فهرست مطالب javad afsharkohan

The accelerated growth within the elderly population in recent decades has attracted the attention of many experts.This phenomenon has associated with different challenges .The present study was carried out aimed to get acquainted with the life experience of the elderly and achieve well-being by age groups that are on the path to old age.three main questions were raised in this study, description of the aging experience.the difference between the experiences of men and women and the impact of urbanization on the experience of aging.The present study is considered as a qualitative research and was performed by phenomenological method. The number of participants in the study was 32 and the data were collected through structured and semi-structured interviews, then analyzed using the seven-step Colaizzi technique.The main categories obtained from questions are:common physical illnesses, Common mental illnesses, dietary pattern, sleep disorder, economic-livelihood status, elderly needs, misbehavior, description of the aging experience, nursing home, daily behavior and entering old age.economic status, different lifestyles and the most important social problems for men and women, intensification of social isolation, health care services. problems of outdoor and open spaces.some elderly people had experienced this stage with satisfaction, and the experience of some is associated with numerous problems.This difference in experience is affected by different encounters with economic, social, cultural, health issues and so on. Among these, there is a significant difference between men's and women's experiences of old age.some of the results are consistent with generational stock theory,

Today, the efforts for strengthen a family is one of the most important issues in the changing word. The meaning ofstrongfamily is not merely living under one roof . Stability refers to the issue whether marriage will remain intact or be dissolved. Now, if we consider the family as a social space in which the position of the members( in this study, couples) is determined according to the size and type of their capital; and if we consider the functions of the capital as a social relation that gives its owner power and dignity, so in this study, we investigate this issue that: what’s the mechanism of action of the couple’s cultural and economical capital on the strengthen of family?The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of economic - cultural capitals of the couples on the strength the family in Sonqor city. Considered mechanisms in this study are the power structure in family and couple relations that economic and cultural capitals through them affect the strength of the family. In development of a theoretical frame work for the study a combination of theories of a strong family, theories of mechanisms of the strucure of power, theories related to mechanism of the type of relationship, and theories of Bordio’s economical – cultural capital are used.Method of study is quantitative and survey and the data collected from structured and standardized questionnaire and by partners. The population was Sonqor all households using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated 373 people. Sampling method is a stratified. The results showed that most of the families in this town in terms of the strengthen of family are among almost balanced and coherent families. In terms of mechanisms of power, most of the couples have little participation within the family; and is terms of the type of relationship, most of the couples have a semi- democratic relationship. According to the results, economical capita doesn’t have a direct effect on the strengthen of family, but the cultural capital affects the strengthen of family both directly and through mechanism.

Family is one of the most insecure social units in terms of violent incidence. The likelihood of being killed, wounded or abused in the family by its members is very high (Gelles, 1979). Particularly women and children are being subjected to violence more by members of the family. Researches have shown that violence is the result of inequality in power. Power is distributed unevenly in various societies in a variety of ways, based on gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic base (Lombard, 2015). Therefore, it can be assumed that women are in very difficult conditions in the marginal areas of cities, because they have very little power in the family and community. On the other hand, based on the theory of social learning, violence in childhood is learned through experience and observation. Given the fact that mothers usually have the most contact with children in their families and are responsible for their discipline and upbringing the question arises as to whether fostering violent personalities is a direct result of women's behavior. What is the role of the weakness of the family's social and economic status in this regard? In this research, it has been attempted to clarify the role of women in this field by identifying the chain of factors that end in violence.

