kamkar jaimand

The aim of this study was to determine total acid and individual sugars in fruit of some black mulberry. The content of individual sugars in fruits was determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice were also evaluated. HPLC analysis of juice allowed the detection of 2 sugars. Glucose was the dominant sugar for all mulberries. The amount of total sugars ranged from 8.98 to 13.26 g/100g. The amount of total acids changed from 0.94 to 1.82%. The pH value ranged from 3.80 to 4.60. TSS content changed from 12.40 to 16.00 %. Juice content ranged from 50 to 70 %. Total flavonoid ranged from 0.94 to 1.26 mg/g DW. Among the three mulberries evaluated, genotype 3 demonstrated the maximum rate of sugars. As an outcome of our investigation, we can express that the genotypes can affect the amount of sugars and acids of fruit.

Rosa damascena Mill. is an aromatic plant, having different components that usually use in natural products. The main industrial products from oil-bearing rose are rose oil, rose water, rose concrete, and rose absolute which are produced by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction processes. However, essential oil productionis the best part that the industry is eager to it. Hydro-distillation with cohobation is a widely used method for producing volatile oils from oil-bearing rose. Newly, different methods of extraction of volatile compounds of rose oil, rose water and residue water from the flower of R. damascena, such as headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is developed. However, every method of extraction affects the quality of Rosa product. In this way the hydro-distilled rose oil analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID/GC-MS) revealed that the percentages of alkanes or steaoreptens like hexadecane (1.3%), nonadecane (7.2%) and heneicosane (1.8%) were higher than those of HS-SPME. However, there is a preference of rose oil extraction by hydro- distilation that the rose water (hydrosol) and residue water have phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), which is easily soluble in water, rose water and residue water. Actually rose water is a by-products of the hydro-distillation method, and it contained very high amounts of phenylethyl alcohol and  can be employed as the best natural fragrance of the oil-bearing rose due to its very high phenylethyl alcohol content. Phenyl ethyl alcohol is a naturally occurring aromatic compound found in various flowers including roses, lavender, ylang-ylang, geranium and champagne. For determining the content of phenyl ethyl alcohol in the flower R. damascene, according to the geographical similarity, the flowers were collected from different provinces of Iran by scientists of RIFR. In a research in 2021, after the extraction of essential oil and rose water, it was conducted on the remaining water in the still. The leftover water inside the distillation pot was extracted with eight different solvents (chloroform, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, petroleum ether and toluene) by a separatory funnel and extracted crude were analyzed by (GC) and  (GC/MS). The amount of phenylethyl alcohol obtained by different solvents containing chloroform, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, petroleum ether and toluene was 96.1%, 46.3%, 96.1%, 46.3%, 89.6%, 100%, 0.42% and 74%, respectively. Therefore, the research revealed the phenylethyl alcohol compound can be separated from the wastewater in the still and used.

The genus Anthemis L. is the second largest genus in the Compositae family, which consists of 39 annual and perennial species scattered throughout Iran. In this research, a species of Anthemis lorestanica Iranshahr was collected from two regions in Isfahan province, namely Makdin region (sample 1) and Badum Valley region (sample 2) in 2017.  The samples were identified in the herbarium of the Research Institute of Forests and Pastures in the Department of Botany. The essential oils were extracted from its flowers and leaves by water distillation method (Klenger method). Then the essential oil samples were measured and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography connected to mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The amount of essential oil in sample 1 was 0.12% for flower and 0.08% for leaf. Major compounds in the flower consisted of methyl decanoate (18.6%), α-cadinol (11.1%), and n-tricosan (9.1%). Major compounds in leaves were neryl acetate (13.4%), α-cadinol (12.9%), and dihydro eudesmol (8.5%). Essential oil contents of sample 2 were 0.2% for flower and 0.08% for leaf. The main flower compounds included spathulenol (68.8%), dehydro-aromadendrane (5.2%), and oplopanone (3%). The main compounds of the leaves were oplopanone (12.3%), 1-icocen (11.5%), and dihydro eudesmol (10.9%).

