k. rezayazdi

The future of any dairy farm depends on the success of its calf and heifer-raising programs. Regarding the risk of gastrointestinal diseases and the prevalence of diarrhea, suckling calves are among the most sensitive animals in dairy herds. Gastrointestinal diseases are most prevalent in the first two weeks of calves' life and are the reason for 32% of deaths. In addition to short-term economic losses, diarrhea in female calves will delay sexual maturity and reduce milk production performance in the first lactation period. The use of antibiotics to prevent and treat diarrhea in suckling calves is always limited due to antibiotic resistance and some side effects. Research shows that between different anti-diarrhea feed additives, prebiotics and probiotics have the most positive effects in the first weeks of suckling calves' lives. In addition, it has been demonstrated that immunoglobulin Y can be effectively used to inhibit calves' gastrointestinal pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella species. Also, the use of electrolytes during diarrhea to prevent dehydration in young animals has been known to be positive. However, the synergistic effects of the simultaneous use of the mentioned additives are not clearly defined. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate a combination of immunoglobulin Y, probiotics, and electrolytes' effect on growth performance, feed intake, fecal consistency, health status, and blood parameters of Holstein suckling calves.
In this study, 24 suckling Holstein calves from birth to 28 days old were divided into two experimental groups (12 replications in each group) in a completely randomized design. The experimental groups included: 1) the control group (without additive) and 2) the group that received 10 grams per day of an anti-diarrheal feed additive contained 1.2 grams of probiotics with 5×108 cfu/g, 1 g IgY, and 7.8 g electrolytes. All animals had free access to clean water and the ad libitum basal starter feed. The anti-diarrheal additive was dissolved in the calves' morning meal colostrum or milk. Feed intake, growth performance, and Escherichia coli fecal count were measured weekly. Rectal temperature and calves' fecal scores were evaluated daily (according to the method provided by Wisconsin University). Also, at birth, 14 and 28 days, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein. The repeated measurement data were analyzed by the MIXED procedure of the SAS version 9.4 statistical software. The means were reported as LSMEANS, and the significance level was considered as P<0.05. Also, for the statistical analysis of the fecal scores data, the days of each score were counted.
The results showed that the average daily weight gain in the third week in the anti-diarrhea group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). As a result, the live weight of the third and fourth weeks in the anti-diarrhea group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). The starter intake in the anti-diarrhea group was 25% higher in the third week and 12% higher in the whole period than in the control group (P<0.05). Also, the feed conversion rate in the anti-diarrhea group in the second and third weeks was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the blood urea nitrogen, glucose, albumin, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations. Also, the anti-diarrheal additive had no significant effect on the count of white blood cells and the percentages of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. According to the results, the anti-diarrhea additive had no significant effect on the calves' rectal temperature. The count of fecal Escherichia coli in the anti-diarrhea group was significantly lower than the control group in the first week, the first two weeks, and the whole period (P<0.05). The anti-diarrhea additive led to a significant increase in the number of days with zero scores (improvement of feces consistency) and a significant decrease in scores two and three (reduction of diarrhea prevalence) in calves (P<0.05). The results showed that in the first, second, and third weeks, the number of days with diarrhea significantly decreased in the anti-diarrhea group (P<0.05). In addition, the anti-diarrheal additive led to a significant decrease (58%) in the diarrhea length period. According to the period length and hardness of diarrhea, the cost of treating diarrhea in 28 days was estimated to be 830000 Rials and 470000 Rials in the control and anti-diarrhea groups, respectively. Therefore, the anti-diarrhea additive resulted in a 43% reduction in treatment costs.
The results of the present study showed that the supply of an anti-diarrheal additive containing probiotics, immunoglobulin Y, and electrolytes to suckling calves led to a significant increase in growth performance, starter intake, improvement in feed conversion rate, reduction in the count of fecal Escherichia coli, and shortening of the diarrhea duration period. However, this additive did not affect rectal temperature, white blood cell status, and blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, total protein, and blood urea nitrogen. Therefore, the anti-diarrheal additive can reduce the prevalence, duration, and grade of diarrhea and its harmful effects and improve suckling calves' growth performance and health status.