According to the social pressure theories, those people act violent who firstly feel a severe socio-economic deprivation and secondly, are acquainted with the value of the higher classes, and feel inferior to it. Social learning theory considers violence as the result of socialization (Akers, 1998). Violence in this theory is a form of learned social behavior which is dependent on the experiences of the children in the family and on the other hand, it is related to the differences in gender socialization in the family that allows girls and boys to be socialized with different norms (Moradi & Zandi, 2007). For feminists, the cause of violence lies in the power inequality between the two sexes. They believe that men are resorting to violence against women, using the power that social institutions grant them. But women also have some power and use it for reasons such as self-defense, jealousy, control, anger and deprivation (Dutton & White, 2013). According to the theories, this study considered two groups of factors: 1. The childhood experiences that indicate socialization status and is influenced by the power relations of the family 2. Variables such as age, sex, marital and social status, which represent the person's position in the social surrounding environment. The general assumption of the research is that in childhood, two factors of learning and power relationships within the family are involved in the formation of violent people, but in adulthood, social inequalities in the metropolitan environment will exacerbate violence and return it to weak members of the families.

This study was conducted in a survey method. The population of the study consists of 15-29 years old young people living in two marginal areas of Kermanshah, Jafarabad and Dolatabad among them, 384 people were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method using the Cochran formula with the assumption of maximum variance and 95% confidence interval. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity of the scales provided by the formal method and their reliability confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha measure.

According to the results of this study, violent behaviors are common among the marginalized youth of Kermanshah. Violence occurs in most cases at night and at home, and is more targeted towards family members. The rate of violence among boys is higher than that of girls. In addition, there is a positive and strong relationship between the degree of violence and the experience of child abuse.

The study showed that in the marginal areas of Kermanshah, social failure and socialization are mutually reinforcing and help create harsh characters. Violence is practicable where power distribution is unequal. The family is where age and gender inequality exist. Therefore, according to the dominant norms, it is possible to impose the violent behavior of parents on children and men on women. But women are not completely powerless in the family. Based on socially acceptable norms, mothers as primary educators have the right to direct children. They train aggressive children under the guise of discipline. These children, as soon as they reach social legitimacy as brothers or husbands combine the pressures from the deprivation of economic and social with childhood learned violence and brutalize female members of the family. Therefore, in a situation of deprivation and the pressure caused by marginalization, the family creates a two-way relationship with violence. On the one hand, unequal power relations in the family and the legitimacy of violence by parents, which themselves are under the influence of social failure, are the basis for the cultivation of violent people and on the other hand, most violent behaviors are oriented towards family members.

Research on future family changes requires a comprehensive theoretical model which embraces both the dynamism and the state of change. This article is intended to formulate such a model. The method of study is theoretical analysis. In this regard, three theoretical approaches including individualism, social capital and morfogenisis approach were selected. The theoretical model of future family change has been developed through these three approaches. Based on this model, future family changes are the result of strategies that the current generation is using to adapt to structural conditions. This generation plays a role in shaping different structures in the later period by reflexivity on the structural conditions of the society that are crystallized in their politics of life and their tranning approach towards their children. The second generation affected by their parenting strategies will have a different habit and they will make choices in their family life that may complement or reproduce previous structures. The proposed model was evaluated by conducting a qualitative research with 33 participants from the general population and 12 participants from family experts. The results showed that using this model, if there are forecasts on the economic and social status of the country and determining the share of each social class of the total population, it is possible to predict family changes with different scenarios.

The institution of family in Iran is changing substantially that can be tracked through such characteristics as an increasing trend in family instability. This can be partly associated with the changes in individuals’ value system. This study relies on a survey that includes a sample of 388 individuals in Hamadan City. They belong to varying generations born in the past decades in order to highlight the intergenerational variations associated with family instability. This study employs the theory of value system developed by Ingelhart. The results of this study indicate that there is not significant relationship between values system and attitudes towards family stability across generations. Moreover, secular-rational aspects of values system and attitudes towards family stability across generations are insignificantly correlated. However, the results of this study support the fact that there is a significant relationship between traditional aspects of values system and attitudes towards family stability across generations

