javad choupaniyan

The discovery of gold and treasure has a long history and was probably shown in some historical periods of this land. The guild actively engaged in this work, known as marbles or goldsmiths. In this age, underground and treasure hunting meant the acquisition of precious objects found underground, such as pottery and tiles, and objects made of gold, silver, decorative stones, glass, bronze weapons, old coins, and anything else. Types of objects such as those obtained by deliberate or accidental excavation from the soil. However, the fact that this job became a class that countless people did, is a new category that occurred in the Qajar period. They even negotiated with the central government on this issue, and for some time several thousand people have been officially engaged in this work. This is a research work that is mostly based on documents and some sources of Qajar period, including some travelogues, and deals with the performance of this job with a completely critical view and tries to understand this profession analytically-descriptively and its destructive effects on Iranian antiquities. It is something that has been less researched. This job also had an impact on the beginning of Iranian studies in Iran, even before the Western archeological activities in Iran, which were started by the Jews of Iran and they considered themselves as amateur archaeologists (commercial excavators) who also helped the government treasury. Even up to the second Pahlavi period, this class was involved in looting antiquities in the city of Rey and other parts of Iran. 16 December 1312 AH For the first time, the French were granted the privilege of scientific exploration in all parts of Iran.16 December 1312 AH For the first time, the French were granted the privilege of scientific exploration in all parts of Iran. After the formation of the first National Assembly of Iran, it was annulled. Unfortunately, commercial and personal drilling became official

Cyrus the Great has been always considered as the founder of Achaemenid Empire. Whereas there is no significant source in his homeland about him and the researches about his life and death can be only found in foreign sources. The most important sources which provide a clear picture of his life, are the Greek historians’ works and their posterities’ in the next periods. However, these sources have been wrapped in a halo of myths and consequently have problems and ambiguities. Cyrus’s death is also a complicated issue in Achaemenid period and in addition to above mentioned problems, there is a contradiction in the sources. From various reports, two general contents can be resulted. One is death in the final conflict and the second is natural death. The fundamental question of this research is how to analyze the contradictions of the texts about Cyrus II’s death. Accordingly, in this research, it is aimed to study the sources with a critical approach by analyzing each narration in context of time, place and discourse. The findings of this study show that the various narrations about Cyrus’s death are just reports among the other reports that had different elements and origins for each of them. Also by critical analysis of each narration, it tries to assess the credential characteristics of each report. The research method is descriptive-analytical in library style.

Seleucus Nicator, who came to power in Persia after Alexander's death, built the city of Seleucia in 307 BC on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite Babylon, where the ancient city of Opis was located. From this time on, the city established its position as the capital of the Seleucids in their eastern occupations. The special geographical location of Seleucia means being located in Mesopotamia on the Tigris coast and at the intersection of important roads that connected Central Asia and Iran to Anatolia and the Mediterranean coast, as well as the settlement of Greek and non-Greek inhabitants in this city who have skills and abilities. They were administrative, artistic and commercial, along with the mint and production workshops and fertile agricultural lands around it, had caused the economic prosperity of the city. At the same time, Seleucia was an autonomous city and city government, with political and administrative affairs in the hands of the city council. How the Iranian socio-political system deals with the Hellenistic influences resulting from the formation of Greek cities such as Seleucia is considered as the main issue of the present study. This article tries to study the position of this ancient city from the time of its establishment to its decline, relying on historical sources and archeological documents, while studying the interaction of Hellenic and Iranian civilizations in the process of Seleucid city development and its consequences.

Borzoye the physician is one of the greatest intrllectuals of ancient iran. who lived at the time of king anoushirawan. not only he was one of the elites of his age''but also his thoughts and theories inspired elites after islam such as sohrewardi. thinkers and scholars in each period are intellectual and cultural status of that period and just people like borzoye'' bozorgmehr and paul the Persian are symbol of community the late Sassanid and especially khosrow anoushirawan reign. there fore''understanding his thoughts and opinions help us to understand the views of the community in the late Sassanid era. with the exception of the preface to «kalileh wa damanah» our information about him is very little. although''understanding Borzoye''s thoughts is difficult due to shortage of sufficient sources''the researcher has tried to present an analysis of his thoughts utilizing first hand sources and the preface to «kalileh wa damaneh» which is the only invaluable source of his thoughts.