فهرست مطالب jamshid karimi

With the events after the constitution and the formation of the modern government in Iran, the pillar of law, which became one of the foundations of the modern government. In this regard, Ali Akbar Davar, with the support of the Majlis and the efforts of a commission of first-rate scholars who were well-versed in jurisprudence and new laws, began to compile the civil law, the outcome of which was actually the adaptation of the civil law to Imamiyya jurisprudence, which some correctly called "Persian jurisprudence". In civil law, a constructive and dialectical balance was established between Imami jurisprudence and new laws, which created a masterpiece of legislation. The main question of this article is how jurisprudence and law interact in civil law before and after the revolution. The hypothesis of the article is that in the drafting of the civil law, this interaction has been highly respected due to the presence of scholars who were both jurists and knew new laws. The findings of the research have shown that although Iran's legal construction in the field of civil law has remained almost constant, in some ways due to the imbalance between the law and jurisprudential sources, and multiple interpretations of legal articles, problems are observed in some cases that require Check the rules. The approach of the descriptive-analytical article and the library data collection method.

The subject of this research is to examine the role and position of distributive justice in the process of legislation and the development of civil rights in Iran. The main question of the article is what effect did the component of distributive justice have on the legalization process in Iran's civil rights. The research hypothesis is that distributive justice is one of the main components of building a structurally just society, and in the meantime, the structure of rights is one of the most important areas that must have a fair basis, and in this regard, several parts of Iran's civil rights By paying attention to the criteria and rules of distributive justice, it has been formulated and legislated, which can institutionalize justice in Iranian society. By examining and clarifying the foundations and definitions of distributive justice, this research has examined this criterion in two fields of civil rights, including inheritance laws, and labor laws, and employer-labor relations, and with a short study of their historical course and philosophy Their legislation has come to the conclusion that these areas of civil rights are regulated by paying attention to the rule of implementation of distributive justice in the society. According to the findings of this research, the principles of distributive justice are involved in the legislative philosophy of these areas and have been taken into consideration by the legislator. In this sense, the legal rules derived from these laws can be a basis for the fair distribution of resources and opportunities, so that the social structure develops in such a way that citizens cannot lose fair living opportunities. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical qualitative and the library data collection method.

Thymoquinone (TQ), an active part of Nigella sativa, has been reported as an anticancer agent. This study aimed to evaluate different anticancer effects of TQ on oxidative stress markers and Peroxiredoxin 4 (P4) in lung cancer A549 cell line.
In this experimental study, we used TQ concentrations to treat lung A549 cells and determined cell viability by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at 12, 24, and 48 h times. The IC50 concentration of TQ was found with MTT assay. We studied the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) using the manual assay, and analyzed catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutases (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity using the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kits. Moreover, the concentration of peroxiredoxin-4 (PRXD4) was measured with the ELISA Kit.
The IC50 of TQ for A549 cells was calculated to be 40 μM concentration for 24 h of incubation. TAC index significantly decreased in the treated cells compared with the controls (P = 0.05), whereas TOS and PRXD4 levels showed a significant increase (P = 0.05). Additionally, the results showed that the CAT, SOD, and GPX activity enzymes significantly decreased in 20, 40, and 60 μM TQ in comparison with the control cells (P = 0.05).
TQ has significant inhibitory effects on A549 cells and could be utilized in novel therapy not only for lung cancer, but also for other tumors.

Integrins are transmembrane mechanosensitive proteins that negatively contribute to the pathogenesis of different types of chronic liver disease and can activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK).

This study aimed to determine the hepatic integrin β1 and FAK mRNA as well as the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) protein expressions in cirrhotic patients and simple steatosis.

In this case–control study, liver tissues were collected from 30 cirrhotic patients with various etiologies (i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-, primary sclerosing cholangitis-, alcoholic-, autoimmune hepatitis [AIH]- and hepatitis B virus [HBV]/hepatitis C virus [HCV]-related cirrhosis [six per group]), liver samples with simple steatosis (n = 6), and control liver tissues (n = 9).