Honey bees need nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and minerals. Among nutrients, protein is of particular importance due to its role in brood rearing, developing hypopharyngeal glands and ovaries, longevity, bee immunity, bee weight, and flight muscle development. The protein stored in the body of bees is vitally important in strengthening the immune system, producing royal jelly, and especially in wintering. The honey bee obtains its protein needs through the digestion of different pollen grains with different amounts of protein in the midgut. Among the amino acids required by honeybees, the most important are leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Pollen quality depends on the supply of amino acids required by honey bees. Most pollen grains are poor and deficient in isoleucine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of isoleucine on hemolymph protein and the growth of hypopharyngeal glands in worker bees
To investigate the effect of different levels of isoleucine on hemolymph protein and the growth of hypopharyngeal glands in worker bees, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five experimental diets and four replications (cages). 100 honey bees were kept in each cage. Diets included 1 M sucrose syrup (control), and different levels of isoleucine containing 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 micrograms per liter of 1 M sucrose syrup. Before starting the experiment, the egg frames in the hives were marked so that the bees were of the same age at the time of the experiment. The cages were placed in an incubator at a temperature of 34°C and a humidity of 60%. Samples were taken to measure hemolymph protein on days 1, 6, 12, and 18 of 10 bees and for growth of hypopharyngeal glands on days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 of three bees. The hemolymph protein amount was measured by UV spectrophotometer and Bradford method and the growth of hypopharyngeal glands by the diameter of the ascites.
The results showed that the difference in hemolymph protein and the growth of hypopharyngeal glands of bees was significant in the whole experiment period and at different ages (P<0.01). A comparison of the experimental treatments revealed that the 1.5 μg isoleucine treatment had the highest amount of hemolymph protein among the diets (6.65 μl/μg), and the difference with other treatments was significant (P<0.01). The control treatment had significantly the lowest hemolymph protein among the experimental diets (3.57 μl/μg). The use of high amounts of isoleucine decreased the hemolymph protein. Therefore, the appropriate level of isoleucine in a honey bee diet is 1.5 μg. In all diets, except the control diet, the highest amount of hemolymph protein was observed on the sixth day, but in diet control, the amount of hemolymph protein decreased. Regarding the hypopharyngeal glands, the comparison of the treatments revealed that the 1.5 μg isoleucine treatment had the largest acini diameter (0.083 mm) and its difference with other treatments was significant (P<0.05). The control treatment (0.065 mm) significantly had the lowest acini diameter among the experimental treatments. Comparing the diameter of acini at different ages showed that the largest diameter of acini was observed at three days of age and the smallest diameter was seen at 15 days of age in all treatments. Some of the increase in hemolymph protein is likely due to the consumption of isoleucine, and some of it is due to the increase in the activity of hypopharyngeal glands because the consumption of isoleucine has increased the growth of hypopharyngeal glands.
In this experiment, it was found that the hypopharyngeal glands grew to the maximum level, and then, the amount of protein in the hemolymph of bees reached the highest level. Based on the findings of this research, the use of isoleucine in the diet of bees can increase the production of royal jelly and brood rearing due to its influence on the growth of hypopharyngeal glands and the amount of hemolymph protein. The appropriate level of this amino acid in bee nutrition is 1.5 μg per liter of sucrose syrup because consuming more than this optimum level harms hemolymph protein and the growth of hypopharyngeal glands.The difference between hemolymph protein and hypopharyngeal gland growth of bees was significant in the whole experimental period and at different ages (P <0.01). Diets containing 1.5 μg of isoleucine and control diet had the highest (6.65 μl / μg) and the lowest (3.57 μl / μg) of hemolymph protein and the highest (0.083 mm) and lowest (0.65 mm), respectively. There was no significant difference between hemolymph protein in syrup containing 0.5 and 2 micrograms of isoleucine and growth of hypopharyngeal glands in treatments of 0.5, 1 and 2 micrograms of isoleucine. Therefore, the best level of isoleucine used in bees for proper production performance was the feeding of syrup containing 1.5 μg of isoleucine.