IntroductionAsking questions about human instinct and nature and his/her relationship with others has been the very essence of human beings’ thoughts throughout their psychological, intellectual, and civilizational life. In other words, humans have always been passionate about their feelings of personal distinction, personal continuity, and personal independence (Tajik, 2005). On the other hand, lifestyle is also among the concepts in social sciences, which has been in the spotlight during the recent decades, especially, following the works of Pierre Bourdieu and his followers. This concept may be used to gain a better understanding of daily life conditions in large cities. Therefore, considering recent changes in the Iranian society, one could use concepts such as lifestyle and social identity to perceive certain frameworks which reveal the similarities and differences among individuals. The main question of this research is as follows:• Is there a significant correlation among the dimensions of social identity? Is there a significant correlation between the dimensions of social identity and lifestyle?
Theoretical FrameworkThe theoretical basis of this research is a combination of the theories of Bourdieu, Max Weber, and Anthony Giddens. In today’s world, the culture of consumption provides consumers with a wide range of choices and each choice is an indication of some values, interests, attitudes and tastes which may be peculiar to a certain social group. Hence, lifestyle is connected to social identity. The hypotheses of this study are as follows:• The lifestyle of youths in Hamedan in terms of their activities varies based on their identity (i.e., religious identity, ethnic identity, family identity, and group identity).
• The lifestyle of youths in terms of their interests varies based on their identity.
• The lifestyle of youths in terms of their attitudes varies based on their identity.
MethodThe current research was a survey study which was conducted through a questionnaire. The sample population consisted of all the youths between 15 and 29 years of age in Hamedan, Iran. Based on the 2005 national population census, the total number of youths in Hamedan was 164152. Overall, 383 individuals were selected through Cochran’s sample size formula. Sampling was done through multi-stage stratified sampling method. Accordingly, Hamedan was divided into 50 neighborhoods according to the model provided by the Statistical Centre of Iran. Then, random clusters were chosen from each neighborhood and the subjects were selected from the clusters. In order to measure the variables and collect the necessary data and information, two self-structured questionnaires were used. The items of the questionnaires were designed based on the theoretical framework, background of the study, and definitions of the variables and concepts used in the hypotheses.
After designing the items and structuring the questionnaires using the comments of several researchers and university professors, as well as adding and deleting some items, the face validity of the questionnaires were confirmed. Subsequently, factor analysis was conducted on the collected data. Hence, the construct validity of the questionnaire has also been investigated and confirmed in this study.
FindingsIt may be argued that youths have different lifestyles based on their social identity. The results also indicate that religious identity has a decisive role in the degree of religious activities and interests of youths. On the other hand, group identity has a critical impact on their degree of group and sport activities as well as the sports interests of youths in Hamedan. Group identity also influences the extent to which youths possess modern attitudes to life. The lifestyle of young individuals in terms of activities varies based on their identity (i.e., family identity, group identity, ethnic identity, and religious identity). Also, the degree of modern attitudes in group identity was significantly higher than religious, family, and ethnic identities. However, the degree of modern attitudes did not vary among family, religious, and ethnic identities.
Discussion and ConclusionsReligious identity has a decisive role in the degree of religious activities and interests of youths in Hamedan, Iran. In addition, group identity has a critical impact on their degree of group and sport activities as well as the sports interests of youths in Hamedan. Group identity also influences the extent to which youths possess modern attitudes. This finding may be explained through social pressure theories which result from group membership. Another explanation for this finding may be that the young subjects included in the sample strongly need social confirmation in order to enter the world outside their family. Therefore, it may be stated that young individuals, as social groups involved in a competition for controlling specific social fields, use the economic and cultural capitals which they have accumulated in order to reach their desirable symbolic order, so as to control the afore-mentioned fields. On the other hand, it has to be admitted that in a real-life situation, the concept of youth which refers to a distinguished social group is defined and determined by explicit (legal) and implicit (cultural) norms. Consequently, social conditions such as economic, educational, and media-related decisions may influence this procedure. Therefore, future studies in this area have to adopt a more general viewpoint to investigate and analyze the common problems related to the young population of the society.

