can be concluded that, transdiagnostic therapy based on emotion efficiency has been a remarkable effect on decrease of depression, anxiety, stress and cardio vascular reaction signs and less effectiveness in psychological flexibility.

Skin diseases, such as psoriasis, are associated with significant psychological and social disabilities. Thus, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of classical cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and compassion focused therapy (CFT) on psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) of patients with psoriasis.

The present study was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design, follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with psoriasis who referred to skin treatment centers in Tehran, Iran, between December and February 2019. From among them, 60 people were selected using a convenience sampling method and after matching them, they were assigned to three groups (20 people in each group). The participants of experimental group 1 received 10 sessions of classical CBT and the participants of experimental group 2 received 7 sessions of CFT, but the control group did not receive any training. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10 and K6‎; 2002) and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL‎-BREF; 1996) questionnaire were used for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS software.

The results showed that the effectiveness of both therapies on reducing the psychological distress and increasing the QOL of patients is significant (P < 0.01), but the effectiveness of the CFT was greater.

It seems that CFT as a selected treatment can help improve the psychological distress and QOL of patients with psoriasis by increasing kindness to self and others and managing emotions.

 The purpose of this study was to examine a hypothesized model which considers the role of neuro-psychological components (brain-behavioral systems) and emotional insecurity and emotional flexibility in Internet addiction.
  The design of the present study was descriptive-correlational and structural equation modelling. The statistical population of the study included Iranian adolescents who lived in Shiraz in 2021. Among them, 587 adolescents (318 girls and 269 boys) were selected by cluster sampling method. Subjects filled Jackson's five-factor scale, Young's Internet addiction, emotional flexibility, and emotional insecurity questionnaires. After data collection, the relationship between variables was examined using SPSS and Lisrel software. 
 The findings suggest that the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) neither directly nor indirectly had a significant correlation (P> 0.05) with Internet addiction; the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is only directly related to addiction to the Internet (P <0.01 and b= -0.18), and finally the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) is directly (P <0.01 and b= 0.29); and indirectly (P <0.05 and b= 0.09) correlated with the mediating role of emotional insecurity and emotional flexibility, linked to Internet addiction.
Among Gray’s brain-behavioral subsystem theory, the FFFS is the strongest predictor of Internet addiction (both directly and indirectly, by influencing emotional flexibility and emotional insecurity), which may indicate that avoidance behavior plays a crucial role in Internet addiction.

The experience of cardiovascular diseases affects various physical, psychological, social and existential aspects of the patient. But, after studying the research background, it was found that Each of the conducted studies have studied only one of these dimensions. Therefore, the absence of a research that examines all the mentioned components in relation to each other is a sign of the existence of a scientific gap in this field.

The present research was conducted with the aim of studying the "disease experience" in people suffering from cardiovascular diseases.

In this qualitative research, interpretive phenomenological method was used. Sampling was done using the purposeful sampling method and in order to collect data, a semi-structured interview based on the axes proposed by Spradley (2016) was conducted individually with 16 cardiovascular patients. The data were analyzed based on the 6-step strategy of Smith, Larkin and Flowers (2021) and using MAXQDA-2020 software.

From the analysis of the findings, the central category of "Disease-caused Transformations" was identified, which includes five main categories of phenomenal body, agency barrier, communication interference, difficult emotional experiences, and existential challenges.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that cardiovascular diseases cause profound changes in various aspects of the patients' personal and social life. Using the categories identified in the current research can be a guide for specialists to evaluate that In which of the categories of "pathological changes" does the cardiovascular patient have more serious problems and as a result, it can help specialists in designing and implementing interventions according to the same category.

This study aimed to compare health beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in families with (FIM+) or without an infected member (FIM–) two years after the beginning of COVID-19. Additionally, this research intended to predict a decrease in OCS from baseline (T1) to 40 days later (T2) based on health beliefs.