Treatment of a dietary protein such as soybean meal (SBM) to decrease its solubility and thus, its hydrolysis to ammonia in rumen fluid should increase the amount of the dietary protein that bypasses ruminal degradation without sacrificing nitrogen required for ruminal microbial growth (Nishimuta et al. 1974). Protection of dietary protein from ruminal microbial degradation increases the supply of amino acids to the small intestine (Stern, 1981). Thus, the efficiency of protein utilization by the animal should be improved (Driedger and Hatfield 1972). Using suitable and practical processing methods for improving the nutritive value of feedstuff in ruminant nutrition have an important role in reducing production costs and improving production performance of ruminant animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various levels of tannin extracted from pistachio hulls on crude protein (CP) fractionation of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) based on the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). Material and Sun dried pistachio hulls were ground through a 0. 5 mm screen and soaked in water at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 24 h. Then the pistachio extract was filtered and boiled to achieve pistachio extract concentrate (PEC) containing 11% total phenol and 7. 13% total tannin on a dry matter (DM) basis. The rates of PEC treatment were determined based on the previous in vitro findings of Dentinho et al. (2007), who found that treatment of SBM with crude extract from Cistus ladanifer L. caused a decrease in rumen degradation of SBM protein, even at relatively low phenolic doses (12. 5, 25 and 50 g total phenol per kg SBM). A total amount of 1 kg dried SBM and CM were ground through a 1 mm screen for each treatment. Both soybean meal and canola meal were treated with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 % of PEC tannin. Finally, treated SBM and CM were airdried for 12 h to reach DM content of about 90% in whole product. The protein fractions of treated SBM and CM were determined according to CNCPS system. Analysis of phenolic compounds was conducted in three replicates as described by Makkar (2000). Total phenol was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagents, and the concentration was measured as tannic acid equivalent using tannic acid (Merck, Germany) as standard. Total tannins were measured as described by Makkar (2000). A completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replicates was used for the study. The data were analyzed with general linear model procedure of SAS. Significance in the data was established when P<0. 05. Effects of SBM and CM treated with various amounts of PEC on chemical composition indicated that, adding PEC decreased DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF( and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, but did not affect concentrations of CP for both SBM and CM proteins relative to its control groups. Vahdani et al. (2016) reported decreased NDF content of CM protein treated with tannin extracts from tea and pistachio. On the basis of the results, the lowest amount of soluble fraction (Sum of A and B1) was observed for CM at the level of 5% PEC tannin. There was no significant difference among treatments relative to control group in B2 fraction. Inclusion of PEC increased B3 fraction compared to control and 20% level has showed the highest B3 fraction. There was a reduction in C fraction by increasing level of PEC. The  lowest soluble fraction of CP followed by the highest escaped protein (B2+B3) elicited to recommend 5% level as the best treatment for CM, in lab scale. For SBM, the level of 30% PEC tannin increased bypass fractions of protein compared to other levels (P<0/05). This treatment changed the soluble (A and B1) (12. 37%) and insoluble fractions (B2, B3 and C) (87. 62 %) in SBM compared to the control and other levels of PEC supplementation. The results suggest that PEC supplementation decreases ruminal degradation of SBM, but increased rumen degradability of CM protein. There are some methods to decrease protein degradation in rumen such as using tannins. Tannins have been shown to decrease ruminal degradation of crude protein and increase the amount of CP that reaches the abomasum and small intestine (Alipour and Rouzbehan 2010). When using SBM treated with 10 to 250 g of quebracho tannins per kg, Frutos et al. (2000) also observed a decrease in in vitro intestinal digestibility of protein at the greatest treatment rate. Further research will be needed to determine if tannin treatment of dietary protein improves its digestibility. It has been demonstrated that feeding SBM-treated PEC increases average daily gain and feed efficiency in Holstein bulls (Jolazadeh et al. 2015). Overall, it seems that the tannin extracted from pistachio hull have different effect on CP degradability of SBM and CM. However, further research is necessary to investigate in vivo effects of these treatments

A set of in vitro experiments conducted to determine ruminal metabolism of fish oil fatty acids (Complete randomized block design), effects of fish oil on protozoa population, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility (Complete randomized design). Also the effects of oil protection methods on these parameters were addressed. Extent of apparent fatty acid biohydrogenation was too far from accumulation of corresponding saturated fatty acids, which indicated incomplete biohydrogenation of fish oil fatty acids. Different biohydrogenation intermediates of 18, 20 and 22 carbon length was detected in incubation vessels and their contribution on apparent biohydrogenation was calculated. Protection of fish oil affected extent of ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation and also production and accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates. Unprotected oil and fatty acids had major effects on protozoa counts, VFA and ammonia nitrogen concentrations. Protection methods were resulted in increased concentration of VFA and cell wall digestibility and molar proportions of acetate. However, different protection methods with different oil concentration had different effects. Further experiments to fully describe effects of oil microencapsulation on biohydrogenation and also in vivo experiments are warranted.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of deactivation of sainfoin phenolic compounds using PEG (6000) and water on sainfoin digestibility، rumen and blood parameters of Holstein cows fed with sainfoin. This trial designed using 3 nonlactating ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows، in balanced changeover design consisted of 3 diet and 3 periods of 17 days (10 days for adaptation and 7 days for sample collection). Extractable tannin content of control forage was 21. 3 (g/kg DM). Both of treatments were able to decrease it more than 90 percent. Treatments resulted in increased digestibility of organic matter، crude protein، forage cell wall and metabolisable energy of sainfoin (P<0. 05)، but no effects have been found on total concentrations and molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids. Tannin deactivation can cause elevation of ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration (P<0. 05)، but blood urea، glucose and creatinine concentrations were not affected. Tannin deactivation increased DM degradability of sainfoin in PEG treated group (P<0. 05). We concluded that PEG and water treatments diminished phenolic compound in sainfoin and could elevation of nutrient availability، especially in the case of nitrogen. Water treatment was practical method for processing of sainfoin in Iran and can be used on the farm.