Integrin β1 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in all cirrhotic groups compared to control group (P < 0.05), with the exception of AIH cirrhosis. However, hepatic FAK gene expression and TAZ protein level in the cirrhotic groups were not significantly different than those in the control group. Furthermore, hepatic integrin β1 and FAK gene expressions as well as TAZ protein level in simple steatosis were significantly lower than those in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis and control (P < 0.05).

Integrin β1 was up-regulated in cirrhotic liver tissues. In addition, FAK, integrin β1, and TAZ were concordantly down-regulated in simple steatosis, and may have been involve in the steatosis development.

 The evaluation of different cell proliferation and apoptosis indicators in cirrhotic tissues caused by different injuries may help recognize the etiology of cirrhosis and the risk of progression to hepatocellular carcinoma.

 This study aimed to measure p53 gene expression and AMPK and pAMPK protein expressions, as well as AgNOR features in cirrhotic tissues associated with five different etiologies in comparison with simple hepatic steatosis and controls.

 In this case-control study, AMPK and PAMPK protein expressions, p53 gene expression, and AgNOR features were investigated in 68 cirrhotic liver tissues obtained from patients with NASH (n = 15), HBV/HCV (n = 14), AIH (n = 15), PSC (n = 15), and alcohol toxicity (n = 9) and compared with tissues from individuals with simple steatosis (n = 15) and control subjects (n = 15). Protein and gene expressions were determined using western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Silver nitrate staining was used to assess AgNOR features.

 Significantly higher levels of AMPK and pAMPK were detected in all cirrhotic tissues compared to controls (P < 0.05). Also, a significantly and simultaneously higher p53 gene expression (P < 0.01) and AgNOR features, including total AgNOR length (TAL) (P < 0.001), total AgNOR number (TAN) (P < 0.01), and total AgNOR area (TAA) (P < 0.01), was detected in the hepatic cirrhotic tissues obtained from patients with PSC, NASH, and AIH. There was a significant positive correlation between p53 gene expression and AgNOR features in cirrhotic tissues (P < 0.01).

 Increased AMPK and pAMPK protein levels may be a general response to cirrhosis. Cirrhotic patients diagnosed with AIH, PSC, and NASH have a higher risk of progressing to hepatocellular carcinoma than those diagnosed with viral and alcoholic cirrhosis.

Granulosa cells (GCs) play key roles in oocyte maturation by providing required estradiol (E2). Since the presence of immature oocytes has been reported in cases with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in this study, the levels of mitochondrial membrane transporter proteins involved in E2 synthesis were determined. E2 concentration and parameters of oxidative status were also measured in follicular fluids of PCOS women.

Forty-three women with PCOS and 43 healthy women who were candidates for IVF procedure due to their husbands' infertility were enrolled in this case-control study. The gene expression and protein levels of mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) were determined in GCs using RT-qPCR and immunocytochemistry assay, respectively. E2 level was measured with electrochemiluminescence, whereas total cholesterol, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using colorimetric methods in follicular fluids. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient.

VDAC1 and TSPO were significantly lower in mRNA (p<0.05) and protein levels (p<0.001) of PCOS patients. PCOS patients had lower cholesterol, estradiol, and TAC levels, and higher TOS and MDA contents. E2 level had direct correlation with VDAC1, TSPO, and TAC while it was negatively correlated with TOS, oxidative stress index (OSI), and MDA (p<0.001). Higher E2 levels were associated with higher numbers of high-quality oocytes and conceived embryos (p<0.001).

Decreased E2 levels and increased oxidative stress in the follicular fluid may be the cause of immature oocytes in PCOS cases.

Hyperglycemia enhances oxidative stress and apoptosis and induces damages in heart tissue. Based on antioxidant properties of curcumin and metformin, we hypothesized that these agents may exhibit cardioprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress and modulating expression of the genes involved in apoptosis in type-1 diabetes.

Thirty-six male rats were randomly divided into six groups; (N): control; (D): streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats; (D+Cur50) and (D+Cur150): diabetic rats treated with 50 and 150 milligram of curcumin per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg.bw), respectively; (D+Met300) and (D+Met500): diabetic rats received 300 and 500 mg/kg.bw of metformin, respectively. Heart tissues were dissected and gene expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 were analyzed. Total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured.

