jamshid ghasemi

The folk culture denotes the aboriginal culture and knowledge covering tangible and intangible entities such as literary and artistic products, beliefs and customs, science and technology, and the common practices. Taboos and superstitions are the manifestations of popular beliefs, whose reflection on literary texts, similar to proverbs, anecdotes and myths, has a profound effect on the hearts and minds of the masses. The Algerian author Abdelhamid Ben Hadduga, the author of Rih al-janoub, has portrayed the numerous manifestations of popular culture in this novel, as in other literary works by this author. While examining the purposes and themes in which taboo and superstition are employed by Ben Hadduga, this research is built on a descriptive-analytical and critical approach to find out Ben Hadduga’s goal in addressing social, economic, and social characteristics as well as describing the traditional and modern Algeria. His work presents a better portrayal of the intellectual challenges of the younger and older generations and occasionally criticizes the traditions. He depicts these traditions in a wide range of taboos and superstitions by considering the circumstances of the time, events, and the evolution of the story. Punishment, place, monopoly of women, and the restricted social interactions of girls are the examples of taboos. Moreover, a few clear examples of superstitions in the Rih al-janoub novel include placing earthenware on graves to water souls of the dead, overeating at funerals to bestow more mercy upon the deceased, attributing problems and adversities to fairies and spirits, and putting the tongue on red hot sickles by dervishes to pray for rain.

The Persian Gulf is the centerpiece of the relationship between the continents of Europe, Africa and Asia, and as the most important communication center between the three continents of the international communications system, the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean and the Indian Ocean, Vagian Kibiro Talesh. This position of the Persian Gulf has led to the constant and everyday struggle of great powers to dominate the region and its countries. This great power effort has led to their presence in the countries of the region. The presence of great powers has had widespread and profound effects in the Gulf states and has brought geopolitical changes in the countries of the region. In such a way that geopolitics has transformed countries in different historical periods. As the study of each region of the country well describes these changes. In this paper, the effect of the presence of great powers on the geopolitics of Bahrain has been studied. Accordingly, the question we are trying to answer is "What has changed the presence of great powers in the geopolitics of Bahrain?"
The strategic location of this archipelago and its importance have always led to the greed of colonial powers. The study of the state of Bahrain in various historical periods shows that its geopolitics have always been influenced by the presence of large powers that have changed to the present. In this article, through descriptive-analytical method, using written sources and references, attempts are made to explain and explain these changes.

One common issue in literary criticism is the way spiritual concerns of a writer is reflected in his/her work. Since literary texts borrow their nature from human soul, they can be affected by the mental condition of their writers. This mutual relationship is a fact of all periods and literary tradition of the whole world. This article intends to show the sense of inferiority in 'Antarah ibn Shaddad' character and how this feeling is reflected in all aspects of his character.
Theoretical Framework
Definition of the sense of inferiority: Inferiority is a phenomenon most of people are involved with. It has both negative and positive aspects. The origin should be sought in a failure that faces the desire to superiority (Mansoor, 1990, 13). In the first step, family environment plays a negative role (ibid, 17). This feeling takes formin the childhood. There are two sources for this feeling inside a person; one is organic and the other is neglect (Schulz, 1998, 139).
Knowing 'Antarah ibn Shaddad'
He was an Arab warrior, horse rider and poet, who was born in the "Najd" in the year 525 AD. His mother, Zibieh and an Ethiopian slave girl, grew him up. Since he was the son of a slave, he was also known as a slave (Fakhori, 1986, 204 and 205). Some believe that his father's name was Shaddad while others name him Amru Ibne Shaddad. It was only when Antarah supported "Bani Ays" tribe against the attack of their enemies that his father confessed that Antarah was his son (Esfahani, Bita, 239/8). Although, he defended the tribe in wars by his own courage, he was always contempted by his community (Badavi, 1988, 281).
This is a descriptive-analytical research, which describes the life of Antarah ibn Shaddad together with the most important symptoms of inferiority collected from psychological resources. The symptoms of this feeling are demonstrated by using the collection of his own poems.
According to the findings, the analysis of the works and poems of previous poets is effective via new sciences, and this can help us gain a better understanding of old literature. By investigating the poems of Antarah and testing the feasibility of Adler's principles of psychology in his poems, it is determined that many inferiority signs are manifest in his character. Antarah's feeling of inferiority is reflected in characteristics such as pride, altruism, revenge, the desire to be seen etc. This feeling was the provoking force of Antarah's behaviors, and it was the same sense of superiority which was the driving force behind his major behaviors and distinguished his character from those of others. What was a final goal of war and love for other poets was an instrument for him to get to his own goals, including going to war and writing poems. From his perspective, love was a means for proving the positive sides of his character and for overcoming the sense of inferiority. Given the meaning of his poems, this feeling never turned to a sort of inferiority complex for him.