Crocus sativus L. is one of the most valuable medicinal plants and spices. In recent decades, interest in using organic fertilizers as sustainable agricultural has been increased. Cultivation of saffron under dryland farming, in addition to the production of this valuable spice, could prevent erosion, especially in slops. This experiment evaluated the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on active ingredients (safranal, crocin, picrocrocin), macronutrients (NPK), and stomatal properties of saffron (C. sativus L.) in a research station (Hamand) near Tehran. The plants were treated with cattle manure (20 t/ha-1) and foliar application of Delfard (7 kg/ha/) and Floral P (2.5 kg/ha) in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications in 2015-16. The results of liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed decreasing in safranal content (0.04-0.11 µg/g) organic and inorganic fertilizers, whereas the fertilizers enhanced crocin (85-146µg/g) and picrocrocin (3.5-10.5 µg/g) concentrations. Although there were no significant differences between the N concentration of floral and control. Organic and delfard-treated plants showed higher N compared to control. A significant increase of leaf P concentration was obtained in plants treated with inorganic realizers, where floral and delfard resulted in 3.5 and 2.2-fold improvement of P content compared to control, respectively. Delfard had a significant effect in the enhancement of K. The stomatal size remained unchanged, Although their density decreased over fertilizer application. According to the results, it could be concluded that manure, delfard and floral fertilizers can improve the nutritional value of saffron such as crocin and picrocrocin concentrations under dry farming conditions.

The genus Anthemis L. belongs to the family Asteraceae, is the second-largest genus in the Compositae family, consists of 39 annual and perennial species distributed all over Iran. According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to now and therefore its chemical composition is not well known. In this research six samples of Anthemis austroiranica  were collected from Hormozgan province, in 2019. The specimen is deposited in the Central Herbarium of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The volatile constituents of A. austroiranica were isolated by water distillation (Clevenger apparatus) and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components of the aerial partof samples collected from Bandar-e-Abass, Geno Mountain, altitude 2200 meters, were geranyl benzoate 17.94%, γ-eudesmol 16.33%, phenyl ethyl hexanoate 15.33% and n-heptadecane 14.84%. The major components of the aerial part of the second samples from Bandar-e-Abbas, Tang-e-Zagh, altitude of 1000 meters, were linoleic acid 25.24%, geranyl benzoate 23.66%, 7-hydroxy coumarin 10.37%. The major components of the aerial part of the third sample from Bandar-e-Abbas, Geno mountain, altitude 1385 meters, were geranyl benzoate 28.68%, 7-hydroxy coumarin 21.10%, (E)-nuciferol 7.66%. The major components of the aerial part of the fourth sample from Bastak, altitude of 450 meters, were hexadecanoic acid 31.17%, 7-hydroxy coumarin 8.39%, and phenyl ethyl hexanoate 7.44%.The major components of the aerial part of the fifth sample from Bandar-e-Abbas, Geno Mountain, altitude 1600 meters, were geranyl benzoate 24.35%, γ-eudesmol 15.50%, 7-hydroxy coumarin 7.65%. The major components of the aerial part of the last sixth samples from Hajiabad, Sirmand, Tel Mara, altitude 112 meters, were nonanal, dimethyl acetal 33.08%, hexadecanoic acid 6.16%, phenyl ethyl hexanoate 4.01%. Differences in the chemical composition of essential oils of A. austroiranica six regions can be due to differences in altitude in Geno Mountain and its distribution in Hormozgan province, as well as soil type and genetic issues.This research is performed on A. austroiranica, endemic species for the first time in Iran.

Saffron petal is the main by-product of saffron processing which produced at high level but is not applied and thrown out. Saffron petal is containing of several compounds such as mineral agents, anthocyanins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids and kaempferol. As saffron petal is cheaper and produces in large amounts compared to saffron stigma, so, it can be considered as an appropriate source for different purposes. The field experiment was carried out under drayland farming system in 2015 and 2016. The vegetative parts of the plants were treated with spraying foliar fertilizer as Delfard(D) (7 kg ha-1 ) and Phloral (P) (2.5 kg ha-1) with three replications. In this study essential oils from flower petals of saffron extracted by water distillation method (Calavenger apparatus), and volatile also phytochemical compounds were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total of 27 volatile components were identified. Main components from Saffron petal essential oil foliar fertilizer treatment D1 were Methyl pentanoate (67.2), Isophorone (17.2%) and Hexanal (3.0%) and Saffron petal essential oil foliar fertilizer treatment P1were Methyl pentanoate (57.6%), 3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexene (57.6%), Hexanal (4.3%). Differences in compound proportion and composition were observed among the treatments. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the changes in the phytochemicals compounds of essential oils from flower petals of saffron from Damavand which cultivated in dry farming in a Cold and semi-steppe climate, it was representative of many dryland regions of Iran with about 330 mm rainfall Comparison with foreign samples. This is the first research conducted on Iranian saffron volatiles according to their geographical origin. Various methods were selected to extraction essential oil from Crocus sativus L. Finally, the results of this experiment showed the compatibility and successful of the growth and production of saffron quantitatively and qualitatively in dryland conditions of relatively high areas.