In a longitudinal survey, 227 participants in two groups, including FIM+ (n = 98; M = 30.44; SD = 5.39) and FIM– (n = 129; M = 29.24; SD = 4.93), were selected through purposive sampling. They responded to measurements consisting of demographic characteristics, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and COVID-19 Health Belief Questionnaire (COVID-19-HBQ) at the final assessment phase (T2). To investigate differences between the two groups and predict OCS changes from T1 to T2, data were analyzed using Chi-squared, t-tests, U-Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlations, and linear regression analyses.

At T1, FIM+ demonstrated significantly greater OCS, health beliefs, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS), and depressive symptoms than FIM–. Furthermore, FIM+ showed a decrease in OCS from T1 to T2 after its infected member recovered from COVID-19 (P < 0.001). A decrease in OCS was correlated with a decrease in perceived susceptibility, severity, and barriers. Lack of a vulnerable family member, lower educational attainment, and being a primary caregiver were associated with a greater decrease in OCS. Changes in perceived severity and self-efficacy accounted for 17% of variation in OCS.

Even two years after the onset of the pandemic, COVID-19 not only impacts the life of patients with COVID-19 but family members who care for such patients respond to the disease by engaging in excessive health behaviors in the form of OCS.

The present study aims to design and test a model of factors affecting the acceptance of cosmetic surgery in Iranian female students. 

A sample of 600 female students aged 18 to 35 were selected from Kharazmi University using cluster random sampling. The participants completed six questionnaires: The short version of the attitude toward women scale, the beliefs about appearance scale, the body areas satisfaction scale, the body image coping strategies inventory, the rhinoplasty outcome evaluation, and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery scale. A structural model was used to examine the relationships among research variables.

Results showed a good level of fit to the data and proposed that gender role attitudes can facilitate cosmetic surgery in women by mediator roles of dysfunctional appearance beliefs, body dissatisfaction, coping strategies, and outcome expectancy. 

The study highlights the importance of traditional gender role attitudes in body dissatisfaction and cosmetic surgeries among Iranian women. Indeed, traditional gender role attitudes can encourage women to conform to beauty standards and undertake cosmetic procedures. These procedures can expose them to risks and unwanted consequences. Therefore, future research and prevention programs should be paid more attention to these traditional beliefs.

People with type 2 diabetes are facing a serious problem of non-compliance with treatment and self-care, which causes irreparable problems for the individual and the society. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating factors related to adherence to treatment and self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this qualitative research, data collection was done by a semi-structured interview. The number of interviewees was 17 patients with type 2 diabetes, and the number of these people was determined based on reaching theoretical saturation. Data analysis has also been done using the Grounded theory method.

Causal conditions with subsets of executive ease and individual conditions; Background conditions with sub-sets of environmental status and social status, which are called motivating factors for compliance with treatment and self-care. Also, the intervening conditions with subsets of factors affecting acceptance, attitude and treatment were also obtained, which can facilitate or hinder the implementation of treatment orders. Strategies under the title of actions that can lead the way in compliance with treatment and self-care from the perspective of patients, and outcomes, which are the expected results due to the implementation of strategies, were obtained as other components of this model.

Finding obstacles and motivational factors from the point of view of the affected person can be provided to researchers and therapists as a practical guide for treatment planning.

Introduction and the problem statement:

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Iran. Understanding non-affected women’s perspectives of breast cancer can effectively contribute to the development and implementation of preventive interventions against this disease. The aim of this study is to give more clarity to our understanding of Iranian women's perception of breast cancer.

Previous studies:

There are a large number of "qualitative" studies conducted on the lived experiences of "women with breast cancer" of suffering from this disease. As a matter of fact, most of the studies examining "non-infected women’s" knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in relation to breast cancer have used "quantitative" approaches in order to describe demographic variables associated with women's awareness of and performance in performing preventive screenings. The present study is regarded as one of the few qualitative studies on Iranian non-affected women’s views on breast cancer.