Due to the increasing elderly, attention to their problems is such as the important matters of social policy countries that without knowledge of the basic needs and dimensions the elderly can not be have a plan toward mental and social well-being of this group. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the needs and dimensions according to articles published in journals between 2004 and 2013. Methods & Materials: Based on the model of the concept of quality of life hughes (1990), Structured study of dimensions and indicators of quality of life was performed among 62 scientific research articles published and accessible over a period of 9 years. Results of this study indicating its prominent dimension of health status of elderly in articles (100%). The concept of quality of life, multi-faceted and multi-dimensional concept that does not include only physical aspects, measuring and understanding it depends on various factors of cultural, social, economic and environmental. The fewest factors, individual satisfaction and physical environment factors, each with (11.3%). Most of offered solutions to improve the quality of life in Iran at the macro level and structural functions (69/35%) Which can In the policies and Planning used And ways to improve and enhance the quality of life of elderly To provide for planners and policymakers. Quality of life in Iran, including required that when considering all its dimensions and the use of intervention programs, training and support can be improved and promoted.

Although the news texts are produced by media professionals but the main subject of this article is how audiences understand and grasp them. In the other words, how the texts are understood and decoded? This research is based on a theoretical framework developed by Stuart Hall and Laclau and Mouffe'. To examine this idea, a mixed method has been used. In order to recognise how audience confront the 20:30 news program, in-depth interviews were done, and for measuring their political attitudes a questionnaires have been used. The research findings show that the audiences, who have broader access to different discourses, decode the news programs 20:30 differently. Based on their political tendencies towards conservative and liberal attitudes as well as some variables such as cultural capital, structural position and subject position in which they are located, they will decode the texts differently.

In this paper we try to explain epistemological problems of social sciences in Iran. We first distinguish between epistemological problems and non-epistemological problems. The theoretical context of research includes ideas from Habermas and Popper as they have interesting and very significant theories in this respect. When it comes to Habermas, we put emphasis on various elements of his work. For example, he has important ideas about philosophy of social sciences, including critique of dominant approaches in the social sciences such as positivism, hermeneutics, scientism, and so on. Habermas combines these critiques to open a new way towards a modern social science. Emancipation is a key element of such a new science. Thus he says the social sciences should increase our possibilities to confront the anti-freedom procedures of modern society. In each level of our study, we mention various critical points that have presented by other thinkers about Habermas’s theories. Also, we describe Habermas's answers to these critical views. After reviewing ideas of Habermas and their developments, we design a model for our research. When it comes to Popper, we review his theories on science, epistemology and philosophy of science and social sciences in particular. We design a model from his ideas as well. For example, we use his ideas on falsifiability, as they play an important role in distinguishing between scientific and non-scientific propositions. Other conceptions and principles of Popper's theory include critiques of historicism in the social sciences, the relationship between open society and philosophy, theory of three worlds, critiques of the myth of framework, logic of situation as a method for the social sciences and so on. Based on Pooper's and Habermas's ideas, we try to analyze possibilities of their ideas to solve the epistemological problems of Iran’s sociology. These problems are divided to two groups: intra- scientific problems and extra-scientific problems. The first group itself is again divided into two groups: epistemological and non- epistemological problems. Our emphasis is on the epistemological. In this research, we use documentary and library method. We study books and articles that have written by Pooper and Habermas. Also, we put emphasis on various problems in Iranian sociology. We read public literature about problems of social sciences in general and sociology in particular. We first design a theoretical framework and then use it to collect and analyze our data. In in last phase, we use Popper's and Habermas's ideas to describe a set of resolutions that can potentially help to develop the social sciences of Iran and pass the current crisis in them.Discussion of Results and As a conclusion, Pooper's and Habermas's ideas can help to solve epistemological problems of Iran’s sociology. This can be done in two ways: 1) by answering to epistemological problems at a global level. In this sense, they talk about the duty of sociology, methodology of social sciences, value freedom, fact and value, rationality, reductionism, realism and anti-realism, knowledge and human interests, and so on. 2) by answering to epistemological problems at a national level. In this respect, they talk about possibility of local or particular sociology, domination of pseudo-positivism approaches in social research, the increasing gap between practice and theory, domination of atomism in research, and so on.We try to summarize these findings in various tables. In fact, the results at each level are recognized and compared with each other. Final results are shown in the new tables. We believe that sociologists in Iran should focus on important agendas, including providing appropriate context for formulation a local sociology, designing a new philosophical foundation for the social sciences, making a connection between the global and the local, and developing alternative approaches for positivism.