The genus Anthemis L. belongs to the family Asteraceae, is the second largest genus in the Compositae family, tribe Anthemideae, about 130 species of genus Anthemis occur throughout the world consists of 39 annual and perennial species distributed all over of Iran. According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to nowtherefore its chemical composition is not well known. In this research three samples of Anthemis coelopoda . were collected from Gilan province, in the 2020. specimen is deposited in Central H and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Main components from sample one Gilan: Loshan, before Hanifa Imamlower were β- calacorene 35.9%, Elemicin 24.0% and n-dodecanol 8.8% and in leaf were β- calacorene 26.8%, elemicin 13.9% and n-dodecanol 11.8%, and essential oil yield from flower were 0.04% and leaf were 0.03%. Main components from sample two Gilan: southwest of Rudbar, Lake 1181 meters high, in flower were γ- cuprenene 18.2%, n-dodecanol 13.8% and geranyl propanoate 7.4% and in leaf were n-dodecanol 13.5%, - terpinen-7-al 10.8% and geranyl propanoate 10.2%, and essential oil yield from flower were 0.10% and in lead were 0.07%. Main components from sample thee Gilan: Loshan, before Hanifa Imamzadeh, near the cement mine, 801 meters high, in flower were n-dodecanol 11.8%, - terpinen-7-al 9.3% and Cumin aldehyde 8.8% and in leaf were n-dodecanol 14.9%, - terpinen-7-al 11.1% and 5-hydroxy isobornyl isobutanoate 10%, and essential oil yeild from flower were 0.09% and in leaf were 0.06%. Sampling simultaneously on one day from three different areas (Samples 1 and 3 were collected from one area but at a great distance) their essential oils were examined for chemical composition and the results indicate different combinations and amounts in a species. This difference can be the result of differences in soil type and different plant water uptake.

The genus Bunium (Apiaceae) comprises about 50 species spreading in Asia, Europe and North Africa. The genus Bunium comprised 14 species in Iran. It has various biological activities related to digestive and urinary tract disorders. In traditional medicine, it has been used in chronic stomach diseases, colitis, jaundice, chronic cholangitis, swelling and kidney stones. Aerial parts of Bunium kuhitangi Nevski and Bunium microcarpum (Boiss) Freyn & Bornm. were collected from Golestan provience,  Gorgan, Golestan Park, on June 2020, essential oil extracted by water distillation method (Clevenger-type apparatus) for 3 h to obtain the essential oil. Chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by Gas chromatography (GC), Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC-MS), simultaneously. Main components from B. kuhitangi . were 9-epi-(E)- caryophyllene (35.38%), α- copaene (8.38%) and δ- selinene (7.35%) and main components for B. microcarpum. were 9-epi-(E)- caryophyllene (73.61%), γ- cuprenene (8.37%) and  a-cadinene (5.75%).  β-caryophyllene is a pale yellow oily liquid with an odor midway between odor of cloves and turpentine.   To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical constituents of B. kuhitangi. from Iran. In this study, it was aimed to clarify the chemical profile of essential oil obtained from B. kuhitangi and B. microcarpum.. and to determine its main compounds.