Enhancement in TOS, OSI, and MDA levels as well as increased in the activity of CAT and reduction in SOD and GPx activities were observed in diabetic group (D) compared with control rats. Treatment of diabetic animals with either curcumin or metformin normalized TOS, OSI, and MDA levels and restored CAT, SOD, and GPx activities. Diabetes caused extensive damages in heart tissue of rats (group D) and increased expression of caspase-3 and Bax genes and enhanced ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression compared with controls. Treatment with curcumin or metformin mitigated histopathological changes and dampened apoptosis by normalizing Bax and caspase-3 expression.

Curcumin and metformin modulated diabetes-induced cardiac damage probably by reducing oxidative stress.

Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Recently, LINC00961, TPT1-AS1, and SAMMSON Long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs)have been discovered, which significantly contribute to the occurrence of various cancers. This study aimed to determine the expression levels of these genes in GC tissues, compared to healthy adjacent tissues, and the relationship of their expressions with clinical characteristics.

In this case-control study, the expression of LINC00961, SAMMSON, and TPT1-AS1 were evaluated in 40 pairs of cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissue samples in GC patients using qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis and graphing of the relationship between RNA levels and the clinic-pathological characteristics of GC were carried out using SPSS and Prism 5.00 software. Furthermore, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to represent the sensitivity and specificity of LINC00961, SAMMSON, and TPT1-AS1 expression as biomarkers of GC.

The expression of TPT1-AS1 and SAMMSON were significantly up-regulated, and the expression of LINC00961 was significantly decreased in GC specimens, compared to adjacent control samples. Our results showed that TPT1-AS1 and SAMMSON RNA levels in GC were significantly related to the tumor size and histopathological grade. Moreover, the ROC curve analysis of LINC00961 and SAMMSON RNA level demonstrated that these two lncRNAs had an appropriate sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis goals.

Based on the results, LINC00961, SAMMSON, and TPT1-AS1 may play critical roles in exacerbating and even initiating GC due to their cellular pathways.

Since activation of NLRP3 inflammasome results in the production of interleukin-1β (IL 1β) and initiation of inflammation as the key players in development of cancer, this study investigated possible activation of NLRP3 inflammasome during the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and evaluated the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process.   Tissue samples were collected from cancerous (test) and adjacent normal tissues (control) of forty-three male CRC patients (18 grade I and 25 grade III).  The gene expression and protein levels were determined by qRT PCR and Western blotting, respectively, and tissue morphological was examined by histopathology.   The gene and protein expression levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF β), IL 1β, nuclear factor κB (NF κB), NLRP3, and caspase-1, as well as the enzyme activity of caspase-1, were significantly increased in CRC.  mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β, mature IL 1β, NF κB, and NLRP3 were higher in patients with grade III. EMT markers N cadherin, vimentin, and MMP 9 markedly increased in CRC, and were higher in grade III than grade I, whereas expression of E-cadherin declined by the progression of CRC.  NLRP3 protein level was inversely correlated with E-cadherin whereas it positively was correlated with IL 1β, active NF κB, N cadherin, vimentin, and MMP 9.   This study for the first time showed that activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributed to the progression of CRC and is correlated with the EMT process.  Although the present study showed that EMT markers are positively correlated with tumor grade, further investigations are required to strongly link the EMT markers to the progression of CRC.

Hypercholesterolemia is correlated with brain amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and impaired cognitive functions and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease. Effects of cholesterol-lowering dill tablets and aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) on learning and memory and hippocampus fatty acid composition were examined.  mRNA levels of the genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis were also determined in high-cholesterol diet (HCD) fed rats.   Forty male Wistar rats were allocated to 4 groups: rats fed chow diet (C); rats fed high-cholesterol (2%) diet (HCD); rats treated with HCD+300 mg/kg dill tablets (HCD+Dill); and finally, rats fed HCD and treated with 400 mg/kg basil aqueous extract (HCD+basil).  Treatment was carried out for 16 weeks.  Hippocampus Aβ(1-42) level was determined. Spatial and passive avoidance tests were used to examine cognitive functions.  Hippocampal FA composition was assessed by gas chromatography. Basil aqueous extract was analyzed by GC-double mass spectroscopy (GC-MS/MS) and expression of LXR-α, LXR-β, and ABCA1 genes was assessed by qRT-PCR.   Dill tablets and basil extract remarkably ameliorated serum cholesterol (p <0.001), retarded hippocampal accumulation of Aβ, and attenuated HCD-induced memory impairment.  Hippocampus FA composition did not change but serum cholesterol was found positively correlated with hippocampus Aβ(1-42) (p <0.001), total n 6 PUFA (P=0.013), and Aβ(1-42) showed correlation with the ratio of n6 to n3 PUFA.  At least 70 components were identified in basil aqueous extract.   Dill tablets and aqueous extract of basil attenuated the hypercholesterolemia-induced memory impairment by lowering serum cholesterol and hippocampus amyloid deposits, and probably beneficial in AD adjuvant therapy.