Numerous factors influence the establishment of social order and security, one of which could be environmental or physical factors. The is importance of this factor is realized when we recognize that factors causing insecurity occur in a physical context and take note that human behavior is different in different places, and in many instances, human stimulus is essential in the occurrence of criminal behavior.This is a survey research which used a questionnaire to collect needed data. The sample consisted of 214 persons in the Safaieh and Amirabad neighborhoods that were selected through cluster sampling. Regression and Pearson tests were used for data analysis. Research findings showed that physical space, territoriality, social surveillance and social interaction influenced the feeling of security but there was no relation between crime rate and feeling of security. Also, people's perceptions of security, having access to facilities, and obstacles in the way of committing crime were related to the incidence of crime. It could be concluded that variables such as physical space, territoriality and social interactions are important factors in enhancing the feeling of security. Paying attention to indefensible spaces and creating appropriate green spaces for leisure activities that can raise territoriality and social interactions of residents which could make informal surveillance possible and can influence residents to better maintain the neighborhood, can be regarded as effective policies to promote a feeling of security.

This paper probes the participation rate of female university student in sports activities and to consider its effective factors. Given the research aims and hypotheses, the quantifying method is used in this paper. The statistical society are girls of Hamedan Bu-Ali-Sina university (5096), which 385 people of this number are chosen by Kukaran formula as the sample volume and a questionnaire is distributed among them by the cluster sampling method. The necessity of exercise and physical movement constitutes the significance of this article's subject. In addition, sport activity provides a situation in which the females can keep distance of the daily routines and in short alternating periods, they would find pleasure and happy experiences.Investigating the female university students’ participation in sport activities include considering the type and evaluation of some factors like the main field of study, social support, formational believes, the family viewpoint, nationality, economical-social level, the cultural origin and the like. The research hypotheses are compiled by using the theoretical literature from which some proposed theories are taken such as, Fish Bayen – Isen theory, the social learning theory, the cultural origin theory, feminism theories, Chafter theory, and the sexual stereotype of Sandrabam and the theoretical view of Cho. The results show that there are meaningful relationships between social support variables, the cultural origin, induced efficacy, individual trends and social barriers, participation with the sport participation, but there are not any meaningful relationships between the study field variables, nationality and social-economical level with the amount of sport activity. Also, there is meaningful and upside down relationship between the formational believes and sport participation.

A study on the relationships between national and ethinc identity among khorramabad youth. Today the existance of numerious subculture in human societies and their relationships with socia; integrity has turned to an important problem in the struchre of the modern world.ethnic identity is just one of the several identity that each individual possesses,this type of identity and its ties with national identity playes an important role in the integerity of society.this research use from some theoritical apporoches of identity and especiallaly emphesises on theories of tagfel and jenkens.statiscal population of the research includes young people between 20-30 years old. Sampling process was conducted through cluster sampling method with the volume of 360 persons. The results show that there is a meaningful relationship between national identity and ethical identity.In addition, there is not any relations between ethnic identity and gender, while, there is meaningful and positive relation between that and employment situation and education level.

Globalization has different elements and various ends. Through cognition of political, cultural and commotional elements of globalization, we can describe the effects of Islamic revolution of Iran to political movements of Egypt. In this paper, we reviwe the some of theories of globalization and then, explain the current conditions of Egypt. In fact we analysis the connections between globalization, islamic revolution of Iran and new political movement of Egypt. In fact, social and political situations in Egypt help to development in this country and globalization process explains how changes in world can changes the internal aspects of societies.