The use of environmental friendly fertilizers is the main agricultural practice to improve the plant quality and quantity. The present study aims to assess the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on flower and stigma yield, biochemical properties and essential oil (EO) composition of saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) in research station of Hamand Absard, Iran. The plants were treated with cattle manure (20 t ha-1) and foliar application of delfard (7 kg ha-1) and floral P (2.5 kg ha-1) in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications under dryland farming system. The results showed significant increases of flower number and yield under all fertilizers compared to control. The yield of fresh and dry stigma under manure application was higher than floral and delfard. The response of chlorophyll (Chl) concentration was different under fertilizers. Floral and manure application led to higher Chl a compared to control. Chl b under manure and delfard was significantly higher than control and floral. TPC and TFC were significantly improved by organic and inorganic fertilizers. The main improvement of TPC and TFC was obtained under manure application followed by floral and delfard. GC/MS analysis showed the main EO composition were Methyl pentanoate (25.8- 62.15%) followed by Dihydro- β- ionol (17.7-34.79%), and hexadecyl acetate (4.9-9.4%), representing different responses to fertilizers. To sum up, the best fertilizer to improve the yield of saffron was manure followed by floral and delfard.

Ferula L. as one of the most economically important genera of Apiaceae comprises many species with numerous aromatic and bioactive compounds used in traditional and modern medicine. Based on these features of Ferula that were subject to phytochemical studies, we compare recent molecular phylogenetic findings inferred from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) and cpDNA regions (rps16, rpoC1 introns and rpoB-trnC intergenic spacer) with the secondary metabolites inferred from available phytochemical data to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the Iranian species of the genus. Totally 40 species including six species of Leutea and 34 species of Ferula belonging to three subgenera and seven sections in Iran were examined by phytochemical data that inferred from above 150 publications. Phytochemical compounds were typified in nine groups as 40 binary characters. The last phylogenetic tree was pruned for those Iranian species and the phytochemical data were mapped over. The phytochemical analyses indicate that the major chemical components such as organic sulphur, monoterpen and sesquiterpene compounds have concentrated within five sections of subgen. Narthex of the Ferula genus and the economically important species mostly placed closely within the sections Merwia and Scorodosma.

The aim of this study was to determine organic acids and individual sugars in fruit of Younesi tangerine (Citrus reticulata) on different rootstocks.  On other hand, the purpose of this study was to identify the rootstock that could produce the highest amount of sugars. The content of individual sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice was also evaluated. The results showed that, the highest of total sugars (126.94mg/ mL), pH (3.40), TSS (11.30%), TSS/TA (10.00) and juice (55.62%) were in fruit of Younesi tangerine (Citrus reticulata) grafting on the Orlando tangelo rootstock. According to results, the amount of citric acid (15.20mg/mL) of Younesi tangerine grafted on Flying Dragon was higher than those of other rootstocks. Among the sugars, sucrose was determined in the highest concentration in all investigated fruits. The results of correlation showed that there were a high positive correlation between the amount of TSS and sucrose. Results showed that Orlando tangelo rootstock had an important role in increasing of sugars, pH, TSS, as well as TSS/TA. Finally based on the obtained results it can be concluded that although the concentration of sugars and organic acids is strongly related to the genotype of fruit, it seems that rootstocks affect the amount of sugars and organic acids.

In Iranian traditional medicine Quercus brantii var. Persica (Oak) is considered warm- and dry-natured. It is used for gastric pain, ulcer, anemia, hemorrhoids and rickets, burns, indigestion, diarrhea, and infection. Oak is readily available and has a variety of medicinal and health effects in both traditional and modern remedies. The main objective of this research is Identification in oak compounds, using Headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Oak fruits were collected from Argavan Valley, Ilam, west of Iran, after drying and powdering, chemical compounds were isolated by HS-SPME and identified by using GC-MS method. The results analysis of Quercus brantii revealed the existence of 41 chemical compounds. Major chemicals included β- pinene oxide (8.65%), Tetrahydro- linalyl acetate (8.51%), 2-methoxy –p-cresol (7.65%), 2-methoxy pyrazine (5.08%), 2-acetyl pyridine, 2,3-dimethyl pyrazine (4.42%), Trans- linalool oxide (3.79%), β- pinene(3.66%), Verbenone (3.43%), and Terpin-4-ol (3.27%).