Visible light is a combination of different colors. Absorption and scattering of light in different environments are depending on the type of environment and the wavelength of incident light.  The sea water is one of the areas that cause severe attenuation of visible light. In this study, a method for calculating the absorption of visible light in the southern waters of the Caspian Sea in Chalus and Kapurchal station is provided. A water sample from a depth of half a meter from each station sampled laboratory irradiated laser beams with different wavelengths and the light attenuation coefficient obtained by using the relevant tables, the light absorption coefficient is calculated in study stations.  The two stations due to the low salinity of sea water is less dispersion. An also, because the surface layer of water sampling is done, the influence of visible light at different wavelengths is almost identical. Shorter wavelengths are more scattered and longer wavelengths are more absorbed.

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. Irisin (FNDC5 protein) is involved in the new strategy of combating type 2 diabetes. In the liver, the antidiabetic mechanism of silymarin at the molecular level is unknown. This study investigated the effects of silymarin on irisin and the related gene expression and oxidative stress status in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6 each) by simple randomization: control, control+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), control+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), diabetic, diabetic+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily for 60 days), and diabetic+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily for 60 days). Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometric and immunoassay methods, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate gene expression. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test, using SPSS software, version 16.0. The results were considered statistically significant at a P value less than 0.05. In the diabetic rats treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg), by comparison with the diabetic group, body weight (P=0.04 and P=0.02), insulin (P<0.001), expression of PGC-1α (P=0.04 and P=0.02), expression of FNDC5 (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and concentration of irisin in the liver (P=0.02 and P=0.01) and serum (P<0.001) were significantly increased, whereas the levels of glucose (P<0.001), HOMA-IR (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and liver injury markers (P<0.001) were significantly reduced. Oxidative stress status and histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups. These results suggest that silymarin because of its ability to upregulate irisin and antioxidant effects can be considered an antidiabetic agent.

Since the importance of oxidative stress in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has previously been established, the therapeutic effects of various natural antioxidant agents or synthetic drugs have so far been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of curcumin (a natural polyphenol) and metformin (a common therapeutic medicine for type 2 diabetes) on oxidative status in kidney of type 1 diabetic rats. In this experimental study 60 male Wistar rats were divided into 10 groups. Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Rats received chow diet and treated with either normal saline in control (N) and diabetic control (D) groups or different doses of metformin (Met) (300 or 500 mg/kg body weight) or curcumin (Cur) (50 or 150 mg/kg body weight) in N+Met300, N+Met500, N+Cur50, N+Cur150, D+Met300, D+Met500, D+Cur50, and D+Cur150 groups. Urinary creatinine, urea, and protein were measured. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase were assessed in kidney tissues. Both metformin and curcumin showed significant effects on urinary creatinine, urea, and protein levels (P value for all was <0.001). Unlike metformin, curcumin completely restored TAC and TOS (P<0.001), and MDA (P=0.012) in kidney tissues and significantly recovered the activities of SOD (P= 0.003), GPx (P< 0.001), and catalase (P=0.011). Curcumin was found more effective than metformin in attenuating oxidative status in DN.