In this study, a phenomenological qualitative method was used in order to accurately describe Iranian women’s views about breast cancer, and the data derived from the semi-structured interviews with 39 women aged between 20-40, who were selected in a purposeful manner, were analyzed using the Colaizzi approach. The saturation criterion was employed in order to determine the sample size and evaluate the sampling adequacy. The interviews lasted 25-40 min and were audio-recorded. Also, an interview guide was prepared for the study. The participants were asked to answer a number of questions on four subject areas including (1) women’s knowledge and perception about cancer in general and breast cancer in particular, (2) women's beliefs about the causes of breast cancer (3) women's beliefs about the probability of them getting breast cancer, and (4) women's beliefs about their possible experience in case of breast cancer and any cancer-related perceptions. The data derived from the interviews were analyzed in seven steps by the use of the Colaizzi approach.

This study addressed four aspects including (1) the perceived nature (e.g., scary, symptomatic, shameful, and progressive), (2) the perceived causes (e.g., hereditary, environmental, lifestyle, and psychological factors), (3) the perceived probability (e.g., immunization, acceptance of the possibility of infection), and (4) the perceived outcome of (e.g., harmful to female identity, deadly and treatable if diagnosed early) of the breast cancer in order to better understand Iranian women's point of view about this disease. Thinking about cancer is a terrifying experience for most women. The women who participated in this study considered breast cancer as a symptomatic disease and pointed out the presence of palpable (mass) and visible (bleeding, discharge, and deformity) or understandable (pain) symptoms. They considered this type of cancer as a progressive disease that can spread to other organs and parts of the body. Although they cited the changes that occurred in recent years regarding the acceptance of women-related issues and diseases such as menstruation, uterine cancer, and breast cancer, they believed that suffering from breast cancer, education, and discussion about it is still considered a shameful issue among the Iranian society. In explaining the causes of the disease, they paid more attention to the presence of hereditary factors and considered breast cancer as a hereditary disease. They believed that psychological factors play a critical role in getting cancer. They imagined two paths for the influence of these factors: First, they evaluated the presence of unpleasant emotional moods, e.g., stress and anxiety, as an important factor in the occurrence of breast cancer; and second, they evaluated thinking about the negative aspects of life, e.g., the disease itself, as a cause of the breast cancer.

Several outcomes can be mentioned as implications of this research. Researchers should pay enough attention to the low level of women's information about breast cancer as a result of the lack of proper education in Iran, through either the media or the health education system, due to the taboo of topics related to women's issues and diseases. We found that one of the women's perceptions is that they strongly believe that they are immune to breast cancer; this belief that can be regarded as one of the serious obstacles to searching for information and performing preventive screenings. This immunity that they believe in is based on two main components: the immunity due to not having hereditary factors; and immunity due to avoiding thinking about the disease. Regarding the causes of breast cancer, the emphasis on hereditary factors has led a significant part of women to believe that they are immune to this disease. Therefore, when implementing interventions for increasing breast awareness, the information on the age and genetic background of the disease should be presented with more emphasis and accuracy. In suggesting the reasons for not thinking about breast cancer and, of course, not performing screening, women's other belief about the impact of thinking about the disease and calling it out was among the topics with a high frequency. Therefore, the belief that thinking about the disease is a calling of and prevents women from engaging in awareness training for enhancement of breast health should be corrected by designing interventions targeting at changing the false beliefs. When designing the education related to this disease, women's belief about breast cancer as a scary and deadly disease should be also given enough attention and the high probability of its treatment in case of early diagnosis should be explained. Women's perception that breast cancer is a symptomatic disease leads them to ignore preventive measures for early diagnosis. It also seems that one of the obstacles to preventive measures is the belief in Iranian culture that considers breast cancer as a shameful disease, and consequently, women probably avoid performing breast cancer screening in order to avoid the diagnosis of a shameful disease and the resulting negative reactions. Therefore, the normalization of issues related to breast cancer should be considered when implementing preventive interventions. The results of this study have provided a valuable contribution to the understanding of Iranian women's perception of breast cancer, which can play a critical role in designing interventions targeted at increasing awareness and promoting more effective preventive behaviors among Iranian women, and as a result, reducing deaths caused by late diagnosis of this disease.