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is of the most important species of medicine, which is used in various food, pharmaceutical and sanitary industries and for this reason, it is considered as one of the most important export figures in the world. In order to study the effect of extraction of essential oil by distillation with water, in a laboratory scale and semi-industrial scale, an experimental design was carried out at the headquarters of the Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands for two years (2018 and 2019). The samples were collected from Alborz research station located in Karaj city. Then the plant samples were dried in shade and essential oils were extracted by water distillation method in laboratory and semi-industrial scale. The compounds of essential oils were measured by GC and GC/MS. In this study, according to experimental and pilot studies on rosemary species, different results were obtained. At this time, the necessity of testing in the laboratory was evident in order to determine the method and the appropriate amount of powder of the plant. In this regard, the rosemary leaves were prepared in three

full leaf, semi-powder and complete powder. Then samples were extracted by water distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) for 4 hours. The essential oil yield was obtained from full leaf (0.44%), semi-powdered leaf (0.46%) and pure powder (0.70%).Therefore, the most important time for the extraction of essential oils from plant specimens was determined in pilot and laboratory methods for 4 hours of essential oil extraction and the sample of the semi-powdered plant was determined by mesh of 10. Finally, the results of the important combinations identified. The major combinations identified with plant leaf powder on a laboratory scale are: Camphene (27.49%), Octanol acetate (10.39%), Benzyl formate (9.64%), Dihydro- linalool acetate (8.64%), Verbenene (8.30%), Neo-iso-dihydrocarveol (7.46%) and major components in the pilot were :Camphene (31.53%), Verbenene (10.90%), Benzyl formate (8.18%), Octanol acetate (8.14%), and α-phellandrene (7.18%). Considering the importance of the experimental method for extraction of essential oil and the application of the laboratory method to the semi-industrial, it is suggested that in the pilot plant the specimen with the mesh 10 should be used.In this experiment, the essential oil content of the sample extracted in the pilot sample was 0.46%, which is equal to 0.46% in the laboratory sample. It shows the economic value of this method for the application of other species.

The aim of this study was to determine organic acids and individual sugars as well as carotenoids in fruit of Kumquat[Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle] on different rootstocks.  On other hand, the purpose of this study was to identify the rootstock that could produce the highest amount of sugars. The content of individual sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC, whereas spectrophotometer was used to determine the total carotenoids and chlorophylls. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice was also evaluated. The content of ethylene in fruits was determined by Gas chromatograph. The results showed that, the highest of total sugars (51.63 mg/mL), pH (2.43), TSS (11.06%) and TSS/TA (3.71) were in fruit of Kumquat(Fortunella Margarita) grafting on the Troyer citrange rootstock. According to results, the amount of citric acid (45.07 mg/mL), ascorbic acid (0.41 mg/mL), juice (26.78 (%) and carotenoids (0.10 mg/gr DW) of Kumquat grafted on Sour orange was higher than those of other rootstocks. Among the sugars, Sucrose was determined in the highest concentration in all investigated fruits. The results of correlation showed that there were a high positive correlation between the amount of sucrose and glucose. Results showed that Troyer citrange rootstock had an important role in increasing of sugars, pH, TSS, as well as TSS/TA. Finally based on the obtained results it can be concluded that although the concentration of sugars and organic acids is strongly related to the genotype of fruit, it seems that rootstocks affect the amount of sugars and organic acids.

Plants of the family Anacardiaceae have a long history of use by various peoples for medicinal and other purposes. Cotinus coggygria, also known as the “smoke tree”, is one of the two species constituting a small genus of the family Anacardiaceae, viz., C. coggygria Scop. (syn.: Rhus cotinus L.) The Iranian smoke tree, plant material air-dried C. coggygria were collected in early stage of flowering on 12 July 2017  and seconed sample were extracted on late stage of flowering on 10 october 2017 in Research Institute of Forests and Ranglands. Both samples essential oil were extracted by water-distilled (Clevenger apparatus type) for 3 hrs. on early stage of flowering (75 gram) on 12 July 2017  and seconed sample were extracted on late stage of flowering (400 gram) on 10 october 2017 were 0.66% and 0.032% (V/W), respectively,  and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Main components from early stage of flowering were n-dodecanol (7.6%), spathulenol (7.5%), (2Z, 6E)-farnesyl acetate (7.1%), germacrene B (7%) and isolongifolol (4.7%), and for late stage of flowering were (Z )- β-ocimene (45.8%), (E )- β-ocimene (6.9%),  α- pinene (7.6%) and trans-sabienene hydrate (6.9%), identified . Commercial-grade ocimene is used as a starting material for the manufacture of a number of perfume chemicals, and it is also used occasionally as a perfume material since it creates  very pleasant effects with bay oil in modem spicy-herbaceous  fragrances.