Chronic hyperglycemia leads to activation of the advanced glycation end products (AGE)-receptor (RAGE) for AGE axis and oxidative stress, which promote diabetic renal damage. This study examines the effect of insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on the kidney tissue of diabetic rats.
Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control (C), diabetic group without treatment (DM), diabetic group treated with chitosan-based nanoparticle (DM, 1 ml by gavage), diabetic group treated with 8 IU/kg insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (DM.in, 1 ml by gavage), and diabetic group treated with 8 IU/kg trade insulin (DM.in, 0.2 ml by subcutaneous injection). The animals were treated from weeks 8 to 10. At the end of the study, serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid were measured. Also, the level of AGE and RAGE mRNA expression, and oxidative stress markers were studied in the kidney tissue.
Insulin-loaded nanoparticles similar to trade insulin could significantly reduce urea, creatinine, and uric acid parameters, while the elevated total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiol groups, and catalase activity also reduced total oxidant status (TOS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P This data reveals that insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticle is a better therapeutic approach than injected insulin.

Neopterin is a significant and sensitive marker in estimating the activity of cellular immune system. Oxidative stress plays a role in the etiology of male infertility. Increased reactive oxygen species is accompanied with increase in neopterin level. Hence neopterin may be involved in male infertility.

The objective of this case-control study was to determine neopterin level in idiopathic infertile and normospermic men; furthermore, to identify its relationship with oxidative stress markers including total oxidant, malondialdehyde, sperm DNA fragmentation, and total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma.

Forty seven infertile and forty three normospermic males were selected according to WHO criteria. Their semen and blood samples were taken; subsequently, the levels of neopterin, total oxidant, total antioxidant, malondialdehyde, and sperm DNA fragmentation were measured.

The levels of neopterin, total oxidant, and malondialdehyde in seminal plasma of infertile males were significantly higher than those of normospermic group (p=0.038, 0.018, and 0.028, respectively). Furthermore, sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men was higher than that of control group (p

The significant inverse correlation between seminal plasma neopterin and total antioxidant in the infertile males supports a possible role of neopterin in male infertility. Neopterin can be suggested as a marker in monitoring and diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility.

Regardless of toxicity of nanoparticles, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) are emerging as a multi-functional agent for biomedical purposes. On the other hand, Organophosphorus pesticides, like malathion, are inevitably found in the environment. The common involving pathway CeNPs and malathion share is oxidative stress. Therefore, we conducted this study to find the possible neutralizing or synergistic effects of CeNPs on oxidative stress responses in malathion-induced toxicity by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. In this experimental study, 40 Wistar male rats with the weight range of 200-250 g were randomly selected and divided into eight groups. Group1 (control, normal saline), group2 (100 mg/kg/day malathion /IP), group3 (15 mg/kg/day CeNPs/IP), group4 (30 mg/kg/day CeNPs /IP), group5 (60 mg/kg/day CeNPs /IP), group6 (100 mg/kg/day malathion+15 mg/kg/day CeNPs /IP), group7 (100 mg/kg/day malathion+30 mg/kg/day CeNPs /IP) and group8 (100mg/kg/day malathion+60 mg/kg/day CeNPs /IP). After 4 weeks of treatment, the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol molecules (TTM) and activity of catalase (CAT) in lung tissue were measured. All data were analyzed by SPSS V16 and One way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test. The results demonstrated that CeNPs caused significant increases in LPO and TAC, in a dose-dependent-manner. For TTM level, none of the groups presented any significant change compared to control. Significantly decreased levels of CAT, also, were seen in all treatment groups. Surprisingly, all animals of group 8 died. Worth of noting, groups receiving combined CeNPs and malathion showed severe responses for these parameters. These results discovered that CeNPs induces oxidative stress parameters and ROS production, especially combined with malathion in lung tissue. Groups receiving both CeNPs and malathion displayed synergistic toxic properties. LPO, TAC and CAT seem to be better parameters for measuring CeNPs-induced responses. Further investigations are required to shed light on clear mechanisms involved

Oxidative stress in reproductive system leads to sperm DNA damage and sperm membrane lipid peroxidation and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of male infertility, especially in idiopathic cases. Antioxidants such as carotenoids function against free radical damages.

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and retinol in serum and their relationship with sperm DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in infertile and normospermic males.

Sixty two infertile men and 71 normospermic men participated in this study. Blood and semen samples were collected from all subjects. Sperm DNA damage was measured using TUNEL method. Carotenoids, retinol, and malonedildehyde in serum were also determined.