  Since psychological texts in recent decades have witnessed the expansion of meta-diagnostic approaches in examining psychopathology, so the aim of the present study was The effectiveness of transdiagnostic intervention package based on emotion regulation according to Iranian culture on reducing insomnia Intensity.

The present study single-subject (single-case) design was used. Participants in this stage included people with insomnia disorder in Kermanshah in 2021, three of them were selected by purposive sampling method. For this purpose, in the baseline stage and before any intervention, the questionnaire insomnia Intensity was performed Two times per week on three participants separately, then presented the meta-diagnostic intervention based on emotion regulation in one session per week and each session 60 Minutes. At the end of the third, sixth and eighth sessions, the mentioned questionnaire was presented to each of the 3 participants and finally, completed by the participants in a 1-month and 2-month follow-up. The findings of this section were analyzed using visual analysis, recovery percentage and other related indicators.

The results showed that the symptoms of insomnia Intensity. in each of the three participants, following the sessions of meta-diagnostic protocol based on emotion regulation in the intervention phase and even follow-up period (Relative to the position of the baseline) a decreasing trend, which is evidence of the effectiveness of the intervention.

The implementation of the transdiagnostic intervention package based on emotion regulation appropriate to Iranian culture led to the reduction of insomnia Intensity, therefore, due to the transdiagnostic nature of the intervention, it is suggested to mental health professionals that the results of the present package in It can be used to help with other psychological disorders.

Few studies have examined integrative models in the context of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease. In this context, the aim of the present study was the preliminary evaluation of the transdiagnostic educational package based on the schema therapy model, self-compassion model, and emotion regulation model in cardiac health-related behaviors. 

3 people were selected in a single-case pilot study and received an intervention package based on the research model during 15 sessions. Participants responded to the cardiac health behavior scale (Song et al., 2018), Self-Compassion Questionnaire (Neff, 2003), Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), and Emotion Regulation Scale (Gross and John, 2003). The data were analyzed by visual analysis of graphs analysis, indicators of recovery percentage, reduction percentage, and Cohen's effect size.

The findings showed that the recovery percentage of the first, second, and third participants in the reappraisal respectively was 40, 38, and 43 percent, suppression was 46, 46, and 45 percent, self-compassion was 41, 34, and 41 percent and cardiac health-related behaviors were 32, 33 and 35 percent.

also, the reduction percentage of the first, second, and third participants in reappraisal respectively was 67, 62, and 76 percent, suppression was 32, 32, and 31 percent, self-compassion was 68, 51, and 69 percent, and cardiac health-related behaviors were 47, 50 and 54 percent.The effect size of the reappraisal for the first, second, and third participants was -0.91, -0.79 and -0.80 respectively, suppression was 0.83, 0.91, and 0.93, self-compassion was -0.78, -0.86 and -0.90 and cardiac health related-behaviors were -0.83, -0.75 and -0.87.

According to the findings supporting the proposed model, the transdiagnostic educational package based on schema therapy, emotion regulation, and self-compassion model can be used to improve cardiac health-related behaviors.

 Religion and religious beliefs play an important role in human life in many societies, Therefore, the present study aimed to qualitatively analyze the opinion of Iranian experts about the role of spiritual and doctrinal beliefs affecting emotion regulation.

 The present study had a qualitative design and was conducted by content analysis. The participants were specialists and experts working in the field of emotion regulation in Iran and were selected through purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 experts until the saturation point was reached. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

 After conducting the interviews, similar and duplicate codes were removed and matched. The results of data analysis yielded three main categories with six sub-themes. The main categories included religious and spiritual attitudes, taught spiritual/religious emotion regulation, and differentiating beliefs from superstitions.