The aim of this study was to determine total flavonoids and individually flavanone glycosides as well as antioxidant capacity in peel of Satsuma mandarin(Citrus unshiu) on different rootstocks. On other hand, the purpose of this study was to identify the rootstock that could produce the highest amount of flavonoids.Total flavonoids content was measured using aluminum chloride colorimetric method, whereas Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method was used to determine the total phenols content. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using reducing scavenging assays of DPPH radicals. HPLC-PDA detection was used for the analysis of individual flavanone glycosides (narirutin, naringin and hesperidin).The results showed that, the highest individually flavanone glycosides (27.73 mg/g DW), total flavonoids (10.74 mg/g DW), total phenol (3.91 mg/g DW) and DPPH scavenging activity (60.00 mg/g DW) were in the peel of Satsuma mandarin grafting on the flying dragon rootstock. According to results, the amount of phenolic acids (0.36 mg/g DW) of Satsuma mandarin grafted on trifoliate orange was higher than those of other rootstocks. Among the flavonone glycosides, hesperidin was determined in the highest concentration in all investigated peels. The results of correlation showed that there were a high positive correlation between the amount of total flavonoids and total phenols. Results showed that rootstock had an important role in increasing of concentration flavonoids, as well as antioxidant capacity. Finally based on the obtained results it can be concluded that although the concentration of flavonoid compounds is strongly related to the genotype of fruit, it seems that rootstocks affect the amount of flavonoids in the fruit.

Stachys L. one of the biggest genus of the Lamiaceae family comprises about 200-300 species. In this research, aerial parts essential oil composition and content of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae)at different stages (vegetative, full flowering and initial fruiting stages) is reported. The oils obtained by water distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that the essential oils of S. lavandulifolia were affected by plant growth stages. The chemical composition varied in three harvesting times. It was found that the maximum obtained essential oil was in the flowering stage. Totally, 31 constituents with the range of 0.10 – 34.11% in the vegetative, 27 constituents with the range of 0.06 – 36.35% in the flowering stage and 27 compounds with the range of 0.06 – 37.2% in the initial fruiting stages were identified. The highest compounds were related to the vegetative stage (34 compounds) that representing 63.74% of oil. In this study, the highest amount of essential oil constituents in the vegetative stage belonged to germacren D (34.11%), n-decane (3.84%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.62%), in the flowering stage, germacren D (36.87%), borneol (4.3%), cis-thujone (4.24%), bicyclogermacrene (4.16%) & n-decane (3.88%) and in the stage of initial fruiting, germacren D (37.2%), borneol (4.76%), b-caryophyllene (4.20%), cis-thujone (4.16%) & bicyclogermacrene (3.99%).

In present study, essential oil content and compositions of 49 Iranian landraces of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) was investigated. Essential oils were isolated with distillation method and component composition was determined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty main compounds were identified in the essential oil representing about 90% of the total oil. The major components were found to be n-nonadecane (with seasonal range of 32.4-36.1%), n-heneicosane (20.3-22.1%), citronellol (6.6-10.3%), n-hexadecanol (6.4-6.7%) and n-tricosane (5.9-7.0%). The percentages of citronellol and geraniol as the two important compounds of the rose oil quality in 2008 were more than their percentages in 2007. Therefore, it can be inferred that dry conditions increased the aliphatic compounds percentages and reduced alcoholic compounds in the rose oil. Despite the differences in origin sites, climates and ecological conditions among landraces, the results of cluster analysis (CA) revealed that all of the landraces of Damask rose with exception of KB1 and AK1 showed more than 90% similarity in their major oil composition. The result of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the landraces with the highest percentage of citronellol and geraniol components usually show extreme values (positive or negative) of PC1 and PC2.