Information has a prominent position in the new world. This issue has affected the appearance of various new problems in every day life in contemporary societies. In this text, we have attempted to explain the information gap between people and to describe a variety of factors that influence the inequality in access to important data. We have emphasized youth, because this social group has got the most salient subject of change in this respect. We have applied the survey method and our population of research has been the youth of Hamadan. Findings of the survey reflect a positive connection between absence of information literature and the absence of information skills with a digital gap. It has also been possible to find a correlation between the socio-economic status and the level of education with a digital gap. But no relationship was found to exist between gender and the digital gap.

Social changes have many consequential effects on social groups depending on their resources, potentials, and capacities. A group's reaction to social change varies with its power and status position in the society. This paper explores how actions, beliefs, and judgments of youth in distinctive circumstances of young adult years can provide an occasion for social problems. Focusing on the typical situation of Iranian young women, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to classify and analyze Iranian youth behaviours in general and young women behaviours in particular. The suggested framework seems to be potentially helpful in understanding the contexts and circumstances under which youth behaviours are viewed as a social problem. Documentary research method as well as secondary data analysis has been used for the present study.

State as most affecting organization in politics, effects on different sphere in social life. In development discussion and its strategies, we must attention to these subjects: How can state effects on development? What is its role in this respect? Some researches have historical attributions and study the role of state in development countries in past. Other researchers, study the role of state in developing societies. In this respect, is proposed “Good governance”. In this paper, we examine the Kohli’s theory in his book: state directed development. On this base, we describe the positive and negative aspects of his work.

As the collective settlement of the modern man, the city forms the physical background for the human life. The urban lifestyle involves a set of formal, multi dimensional relations, and the urban residents get in touch with the various components of this set in their everyday life. The process of the formation and transformation of the cities can affect the stages of the social identification of the urban residents. If human beings fail to agree on the unity of their culture and identity as their collective conscience, the signs of this failure are observed in the different parts of the urban life, which could aggravate the disorders in the cultural structures of the urban life style. This being the case, it seems that the urban anomy in Iran reflects a lack of meaning in the Iranian society. Confusion in finding the main directions in life (both at individual and societal levels) is now obviously seen in the Iranian society, which is expected to have some effects on the outcome of life at this society. Therefore, it is not surprising that lack of harmony and balance as well as the decline of the urban management even lower than the common sense and the increasing complexity of the urban life lead have led to a crisis in the urban life and system. For this reason, the pathology of the urban problems in Iran must be investigated in the context of the general conditions of Iranians. Thus, exploring the conceptual- philosophical aspects of the Iranian urban life wandering between tradition and modernity can be a fruitful approach to tackle the problem.

(Survey about the Incompatible functions of state in developing countries, with emphasis on crisis in development theories)One can contemplate some exact and distinct meanings for the concept of crisis according to the scientific debates, though the concept of crisis is generally being used too much in our everyday conversations. This paper would review the different perspectives toward the concept of crisis, then discusses about the sub­ject of state and the concept of crisis in connection with the state, while pointing to the state as one of the most important and effective foundations, with respect of welfare and development, in the modern society. Then the domination of crisis discourse would be referred, with an emphasis on the development theories posed in the decades after World War II. Also a classification of all kinds of possible rela­tionships among the state, civil society and development would be proposed. This classification distinguishes “perpetual developmentalism”, “perpetual equiva­lence” and “perpetual anti developmentalism”, and follow with attention to two factors: a) The direction of development process and b) how to do developmen­tal policies. This article is based on some studies on the crisis in the undeveloped countries, suggesting the thought of “unstable state” in these countries, trying to show theoretically an exit from this blocked situation. This Idea has closed rela­tion with basic question in this paper: In practical and theoretical sphere, what is the fundamental attribution of state in third world?