 The results showed that spiritual and doctrinal beliefs played a significant role in the way individuals regulated their emotions. Therefore, counselors and mental health therapists are recommended to pay attention to this important issue while interacting with the clients during treatment sessions.

Cosmetic surgery is a common phenomenon in recent decades, and the motivation to seek cosmetic surgery is based on a combination of psychological, emotional, and personality factors. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral emotion-oriented behavioral therapy with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on body image and cognitive emotion regulation of adolescent girls.

 The population of the study consisted of all female high school students in Tehran in the academic year 1398-97. In a quasi-experimental design of this community, two high schools were selected using multi-stage sampling; 45 students were eligible to enter the study (performing preoperative initial procedures). From this community, 30 students were selected based on the cluster sampling method and were randomly matched into two experimental groups and one control group. 

Research tools:

multidimensional Body – Self Relations Questionnaire: Used. This questionnaire has 46 articles. The validity of the subscales ranging from alpha ranged from 0.83 to 0.92, indicating a high level of internal consistency. A body was obtained which indicates the reliability of a satisfactory test trial on this scale. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: This version includes 9 subscales, representing 9 cognitive emotion regulation strategies that are divided into two categories adaptive and maladaptive; Each of the four items of this questionnaire consists of two items that are graded on a Likert scale from (1) never to (5) always. The total score of each subscale is obtained by adding the score of the items. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha range was 0.76 to 0.96) and retest (with correlation range of 0.51 to 0.77) and validity of the questionnaire through principal component analysis using Varimax rotation correlation between subscales (with correlation range of 32 / 0 to 0.67) and the validity of the desired criterion has been reported. 

The results showed that both cognitive-behavioral therapies focused on emotion and mindfulness in improving body image and cognitive emotion regulation. Female adolescents requesting cosmetic surgery were effective (p <0.05). But there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two treatments on the mentioned variables (p> 0.05).

Based on the findings, it said that the application of both therapeutic approaches is effective in Improving body image and better cognitive emotion regulation as well as treatment.

This study aimed to develop and validate emotional schema therapy protocol for patients with borderline personality disorder. The present study was descriptive and the protocol was developed based on theoretical foundations and research evidence. Fifteen emotional schema therapy sessions based on the emotional schema model were developed and their validity was evaluated using the APA Criteria for Evaluating Treatment Guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2021) and the 45 questionnaires by professors and specialists. Data were analyzed by using the content validity index and content validity ratio. The results showed that at the treatment formulation stage was 0.80 and was approved for the validity of the content of treatment sessions for all sessions, and treatment sessions were more than 0.79. The validity of the theoretical foundations of emotional schema therapy and the goal and form of sessions were confirmed by specialists. According to the research results, specialists believe this treatment can be used as adjunctive psychotherapy for individuals with borderline personality disorder.

he purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of emotional schemas and emotional regulation in the relationship between child abuse, emotional vulnerability and borderline personality feature. The present study is a correlational study and structural equation modeling. Participants were 462 people of general population of West Azerbaijan province were selected by cyberspace sampling method. For data gathering, Child Abuse Self Report Scale (Mohammadkhani, Mohammadi, Nazari, Salavati & Razzahghi, 2003), Childhood Emotional Vulnerability (Sauer & Bauer, 2009), Emotional Schemas (Leahy, 2011), and Borderline Personality Feature (Mohammadzadeh, Godarzi, Taghavi,Mollazadeh, 2005) were used. The results showed that conformity emotional schemas and emotion regulation were significant positive predictors borderline personality Emotional schema have a mediating role by establishing a positive and significant relationship between child abuse and borderline personality feature. Emotional schemas also mediated between child abuse and emotional vulnerability with emotional dysregulation. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that emotional schemas can increase borderline personality traits.

