فهرست مطالب keivan saeb

The recycling process of industrial wastewater leaves pollution that is evident in the process of factories producing recycled sand. This research has investigated the environmental effects of construction debris recycling in sand recycling factories.

The two phases of operation and implementation of the factory construction plan were considered as the main phases of the current research. Therefore, 13 micro-activities and 23 environmental parameters were identified and the results were analyzed in EIA+ software using the Iranian Leopold matrix method and discussed based on the results.

Three micro-activities include washing fine sand through a washing machine with a score of -3.6, converting concrete pieces and large boulders into smaller pieces and transferring them to a jaw crusher with a score of -2.8 and transferring the remaining The sewage produced by the washing machine has had the most negative effects on the depot pond with a score of -2.7. The three micro-activities of creating green spaces with a score of +2.2, selling products with a score of +0.9, and hiring employees with a score of +0.5 have the most positive effects on the environment.

Considering the positive effect on the economy, increasing the green space in the region, job creation, and also reducing the increasing amount of scum accumulated in Abali pit, the construction and operation of the factory is evaluated as a positive activity, but considering the destructive effects of the environment. its biological, it is necessary to consider alternative solutions to adjust its environmental effects.

Landfill leachate contains heavy metals that cause toxic effects on water and soil near landfills. Phytoremediation is one of the control methods in which native plants with accumulation ability are used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation strength of heavy metals by nettle from leachate.

In the present study, after collecting nettle seeds from Tonekabon landfill, they were planted in 16 pots and after the 6-leaf stage, placed under four concentrations of fresh leachate (0, 30, 60 and 100%) and after the growth period, the amount of metals Heavy (by atomic absorption spectrometer) and morphological traits were measured.

The result showed that with increasing leachate concentration, the amount of heavy metals in all organs increased (Ni> Pb > Cd> Ar) and the aerial parts were more absorbed. In parallel with this result, dry weight factors of stem and leaf, root and leaf area index also decreased. Calculation of TF> 1 in nettle organs showed its ability to be more accumulative in the face of leachate.

Bioremediation with using of native plants and accumulators to remove heavy metals is a low cost and environmentally friendly method. Nettle is a native and wild plant that grows in landfills in the north of the country and due to its accumulative power, it is a suitable species for clearing the soil of heavy metals.

Municipal wastewater treatment and algal biomass production are simultaneously new and efficient methods in the treatment industry. Using artificial culture medium, urban wastewater is used as a food source for microalgae. Cultivation of microalgae in wastewater is an important step in wastewater treatment that, in addition to wastewater treatment, simultaneous production of biomass is done which can be used for many purposes and is of great value. in the present study, the effect of initial pH on the performance of membrane photobioreactor in biomass growth and nutrient removal from municipal wastewater was investigated. In this study, first Chlorella vulgaris microalgae in a membrane optical bioreactor with a light intensity of 300 μmol photons m-2. s-1 in the 24-hour light cycle and an initial concentration of 1 g/L dry weight of microalgae in the initial three pH (4, 7 and 10) were cultivated. Then, due to the direct relationship between microalgae growth and nutrient removal, the best initial pH in nitrate and phosphate removal from municipal wastewater was investigated. According to the results, microalgae were adapted to municipal effluent after 9 days and at the initial pH of 7, the highest growth rate of microalgae equal to 2.37 g dry weight per liter, and removal of nitrate and phosphate were 88 and 87%, respectively. Also, on the 15th day at the same initial pH, the highest amount of nitrate and phosphate removal from municipal effluent was 92% and 91%, respectively. The results show that the regulation of the initial pH of microalgae can have an undeniable effect on the growth of microalgae. It also has a significant effect on the removal of nitrate and phosphate from municipal wastewater through the cultivation of microalgae. By optimizing the initial pH, this removal percentage has increased.

Developing of petrochemical industry has increased the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released to the environment and has caused to reduce air quality and to increase global warming and also serious problems for public health. The main objective of this research is to determine and reduce the amount of VOC compounds in oil, gas and petrochemical industries.

In this study, the LDAR program which its results are based on the use of two analyzers equipped with PID detector and infrared camera was used. The EPA-21 method was also used to determine the leakage of compounds.