Recent progress in preparing the aromatic fragrance with new technology, including methods of trapping by Headspace trapping techniques (HTT) can be cited. In this study the design and manufactured of fragrance absorption by Vacuum headspace (VHS) were recorded with authors and then the device to absorb aromas (herbs) were selected in three aromatic species (Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet; Polianthes tuberose L. and Rosa damascene Mill.) and the chemical compounds of absorb aromas were analyzed by by GC and GC/MS. Results were showed that the chrysanthenone (28.8%), santolina ( 22.9% ), undecanal (21.9%) and n-tridecane (11.9% ) were the main volatile components identified in Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet while in Rosa × damascena Herrm. Include: santolina (65%) (E)-2-hexenal (18%) and cis-pinene hydrate (3.5%.). In finaly the 2,4-(E, E)-hexadienal (83.4%), 3-octanol acetate (3.8%) and propyl butyrate (3.6% ) were the main component in Polianthes tuberose L. respectively. According to these results, data were confirmed that in this method we can distinguish these aromatic compounds from plants economically with this technique are advised.

Investigations have demonstrated that ratio of sugars to organic acids affects the particular taste of citrus fruit and carotenoids are essential for prevent of the disease. It seems that some rootstocks enhance the ripening of fruits and stimulatethe biosynthesis of sugars and carotenoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on sugars, organic acids andcarotenoids of fruit. The content of individual sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice was also evaluated. Total carotenoid and chlorophylls content was measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of ethylene in fruits was determined by Gas chromatograph. HPLC analysis of juice allowed to detection of 3 sugars and 2 acids. Sucrose was the dominant sugar for all rootstocks. The amount of total sugars ranged from 102.27 (mg/ml) (Flying dragon) to 118.07 (mg/ml) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of total acids changed from 6.62 (mg/ml) (Trifoliate orange) to 8.48 (mg/ml) (Flying dragon). The amount of ascorbic acid varied from 0.44 (mg/ml) (Trifoliate orange) to 0.68(mg/ml) (Orlando tangelo).The pH value ranged from 3.65 (Flying dragon) to 3.95 (Orlando tangelo), TSS content changed from11.2 (%) (Flying dragon) to11.9 (%) (Orlando tangelo), TSS/TA varied from15.13 (Flying dragon) to 20.88(Orlando tangelo). Juice content ranged from 49.29 (%) (Trifoliate orange) to 54.47 (%) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of fruit production changed from 12 (Kg /tree) (Flying dragon) to 83(Kg /tree) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of total carotenoid varied from 0.12 (Murcott) to 0.15(Orlando tangelo, Sour orange, Flying dragon) (mg/gr DW). Among the six rootstocks evaluated, Orlando tangelo demonstrated the maximum rate of sugars, pH, TSS, TSS/TA, juice, ascorbic acid and carotenoids. As an outcome of our investigation, we can express that the rootstocks can affect the amount of sugars, acids andcarotenoids of fruit.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a perennial herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as a food flavouring agent, and well known medicinally for its powerful antimutagenic, antibacterial and chemopreventive properties. The most applicable method for extraction of essential oil is water distillation (WD) and steam distillation (SD). It is a traditional technique which is used in most industrious companies. The essential oil from the leaves rosemary obtained by Microwave assisted water distillation (MAWD) on 440W, 770W and 1100W has been compared with those obtained by conventional WD and SD. The total yield of the volatile fractions obtained through WD was 1.30%, SD was 0.54% and MAWD in 440W was 0.45%, 770 W was 0.50% and 1100 W was 0.55%, respectively.Essential oils samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS, the oils revealed the presence of 28 to 35 compounds in the essential oils obtained through HD, SD and MAWD, respectively. Main components in WD method were camphene 33.08%, γ-terpinene 8.62% and verbenene 8.57%, in SD were camphene 31.71%, WD, γ-terpinene 8.92%, and verbenene 8.74%, and by Microwave-assisted water-distillation (MAWD) on 440W were linalool acetate 28.67% cis-sabinene hydrate acetate 20.59% and terpin-4-ol 11.56%, on 770W were camphene 15.88%, γ-terpinene 14.61% and cis-sabinene hydrate acetate 10.28%, and on 1100W were camphene 28.22%, γ-terpinene 13.66% and β-pinene 8.42%, respectively.

Studies have shown that phenolic compounds are important in human health. The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of rootstocks on phenolic compounds. The content of individual phenolic compounds in fruits was determined by HPLC. Total flavonoids content was measured using colorimetric method. Free radical scavenging activity on stable DPPH radicals was also evaluated. HPLC analysis of the peel compounds extracted from Clementine mandarin allowed identification of 7 phenolic components. Hesperidin was the main component for all rootstocks. Among the six rootstocks examined, Flying dragon showed the highest content of phenolic compounds. As a result of our study, we can conclude that the rootstock can influence the quantity of phenolic compounds present in fruit.