DNA fragmentation was higher in infertile group comparing to control group. Serum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and, vitamin A in infertile men were significantly lower than normospermic men (p< 0.001, =0.005, and =0.003 respectively). While serum MDA was not significantly different between two groups, MDA in seminal plasma of infertile men was significantly higher than control group (p< 0.001).

We concluded that lycopene, beta-carotene, and retinol can reduce sperm DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation through their antioxidant effect. Therefore the DNA fragmentation assay and determination of antioxidants factors such as lycopene, beta-carotene and retinol, along with sperm analysis can be useful in diagnosis and treatment of men with idiopathic infertility.

Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine derivative and nonspecific type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, is a drug widely used in the management of peripheral arterial disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of PTX on toxicity of acrolein (ACR). In this experimental study, 30 male rats were equally divided in to 6 groups (5 rats each). Group I (control) that received normal saline, group II was given ACR (2 mg /kg/day, i.p.). Animals of group III received only PTX (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.). Group IV was given ACR + PTX, groups V received only vitamin E (15 mg/kg/day, s.c.) and group VI was given vitamin E combination to ACR once daily for 14 dayes. Oxidative damage were measured by oxidative biomarkers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total glutathione (GSH) in blood of rats. At the end of the experiment, the plasma of the animals was separated. In the blood plasma, ACR reduced total glutathione (GSH), SOD and GPx compared control group. Also, the LPO was increased in the ACR group as compared with controls. PTX ameliorated LPO, SOD and GPx in blood of ACR-induced changes. These findings suggest that PTX may provide a promising approach for the treatment of ACR-related diseases throughout reduction oxidative injuries.

Visible light is a combination of different colors. Absorption and scattering of light in different environments are depending on the type of environment and the wavelength of incident light. The sea water is one of the areas that cause severe attenuation of visible light. In this study, a method for calculating the absorption of visible light in the southern waters of the Caspian Sea in Chalus and Kapurchal station is provided. A water sample from a depth of half a meter from each station sampled laboratory irradiated laser beams with different wavelengths and the light attenuation coefficient obtained by using the relevant tables, the light absorption coefficient is calculated in study stations. The two stations due to the low salinity of sea water is less dispersion. An also, because the surface layer of water sampling is done, the influence of visible light at different wavelengths is almost identical. Shorter wavelengths are more scattered and longer wavelengths are more absorbed.

Diabetes mellitus type 1, formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes, is one of the autoimmune diseases where insulin-producing cells are destroyed by autoimmune response via T cells. The new approaches in treatment of diabetes are using the stem cells, cell transplantation of islet β cell, gene transfer by virus based plasmids, and non-viral gene constructs. The purpose of this study was to construct glucose inducible insulin gene plasmid and use it in the muscle tissue of the rabbit. To achieve this goal, the preproinsulin, metallothionein2A promoter and the response element to carbohydrate genes were cloned into pBIND plasmid by standard cloning methods, to construct pBINDMTChIns. The gene cloning products were confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion template. The recombinant plasmid, containing the preproinsulin gene, was transferred into NIH3T3 cells and insulin gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase PCR and western blotting techniques. Plasmid naked DNA containing the preproinsulin gene was injected into the rabbits’ thigh muscles, and its expression was confirmed by western blotting method. This study shows the prepared gene construct is inducible by glucose. Gene expression of preproinsulin was observed in muscle tissue of rabbits. These finding indicated that research in diabetes mellitus gene therapy could be performed on larger animals.

Although trace amounts of copper (Cu) are necessary to maintain proper body functions, the excess amount can contribute to the development of hepatic dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between copper treatment and changes in the serum concentration of high molecular weight alkaline phosphatase (HMW-ALP). Male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with copper (Cu) as copper chloride (CuCl2. 4H2O) 4, 2 and 1 mg/kg for 10, 30 and 60 days respectively. Animals were killed at indicated time and blood samples were collected, and sera was separated and used for alkaline phosphatase activity determinations and also for isoenzymes gel filtration chromatography and Sephacryl S-300 was used. Obtained data showed that with increasing administration of copper, the ALP activity was elevated significantly. In comparison with the control group the elevations were between 20%-56% using gel filtration chromatography. It was found that the elevation of serum ALP was mostly due to HMW-ALP. The elevation of HMW-ALP activity in Cu treated animal suggests the occurrence of biliary disease. This may be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of copper toxicity.