The total amount of leakage potential was estimated to be 727.401 tons per year, considering all equipment, while the calculated emission components were precisely measured to be 320.16 tons; by doing the LDAR program these leakages were eliminated.

Based on the results of estimating the emission of pollutants from EPA in the selected petrochemical unit, it was found that the condition of the studied unit is much better than the global average, it should be noticed that valves and fittings have the highest contribution in VOCs emissions. Regarding the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the proper implementation of the LDAR program will not only reduce VOC emissions and improve the economic situation but also reduce costs and produce a better and cleaner product.

Organophosphate pesticides such as diazinon and fenitrotion are fat-soluble, so delayed toxicity occurs if significant amounts of them are stored in adipose tissues.  These insecticides have been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as class II, having a moderate hazard. Therefore the preparation and use of grafted β-cyclodextrin/thermo-sensitive polymer/modified Fe3O4/SiO2 nano-particles was investigated for the removal of fenitrothion and diazinon from aqueous solution. Modified MNPs were synthesized due to increase of removal efficiency and applicability in different condition. MNPs were synthesized and characterized by using FTIR, SEM, CHN, TGA, and TEM. The effect of some operational parameters, such as pH, adsorption isotherms, sorption kinetics, concentration, reusability, adsorption/desorption temperature, and ultrasound effect on desorption were examined. The results showed that the best sorption of pesticides on the MNPs-AGENVC-CD took place at 20 °C and optimum pH of 6. The initial concentration and nano-sorbent dosage were 100 mg/L and 0.01 g, respectively. The kinetic study showed that the best time for the pesticides sorption was 90 min. Also, the Pseudo-Second-Order model used fitted the adsorption kinetics well, thus exhibiting high correlation coefficients. Pesticides sorption capacity was found to be 34 and 29 mg/g. The equilibrium data of pesticides modified by the MNPs-sorbent were correctly shown by Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin models. The data was well-fitted to Langmuir equation. The findings showed that the proposed method was very impressive, providing a significant adsorption capacity, appropriate reusability and control functions along with temperature variations.

Kiaklayeh wetland is being destroyed due to the actions of the municipality and the negligence of the natural resources department. The growth and development of urban and industrial activities has led to the release of heavy metals into aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, in the present study, the concentrations of iron, aluminum, zinc, nickel, vanadium, manganese, barium and lead in the sediment of three areas of Kiaklayeh wetland that are affected by Mehr housing effluent, agricultural effluent and municipal waste landfill were investigated. Also, the enrichment coefficient (EF) and land accumulation index (Igeo) were studied among the three regions. The results showed that the accumulation of aluminum, manganese and nickel in sediments receiving agricultural and housing effluents is more than an area of the wetland that is affected by the municipal landfill, but the concentration of lead in sediments near the landfill is more than two areas in another parts of the wetland. An Enrichment ratio higher than 1 was obtained for zinc and lead in the area affected by the landfill, for aluminum in the area affected by agricultural effluent and for vanadium in the area contaminated with Mehr housing effluent.

Municipal wastewater effluents contain high amounts of nitrate and phosphate nutrients. Microalgae have been considered as a bioreactor to absorb nutrients in wastewater due to their environmental friendliness and ability to produce valuable products. In the present study, the effects of light-dark cycles and microalgae biomass concentrations on the nitrate and phosphate removal from municipal wastewater were investigated.

In this study, Chlorella vulgaris (green microalgae) was first cultured in a membrane photobioreactor with a light intensity of 300 μmol photons in three light cycles (12 h light-12 h dark, 16 h light-8 h dark, and 24 h light and 0-h dark). Afterward, the best light cycle in municipal wastewater effluent was investigated at constant concentrations of microalgae (0.5 g L-1, 1 g L-1, and 1.5 g L-1).

According to the results, the highest growth rate (2.3 g L-1) and the highest amount of nitrate and phosphate removal (87% and 86%) were obtained in the 24-0 light cycle. Following that, the concentration of 1 g L-1 of microalgae in the 24-0 light cycle was recorded as the highest amount of nitrate and phosphate removal from municipal wastewater (91% and 87%, respectively).