Cancer is one of the most critical and challenging diseases in the current age. Caregivers play an essential and critical role and are known as a key factor in cancer treatment. Providing care to cancer patients is a complex, serious, challenging, multi-directional, and burned-out responsibility. This role imposes a heavy cognitive and emotional burden on caregivers, overshadowing various aspects of their lives, including physical and psychological health, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral elements, and quality of life. Cancer caregivers suffer distress, depression, anxiety, fatigue, stress, and emotional burn-out and experience low levels of satisfaction and quality of life. While the negative impact of caregiving has been widely addressed, much less attention has been given to the ways in which such adverse outcomes may be avoided or reduced. The objective of this study is focused on helping cancer caregivers improve their life experiences through psychological methods. Based on the primary caregiver’s problems, in this research improving emotion regulation skills and increasing resilience are addressed, which can lead to increased quality of life, mental health, and adaptation in caregivers. Cancer develops financial problems for caregivers, and providing all caregiving tasks takes lots of time. Accordingly, this research is carried out MemFlex as a low-cost and short-term intervention that matches caregivers’ exceptional circumstances and aims to determine its effectiveness on resilience and emotion regulation in cancer caregivers.

This survey is an applied research using a quasi-experiment design that applies repeated measurement (pre-test/post-test/follow-up) control group. The study population consisted of all caregivers to cancer patients who are diagnosed in Tehran hospitals and medical care centers. Sixty caregivers were recruited by convenience sampling method. They were informed there were no obligations to participate in this study, and they can choose to leave it in any phase. They were reassured that their personal information was completely confidential and signed an informed consent form. The participants were randomly categorized into experimental (intervention) and control groups, and each group consisted of 30 participants. Caregivers’ demographic data was gathered through a semi-structured clinical interview, and they were asked to fill Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Experimental group participants received MemFlex in nine sessions. In the initial session, experimental participants were instructed to complete eight MemFlex sessions for four weeks (two sessions per week). They were in touch with the researcher to follow instructions and ask their questions. At the end of the four weeks, the researcher contacted them to check that all workbooks were completed and to book the post-test. After that, both the experimental and control group refilled CD‐RISC and CERQ. Three months later, participants refilled questionnaires as a follow-up test. To provide ethics principles, participants in the control group received the psychological intervention. Gathered data were analyzed by mixed variance analysis on the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up scores by SPSS-24 after completing all research phases.

The mean and standard deviation of the participants’ age was 37.80±7.93 in the experimental group and 39.13±7.01 in the control group. The results showed increasement in Resilience scores mean from pre-test to post-test in the experimental group overall and each factor scores: personal competence and sense of self-efficacy, emotional and cognitive control under pressure self-control, positive acceptance of change, and spirituality; while no significant changes were found in the control group’s scores. The changes were steady in the follow-up phase for the experimental group. Considering emotion regulation scores mean, the results showed increasement in Adaptive Strategies factors: Acceptance, Positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective, and decreasement in maladaptive strategies factors: self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame; while scores did not change for the control group. In order to investigate the effectiveness of MemFlex on resilience and emotion regulation, data were analyzed by mixed variance analysis (MANOVA). The normality of data distribution was checked and confirmed. The homogeneity of variances distribution was checked and confirmed using the Levene’s test. According to Pillai's Trace, resilience scores (personal competence and sense of self-efficacy, emotional and cognitive control under pressure self-control, positive acceptance of change, and spirituality) and adaptive emotion regulation Strategies scores (acceptance, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective) increased significantly compared to the control group. It also showed that the scores of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame) decreased significantly compared to the control group. The Bonferroni test was applied to confirm the results.