Insulin resistance has been considered as the most important component of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Plants used in folk medicine to treat diabetes mellitus represent a viable alternative for the control of this disease. This study was aimed to examine the antidiabetic effects of three Iranian medicinal plants i.e. Urtica dioica, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Fumaria officinalis in an animal model of DM2. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old) by feeding 21% fructose in drinking water for 8 weeks. They were treated with aqueous extracts (10%) of three medicinal plants (Urtica dioica, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Fumaria officinalis) for 8 weeks. After diabetes induction and the last day of the experiment, body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, urine volume and glucose were assayed. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, urine glucose and urine volume were increased significantly after 8 weeks of high fructose feeding (P<0.05); the aqueous extracts of Urtica dioica reduced the blood and urine glucose and also the aqueous extracts of Trigonell Foenum diminished the insulin, weight and blood glucose in comparison with the high fructose-fed control group (P<0.05). The obtained data in this study showed hypoglycemia effects of Trigonell Foenum and Urtica dioica extracts. Also our findings indicated that the hypoglycemia effect of Trigonell Foenum extract is in part by improvement of insulin resistance. These results can be extrapolated to humans and these extracts might be useful in the treatment of insulin resistance.

In this study the association of phenotypes and activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) with serum level of lipid-lipoprotein and apolipoproteins during various phases of menstrual-cycle was determined. The study population consisted of 22 healthy women aged 19–25 years with regular menstrual cycles, 26–30 days in length. The serum levels of lipids, apolipoproteins, and BuChE activity were determined during menses (days 1-2 after the beginning of menstruations), follicular (days 7-8) and luteal (days 21-22) phases of the menstrual cycle. There were significant differences in the level of serum BuChE activity during three phases of the menstrual cycle (P=0.049). The activity of serum BuChE was the highest during follicular phase (890 ± 292 IU/L), the modest during the menses phase (831 ± 222 IU/L) and the lowest during luteal phase (707 ±211 IU/L). We found a significant positive correlation between BuChE activity with the levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, r=0.34, P=0.038) in the follicular and in the menses phase with LDL-C (r=0.4, P =0.025) and triacylglycerol (r=0.47, P=0.033). In addition, carriers of the non-UU phenotypes (non-wild type low BuChE activity) had significantly lower levels of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) compared to UU phenotype (usual or wild type) during menstrual cycle. Our results demonstrate that serum BuChE activity elevates during menstrual cycle. It is low during luteal phase and reaches to a high level in follicular-phase. The lipid profiles are also affected by BuChE activity throughout the menstrual-cycle in reproductive aged, regularly cycling and young healthy women.

Visfatin and vaspin are secreted by adipose tissue and play key roles in glucose homeostasis and subsequently are potential targets for diabetes treatment. Resveratrol (RVS) corrects insulin secretion and improves insulin sensitivity. We investigated the RVS effects on serum antioxidants, insulin and glucose levels, also visfatin and vaspin genes expression in adipose tissue of streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats (n=32) using STZ (60 mg/kg body weight) and NA (120 mg/kg body weight); rats were divided into 4 groups (n=8). Eight untreated normal rats were used as control group; four diabetic rat groups (2–5) were treated with 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg /kg body weight of RVS, respectively for 30 days. After treatment blood and adipose tissue were prepared from all animals. Serum glucose, insulin, HOMA index, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Visfatin and vaspin genes expression in adipose tissue were evaluated using real-time PCR. RVS reduced blood glucose significantly and increased insulin level, resulting in insulin sensitivity improvement. Furthermore RVS increased weight and TAC, while reducing serum MDA in the diabetic groups. Visfatin gene expression increased in the diabetic group, and RVS treatment reduced it. Vaspin gene expression was reduced in RVS receiving diabetic groups. The results indicated that RVS has potential hypoglycemic effect, probably by increasing insulin level and changing gene expression of visfatin and vaspin. Moreover RVS showed antioxidant effects through reduction in peroxidiation products and augmented antioxidant capacity.