The results indicated that light-dark cycles and initial concentrations of microalgal inoculation could have an undeniable effect on the growth of microalgae. Moreover, it could have a significant impact on the removal of nitrate and phosphate from municipal wastewater through microalgae cultivation. This removal percentage increased with the optimization of light conditions and biomass concentration.

This study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals including: copper, cobalt, chromium, cadmium and arsenic in sediments, water, roots of Phragmites in three areas of Kiaklayeh wetland that are affected by Mehr housing, agricultural and municipal wastewater. In order to measure heavy metals, ICP-OES was used. Qualitative indicators were also used to examine these pollutants more closely. The results showed that the accumulation of cobalt in the sediments which receivied agricultural and housing effluents is higher than the area of the wetland that is affected by the municipal landfill, but the concentration of chromium and cadmium in the sediments near the landfill is higher than the other two areas of the wetland. Is. Also, in the sediments under agricultural effluent, the amount of copper and arsenic was higher than the other two regions. Accumulation of cobalt and copper in the roots of Phragmites in the area affected by Mehr housing wastewater is higher than the agricultural area, but the amount of copper in the stem of Phragmites growing in the agricultural grounds is higher. EF higher than 1 was obtained for cadmium and cobalt in the area contaminated with Mehr housing effluent. The highest Igeo was related to cadmium and the highest anthropogenic contribution was obtained as well as the highest RI and MERMQ for the studied metals in the wastewater from agricultural area. The highest amount of PLI was obtained for the area contaminated with Mehr housing wastewater. together, it can be said that agronomic wastewater have the highest potential for ecological and biological hazards and also Mehr effluent has the the biggest amount of pollution for the wetland ecosystem. Arsenic agricultural wastewater and also arsenic and copper in Mehr housing wastewater, respectively , showed the highest TF to the roots of reeds.

Declining water resources caused usage of recycled water that sometimes not purified well.  The growing population and consequently increasing water demand, along with a shortage of available freshwater resources have inevitably led to the use of unconventional water resources. Irrigation lands with urban wastewater requires quality and quantity control for achieving food security. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation with urban wastewater on the concentration of Nickel and Cadmium in soils and their effects on plant, root, shoot, and functional characteristics of wheat.

  Field sampling was carried out at random from a depth of 0 to 20 cm. Wheat samples were taken at harvest from a 1-meter by 1-meter area. A total of 20 samples for Cadmium metal and 20 samples of Nickel metal were taken.

The results showed that the average concentration of Cadmium and Nickel was 10.6 and 49.43 kg, respectively, which resulted in an accumulation in various parts of the wheat plant. Increasing the concentration of Cadmium and Nickel in the soil increases the accumulation in the root, upper parts, and wheat seeds. Also, increasing the concentration of Cadmium and Nickel in the soil decreases the dry weight of the root, the shoot, and the weight of the thousand seed. However, there was no significant effect on two traits, number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter. The effect of Cadmium concentration was higher than that of Nickel.

Increasing 1 mg of soil Cadmium caused increasing, 0.81, 0.56, 0.6 mg Cadmium in root, upper parts and seed. For Nickel increasing the soil concentrations caused 0.29, 0.29, 0.11 mg in root, upper parts and seed.

The necessity of serious attention to the issue of nature tourism (ecotourism) as a new phenomenon in the machine life of twenty first century is felt so much and importance of it is increasing every day. Our country with a wide range of tourist attractions such as Alamout is unable to use this advantage as well as possible. Although the country’s natural regions can be one of the great attractions for domestic and foreign tourists, but planning for the use of these terms is still in the beginning and no important work has been done for the exploitation of natural attractions. The purpose of this research is to set strategies for developing ecotourism in the region of Alamout that in this regard used from SWOT method (Analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). Using this method and surveys and preparing the questionnaires the internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats were determined. Therefore the strategies to remove weaknesses threats and reinforce strengths and opportunities were set. Eventually these strategies were scored and prioritized based on QSPM matrix to be used in ecotourism development. According to the result the strategies to hold meetings and conferences for revealing the values of the region in local and national levels and enhancing the public culture using educational methods for avoiding environmental destruction and establishment of welfare places and hotels for ecotourism in the region was prioritized.