The results showed that participants in the memory flexibility training group had higher adherence than the control group. Furthermore, higher scores in adaptive emotion regulation strategies and lower scores in maladaptive strategies were observed in the experimental group than in the control group. Thus, it is concluded that memory flexibility training leads to increasing adherence and improving emotion regulation strategies in cancer caregivers. Considering the results of this research, it is recommended to study autobiographical memory playing a role in developing and contributing to psychological disorders. Malfunctioning of autobiographical memory (overgeneralization, missing specificity, and the like) is a significant point in distributing anxiety, depression, and distress, so it will be valuable and advantageous to conduct more studies regarding autobiographical memory. Furthermore, it is recommended to apply and study memory flexibility training on other significant factors that improve mental health and quality of life in all caregivers and patients.

Since the concept of mental health is very much related to culture and is affected by it, also Cultural practices and beliefs may influence coping with psychological distress and sometimes assist to cope with mental disorder. On the other hand these cultural factors can be the source of distress and conflict and underlie the mental disorders, therefore the present study done aims to the role of historical and cultural context affecting of emotion regulation in Iranian society. The present study was Inductive qualitative content analysis and latent analysis method. Target community includes specialists and experts emotion regulation in Iran was by purposeful sampling to saturation with 11 experts, a semi-structured interview was conducted. qualitative analysis of the findings leads to the extraction of three main categories such as: a) Ethnicities and the role of language (subcultures), B) The role of myths and stories, J) Intergenerational differences, as well as six sub-floors. The results showed that components related to historical and cultural contexts such as ethnicity, Myths and stories also, intergenerational differences affect the people emotion regulation.

In addition to its potentially harmful physical consequences, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause various negative psychological consequences for individuals. One cohort likely to have been affected is university students who have had to return and study from their home cities due to the physical closures of universities.

The present study was conducted on students to assess psychological impacts (i.e., anxiety, depression, and stress) in predicting COVID-19 anxiety resulting from returning home and quarantining due to university closure.

The study sample comprised 715 Iranian students who were asked to complete the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale.

The mean scale scores for COVID-19 anxiety, stress, depression, and anxiety were 13.75 (out of 54), 6.68 (out of 21), 5.54 (out of 21), and 4.74 (out of 21), respectively. Significantly higher levels of COVID-19 anxiety were observed among students who had been infected with the virus or had family/friends infected with the virus (compared to individuals who had not). Moreover, students who lived with their friends reported significantly higher COVID-19 anxiety than those who lived with their families.

The study showed a positive association between psychological distress and COVID-19 anxiety among students who returned to their homes during the pandemic. The findings suggest that mental health interventions are needed for students and should be implemented in the early stages of future pandemics.

The global prevalence and unprecedented COVID-19 disease is a serious threat to public health and increases psychological distress in individuals. It is crucial to study the structural model of COVID-19 psychological factors associated with COVID-19 and the lack of previous research on this issue presented in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of gender modulation in the relationship between the five major factors of personality and psychological distress in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Improved patients of Covid-19 (N= 705; Age range 25-80 years, women= 63/20%; Mean age = 41/32, SD = 11/05 years). They were selected from Sasan and Baqiyatallah hospitals by available sampling method. The instruments used were the Five Personality-Short Form Questionnaire (BFI-S) and the Psychological Distress Scale (K10). R software (Lavan) package was used to analyze the data. Openness in women increases anxiety, but in men, it reduces anxiety. Moreover, the effect of openness on distress in the two groups of men and women was statistically significant (P = 0.002); Extraversion was also associated with decreased anxiety in men (P = 0.000); therefore, gender is the moderator of these relationships. These results explain the process of psychological distress by considering personality factors and the critical role of gender as a moderator and the need to pay attention to intervention approaches to reduce the effects of psychological distress in the research literature.

The purpose of this study was mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and test anxiety.

The method of this study was descriptive -correlational. The whole secondary school students in Tehran city in academic year 1401-1400 were constituted the statistical population of this study. 456 people from this statistical population were selected randomly by convenience sampling and participated in this study. The instruments were test anxiety inventory of Aboighasemi and et al (1375), metacognitions questionnaire for children of Bacow and et al (2009)) and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) of Garnefski and Kraaij (2006). Data were evaluated and analyzed with the use of Pearson’s correlation and Structural Equation Model (SEM) by SPSS-24 and AMOS.