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. syn. Lavandula officinalis Chaix was commonly known as lavender is a species of the genus Lavandula from Lamiaceae family is among the top 10 pharmaceutical plant. Lavender species are grown worldwide primarily for their essential oils, which are used in the food processing, aromatherapy products, cosmetics and perfumes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the essential oils composition of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) cultivated in 3 provinces, Esfehan, Tehran, and Alburz province in Iran. This research examines it has been done on effects of different methods of distillation and habitat conditions on quantity and quality of oil of Lavandula officinalis flowering top plants cultivated in three regions were collected and after drying at room temperature in shadow. Esstential oils were extracted with three methods of distillation (water, steam and water and steam). Thirty compounds were identified in the essential oils, respectively. Components of essential oils from the Lavandula officinalis L. were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The important components in the Kashan area from Isfahan province were1,3,8-p- menthatriene (37.7 upto 39.8%), γ- terpinene (17.1 upto 19%), Linalyl formate (13.1 upto 15.08%), oil yield were 8.54 upto 10.03%, respectively. The important components in the Alburz province were ,3,8-p-menthatriene (31.7 upto 34.2%), γ- terpinene (24.2 upto 26.4%), Linalyl formate (11.8 upto 14%), oil yield were 5.5 upto 6.12%, respectively. The important components in the Tehran province were 1,3,8-p- menthatriene (32.5 upto 34.1%), γ- terpinene (25 upto 29.8%), Linalyl formate (7.8 upto 9%), oil yield were 10.26 upto 12.13%, respectively.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common virus in human. The rate of drug resistance is increasing in HSV-1. In this study¡ anti-viral effects of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extract was evaluated against acyclovir resistant HSV-1 before¡ during and after the infection of Hela cell line.
In this experimental study¡ the trypan blue and 3-[4¡5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2¡5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tests were used to rule out the potential toxic effects extract on the Hela cell line. Antiviral effects of the extract on acyclovir resistant HSV-1 were evaluated before the infection and at different concentrations of the extract. The effective minimal cytotoxic concentration was assessed at different times of virus replication after virus adsorption. Virus titer was determined by tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) method.
The CC50 value and effective minimal cytotoxic concentration were determined at 780 µg/ml and 390 µg/ml respectively. Treatment of HSV-1 with extract resulted in 1 log10 TCID50 reduction in virus titers after 3 and 4 hour. The highest reduction in acyclovir resistant HSV-1 infectivity was obtained 2 and 4 hour after the infection of the cells with virus resulting in 1.7 log10 TCID50 reduction as compared with control.
The antiviral effects of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extract on acyclovir resistant HSV-1 after virus infection was more remarkable than the treatment of virus with the extract before virus adsorption. Keywords: Sumac extract¡ Antiviral effects¡ Herpes simplex virus type 1.

The genus Tanacetum L. belongs to the Asteraceae family and Anthemideae tribe is one of the most important medicinal plants that contains 26 species in Iran, 12 of them are endemic. This paper reports the essential oil composition of Tanacetum uniflorum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex DC.) Sch.Bip. growing spontaneously in Salmas (North-West of Iran). Essentail oil extracted by water distillation and steam distillation from Plant on flowers and leaves were collected on July - 2016. The yields of water distillation from leaf were 0.12% and flower were 1.16% (V/W), and by steam distillation from leaf were 0.33% and flower were 0.76% (V/W), respectively, then samples were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Main components obtained from water distillation from leaf were manoyl oxide 28.87% , α-cadinol 9.7% and γ-eudesmol acetate 4.77% and in flower were methyl pentanoate 88.28%, butyl acetate 5.13% and iso-dihydro carveol acetate 1.19% (V/W), and by steam distillation from leaf were γ- terpinene 17.99%, endo-fenchyl acetate 9.63% and butyl acetate 8.12% and in flower were methyl pentanoate 79.9%, bulnesol 2.70% and (E )-nerolidolol acetate 2.69% obtained, respectively.