The entry of antibiotic residues into water resources along with domestic sewage, pharmaceutical, hospital, veterinary, agricultural products and fish ponds is important due to their sustainability and non-degradability. More than 80 types of pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites have been found in water resources. Annually, about (100 to 200) thousand tons of antibiotics, which are about 15% of all drugs, are consumed in the world. Concentration of antibiotics in wastewater in the range of 3 /. Up to 200 micrograms per liter and above. Advanced oxidation (AOPs), catalytic, photoelectrocatalyst, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, photon reactions, and photofenton and membrane reactions have been used.

A total of 108 effluent samples were taken at pH 4, 7, and 9 at 10, 30, and 50 minutes at 15, 30, and 50 volts after the electrocoagulation process. Determination of cefazolin by HPLC Knauer device with C18 column equipped with UV with movable strontium phase and HPLC Grade water of Merck company with 30 to 70 ratio, set at pH equal to 8 with triethylamine, flow 0.5. Ml per minute and wavelength 270 nm, TS with 2540 B, pH with Eutech5500 device, COD with, 5220 D Alk with 2320A methods.

The removal efficiency of Alk, TS, COD and CFZ is 69.49%, 67%, 86% and 79.42%, respectively.

Electrocoagulation was used to reduce the pollution load of wastewater containing antibiotic compounds and resistant and emerging organic pollutants before discharging wastewater into the environment in order to purify the pollutant into an environmentally friendly process.

Water plays an essential role in supporting life on earth and sea worldwide, requiringclean, safe, high quality and sustainable resources. Nowadays, many water resources have been contaminatedwith toxic compounds originating from petroleumdue to economical and industrial developments. There is anurgent need to clean up the waters with environmentally friendlyand inexpensive methods. This study investigated the biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in southern Caspian Sea coastline. Coastline sediment samples were collected, with P. aeruginosa being the predominant strain. The bacteria were cultured in triplicates in the presence of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% of gasoline andunder specific experimental conditions of varying temperature, pH, salinity, shaker speed, and incubation periods. The data representing the gasoline biodegradation in the samples were statistically analyzed.  
At optimized experimental conditions for temperature, pH, salinity, incubation period, and shaker speed, maximum biodegradation of TPH was achieved by culturing P. aeruginosa strains with the sea water samples containing varying concentrations of gasoline. The gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa, almost completely biodegraded TPH contaminants from the samples’ culture media over 28 days of incubation. We conclude that the use of P. aeruginosa is an efficient method for the biodegradation of Caspian coastal waters contaminated with TPH.

Shoreline is a zone between beach and sea. This zone is so fertilizing and have different ecosystems for great ranges of animals as nesting, feeding, breeding and shelter zone. One of the important pollutant factors in the marine ecosystems that has so much negative effect, is oil spill. Oil pots, as a result of oil spilling, have possibility to absorb in the biomass and marine ecosystem. ESI is an important factor to evaluate the shoreline zone to oil spill that provides a base for coastal resources due to probability of oil spilling with high sensivity. Case study in this research is shoreline Zone of Abbas Abad Township located on the west of Mazandaran province and south of Caspian Sea. The base data for mapping included: physical and biological resources, human use of resources is done during summer and autumn of 2012, by scrolling through shoreline, observation and collecting existing documents in the zone, photography, questionnaire of local people and dotting with GIS. According to field study, data collecting and mapping, in this zone, 7 main categories and 9 subcategories are identified, that are known as 3A,4,5, 6B, 8A,8B, 8C,9B,10B. Based on sensivity, identified rankings in the shoreline are two low sensivity 3A and 4, two medium sensivity 5 and 6B and high sensivity 8A,8B, 8C,9B,10B. High sensivity rankings are more than others and low sensitivity rankings covered more than 52% of this shoreline. The second level is for medium sensivity with approximately 38%.