Results showed that metacognitive beliefs and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation have significant direct and indirect relations with test anxiety in students (p<0.05). Also, maladaptive emotion regulation mediate the relationship between metacognitive beliefs with test anxiety in students (p<0.05).

To the result, focusing on the metacognitive beliefs and maladaptive cognitive regulation emotion can play on important role in student test anxiety. More interventions based on metacognitive and cognitive emotion regulation-based interventions in treatment for pathological test anxiety are suggested.

Culture plays an important role in psychological health via shaping social norms, values and beliefs. Hence, the purpose of this study was to design and assess the feasibility of a transdiagnostic protocol based on emotion regulation in Islamic-Iranian Culture.

The current research is a qualitative study that uses the content analysis method. Via semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of emotion regulation, the cultural components of emotion regulation were extracted. Subsequently, content validity ratio coefficient (CVR) (CVI) was evaluated by ten psychologists with at least five years of experience in emotion regulation therapy. In the next step, the contents of the therapy sessions package was adjusted based on the obtained components in eight weekly sessions.

Finally, the framework of the designed protocol was sent to six experts with at least 15 years of clinical experience in the field of psychology. Due to the meta-diagnostic nature of the study, this stage was necessary to investigate the application of the protocol in terms of: acceptability and appropriateness, utility and demand, integration, compatibility, resources and applicability, and generalizability. . The results indicated a high average for the mentioned dimensions.

It can be concluded that the possibility of implementing the present protocol is necessary. Therefore, it is suggested that cultural guardians of health promotion in the country pay special attention to the results of such researches.

Compulsivesexual behavior disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behavior. The aim of this study was to standardize the Impulsive-compulsive Sexual Behaviors (ICSB) Questionnaire and to present and test an experimental model to explain impulsive-compulsive sexual behaviors.

The sample consisted of 257 individuals who referred to counseling centers in Tehran with complaints of sexual hyperactivity, sexual addiction and high-risk sexual behaviors. The Compulsive-Impulsive Sexual Behavior Questionnaire, the Persian version of Jackson-5 Scales Questionnaire, Attachment Style Questionnaire, Marital Intimacy Scale, Hulbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness (HISA) Questionnaire,Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Scale, and Emotion and Self-Regulation Questionnaire were used in this study. Using LISREL software, structural equation method was used to test the model and using SPSS statistical software, exploratory factor analysis was performed to standardize the questionnaire.

The research findings showed that, among the three components of personality: BAS (SC=-0.109), BIS (SC: -0.357) and FFFS (SC=0.617), have a direct effect on secure attachmentstyle. BIS SC: (0.2) and FFFS (SC=0.219) have a direct effect on the avoidant attachment style. The FFFS (SC=0.416) has a direct effect on anxious attachment style. Among the attachment styles, avoidant style (SC=-0.135) and anxious style (SC=-0.415) havea direct effect on emotion regulation. Sexual motivation (SC=0.174) on intimacy, (SC=0.386) on sexual knowledge and attitude, (SC=-0.225) on the emotion regulation and (SC=-0.405) on ICSBs, had a direct effect. There was a direct effect between intimacy (SC=0.291) on emotion regulation and (SC=-0.207) on ICSBs. There was a direct effect between intimacy, (SC=0.291) on emotion regulation and (SC=-0.207) on ICSBs. Also there was a direct effect between sexual knowledge and attitude (SC=-0.616) on ICSBs. Regulating emotion does not affect ICSBs.

The proposed model can explain the relationships between the occurrence of CISBs and ten effective factors (directly and indirectly) including: personality (BAS, BI S, FFFS), attachment style (secure, avoidant, Anxious), sexual motivation, intimacy, knowledge, and sexual attitude and emotion regulation.