In this study, the groundwater level of the Kabodarahang aquifer located in Iran, Hamadan Province is simulated using the MODFLOW, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Wavelet-Extreme Learning Machine (WA-ELM) Models. Analysis of modeling results shows that numerical models simulate groundwater level with acceptable accuracy. For example, the correlation coefficient and scatter index values for the MODFLOW model are calculated 0.917 and 0.0004, respectively. Then, by different input combination and using the stepwise selection, 10 different models are introduced for the ELM and WA-ELM models as different lags. By evaluating all activation functions of the ELM model, the sigmoid activation function predicts groundwater level values with more accuracy. Also, Daubechies2 is chosen as the mother wavelet of the WA-ELM models. According to different numerical models results, the WA-ELM model is selected as the superior model in prediction of groundwater level. For the superior model, the correlation coefficient and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient are calculated 0.959 and 0.915, respectively.

When the source of irrigation water is wastewater, then there are concerns about the pollution of crop products, the contact of farm workers with pathogens and environmental tensions on the farm''s surface. The purpose of this applied research was to investigate the quality of the wastewater of the combined cycle plant of Montazer Ghaem for re-using in agriculture. In this study, the characteristics of inlet wastewater and outlet effluent from the urban wastewater treatment plant of Montazer Ghaem were investigated based on the statistics of the period of operation and sampling. During the study, the effects of the medium –term usage on the physical and chemical properties of the soil and several plants affected by this water were studied. For this purpose,three samples from the inlet wastewater and three samples of outlet effluents of the treatment plants were provided and 11 sewage quality parameters were tested. Also, three soil samples were prepared from 0 to 30 cm depths from adjacent lands under irrigation with wastewater and a control sample and their physical and chemical properties were determined. Analysis of the changes in the physicochemical parameters showed that, except for the pH which was approximately constant, all parameters including EC, TDS, COD, BOD, turbidity, fat, oil, heavy metals (Fe, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, V) in the inlet wastewater were decreased after refining and leaving the treatment plant. However, some of the parameters were higher than standard levels which indicate the improper performance of the refineries in the removal of physico-chemical contaminants

Hospital wastes are the second hazardous wastes after radioactive wastes. Proper management of this wastes cause to affordable disposal of hospital wastes which is also compatible with the environment. The present study has been done to evaluate the quantity of waste produced and also the function of safety methods in Sari's hospitals.
Required data were collected by going to the production and storage of waste and assessment of the devices function have been done based on biological monitoring of indicator bacteria in infectious wastes.
Findings: Average of total wastes produced were 3198 kg per day in Sari's hospitals and per capita waste production were estimated kg per bed per day 2.49. Average of normal wastes, infectious wastes and winning wastes and radiation wastes were determined per bed respectively, 1.56, 0.7, 0.22, 0.01 kg per day. The total wastes and infectious wastes in private hospitals were more than of public hospitals and Social Security. The results showed that 46% and 36% of infectious wastes have been annihilated by incineration and safe methods respectively. Biological monitoring showed that the most of function Safety devices were at an acceptable level in hospitals. They have been eliminated with an average 80% of microorganisms.
Discussion and Waste production in the most of our hospitals, especially private hospitals, are much higher than usual offered by the World Health Organization. The results show that the size of hospitals (large or small) have no influence in the production of solid waste per bed, and there were related to the type of ownership and management procedures largely.

Some macroinvertebrate indices of stream health have been identified as most useful and efficacious. Management decisions can be made with greater awareness.The objectives of this study were to assess the biological water of the Hazar River using macroinvertebrates.The Haraz River is one of the best freshwater ecosystems in the Mazandaran province located in the north of Iran.To assess the macroinvertebrates diversity in the study area, Simpson index was used,This parameter is 0.25 of the areaThese include theEPT index The HBI is a index of stream organic. We identified 2 Class, 3order , 16 families of macroinvertebrates. some sites of the case study were indicated to have a very bad condition.Especially, the downstream sites are affected by indiscriminating mining for construction-grade sand from alluvial reaches is among the most disastrous one.Diversity within the benthic macroinvertebrate community was described using the Simpson’s diversity index.The Biotic Index was based on their tolerance to organic pollution , creating the Family Biotic Index (FBI).In this survey, biotic index of Haraz River was 5.72 which places in the rank of fairly substantial pollution likely this survey.

Sulfide production has been one of the most important problems in sewage collection systems that came to be known as an important factor of corrosion in concrete sewerage systems since early 1900. The emission of hydrogen sulfide gas in sewerage conduits creates problems including biological corrosion of concrete, release of repulsive odors in the city environment, as well as the potential danger that the toxic sulfide gas poses for the workers. Several factors such as high sulfate density, the organic material, temperature, waste water retention period, pH, Oxidation reduction potential (ORP), flow rate and surface area can increase the probable emission of sulfide. Due to the adverse effects of this chemical material, in recent years broader studies have been conducted on the control of sulfide production in sewage collection networks, including the injection of air, nitrate, H2O2, and iron salt. The purpose of these studies was to find suitable solutions for controlling the emission of hydrogen sulfide taking into account the construction conditions and economic profitability. This article is a review of all the research done on controlling the production of sulfate in sewage collection systems. It also reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used in these studies which have examined the effectiveness of using formaldehyde, MgO2/CaO2, MFCs, nitrates, microbe-eliminators. The results of this study show that using the aforementioned chemical and biological materials for controlling the challenges of hydrogen sulfide production in sewerage, besides being economical and effective, are able to protect sewerage from corrosion and we can also arrive at a healthy and odorless environment.

Air pollution is one of anthropogenic aspect in 20th century especially cement factories have important role on air pollution. Pollutant material cement factories contain carbon bearing components, heavy metals, sulfur oxide, N oxide. This research aimed to investigate the heavy metal concentrations (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni (in soil samples of Neka cement dust deposition. The sampling was done on October of 2012. For this aim, 4 sample points were chosen with 100, 400, 800 intervals of cement factory. The protected area from the pollutant material was selected as control point. To ensure of samples sufficiency in each sample point, 4 soil samples were collected.. Then samples were dried and measured for heavy metals concentrations using digestive method with ICP. Our results showed that there is a high level of heavy metal concentrations at 10 meters interval from factory and heavy metal concentrations decrease parallel to distance increase. Also in more cases, measuring of heavy metals concentration, is more than the world standard and this indicates the big polluting role of Neka cement factory. Between the studied elements, Co, Cr, Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni and Zn have most different rate compared with world standard.

Phytoremediation is an ecofriendly method that recently used for contamination removal. n this article, phytoremediation of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, and Ni) by amaranth and Persian clover has been studied. Context: Soil samples with different amount of contamination were prepared. Contaminated soil samples keep in greenhouse and Amaranthus retroflexus cultivated in polypropylene pots. Before and after cultivation soil samples heavy metal amount has been analyzed. The amount of heavy metals in soils decreased after 120 days cultivation. Accumulations of heavy metals in plant tissues were measured. Translocation factor (TF) has been calculated. TF from root to upper part of plants in the order of Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd and TF from root to upper part of plants in the order of Ni > Cr > Cd > Cu. Amaranthus were resistance among high amount of heavy metal in soils. Result indicated that Amaranthus retroflexus has a good ability to remove heavy metal from contaminated soils. According to resultphytoremediation by Amaranthus retroflexus is a good and economical choice for remedy contaminated site.

Various regions in Iran, especially the Khuzestan Province, have been covered by dust and dirt during the past two years due to environmental changes in the Middle East. We sought to evaluate the effect of these pollutants on the coagulant factors of people residing in Abadan and Khoramshahr, two major cities of Khuzestan Province. One hundred twenty-nine healthy individuals were enrolled into this study, and their prothrombin time as well as fibrinogen, platelet, and Factor VIII levels were measured before and after climate changes After climate changes, the mean prothrombin time decreased, while the fibrinogen, platelet, and Factor VIII levels rose. The results of this study suggest that the pollutants deployed in the Middle East can affect prothrombin time as well as fibrinogen, platelet, and Factor VII levels considerably and increase coagulant state. The pollutants can, consequently, increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It seems that cooperation at government levels between Iran and its neighboring countries is required to reverse desertification and avoid inaccurate usage of subterranean water resources so as to lessen air pollution.