فهرست مطالب leila alimoradi

In order to manage narrow-leaved weeds in wheat fields, an experiment was to investigate the effect of five adjuvants on the efficiency of different doses of Pinoxaden herbicide (EC 5%) in controlled of avena ludoviciana and Lolium rigidum accessions. experiment as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse of Plant Protection Institute in 2020. Factors consists of five adjuvants (Ino Alg NPK, Ino Alg NPK (NG), Torpedo and amino acid leucine), 2-included different doses of pinoxaden (including doses of 37. 2, 46.2, 56.7 and 72 g.a.h-1 (Pinoxaden) 3- included of Avena ludoviciana and Lolium rigidum accessions (susceptible and resistant). Weed results showed that adjuvants used in this experiment with Pinoxaden did not show a negative effect on wet and dry weight loss of wheat. Also, with increasing dose of Pinoxaden , control of weed populations increased. Among Adjuvants the use of Ino AlgNPK (NG) adjuvants with fresh weight loss of 93.69 and 87.39% ( populations of Avena ludoviciana, respectively) and amino acid leucine with fresh weight loss of 96.48 and 80.78% (Lolium rigidum, respectively) with a dose of 72 g.a.h-1 had highest reduction in fresh weight loss compared to control. in terms of EWRC index and dry weight loss percentage, no significant difference was observed between doses and adjuvants used in control of these two weeds. results showed amino acid adjuvants leucine and Ino AlgNPK (NG) is recommended to increase effectiveness of Pinoxaden in controlling the weeds of Lolium rigidum and Avena ludoviciana, respectively.

A greenhouse study was conducted during the 2019-2020 at the Plant Protection Research Institute in Tehran. A completely randomized design in factorial arrangement with four replications was used evaluate the effects of five adjuvants (first factor), different doses in conjunction with mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-methylsodium herbicide(second factor) on the resistantandsensitive populations of wild oat to clodinafop-propargyl herbicide (third factor). At the 2 to 3 leaf stage of the wild oat, spraying was done doses of 1.05, 1.2, 1.35, 1.5 liters per hectare, with five types of additives in the amount of four, two, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.03 liters per hectare. Four weeks after spraying percentage of fresh weight, dry weight and survival of the plants were measured. In all doses, Ino Alg NPK (NG) adjuvant had the greatest effect on reducing the fresh weight of sensitive and resistant wild oat biotypes. Among the four doses of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-methylsodium herbicide, the doses of 1.5 and 1.05 times the recommended dose, had the highest and lowest efficacy in fresh weight loss and dry weight in sensitive and resistant populations of wild oat, respectively. According to the EWRC index data, the effectiveness of all adjuvants was the same on sensitive associations (100%) but different on resistant associations. Also, based on this index, sensitive and resistant populations in almost all doses showed almost the same percentage of control. In general, in this experiment, Ino Alg NPK (NG) adjuvant and 1.5 times the recommended dose showed the highest efficiency in controlling both susceptible and resistant populations of wild oat.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation levels of deficit irrigation on growth indices of Petunia (Petunia hybrida L.), Coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida L.), Blanket flower (Gaillardia grandiflora L.), Marigold (Tagetes patula L.), a pot experiment was conducted in a research greenhouse in Mashhad, on 2016. This experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were different irrigation levels (100% field capacity (control), 75% field capacity, 50% field capacity, 25% field capacity) and 4 flower species (Petunia, Coneflower, Blanket flower, Marigold). In this experiment, irrigation treatements were selected so that plants were exposed to non-stress conditions, moderate stress, moderate stress and severe stress. Application of irrigation stress was done using weighted method. Recorded Traits were leaf area index (LAI), plant height, number of flowers, flower mean diameter, flower fresh and dry weigh, leaf fresh and dry weight, lateral branche number, lateral branche fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, root height, bud number, bud fresh and dry weight, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weight. Results showed that different species and different irrigation treatements and their interactions had significant effect on the traits (p<1%). Comparison of different plant species characteristics showed that coneflower was the most resistant species in terms of plant height, root fresh weight and flower number. In terms of root length, the most resistant species was petunia and marigolod and blanket flower were sensitive. About the number of lateral branches, blanket flower was resistant and coneflower was sensitive. Also, coneflower was resistant and petunia and blanket flower was sensitive in terms of flower number. In terms of mean flower diameter, resistant species was petunia and marigold, blanketflower and coneflower were susceptible.

Mentha pulegium L. is one of the medicinal plants used in the food production as a flavoring substance and its antibacterial effect has also been considered. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical composition of Mentha pulegium L. originated from Iran and its antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria.
The chemical compounds of this medicinal plant were analyzed by GC-MS and 14 components were identified, representing 86.98% of its total essential mass. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil (EO) of Mentha pulegium L., has been evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato using disc diffusion method compared to synthetic antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated against the above tested bacteria using macrobroth dilution method.
Results showed that the EO of Mentha pulegium L., was formed by the main components of piperitone (32.1%), piperitenone (21.71%) and pulegone (15.85%). In addition, the results obtained using MIC and MBC showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of the EO of M. pulegium was in the range of 10-40 mg/mL for S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeroginosa and 20 mg/mL for Ps. syringae pv. tomato, respectively. According to the results, the maximum zones of inhibition (29.15 mm) was observed on P. syringae P. tomato in 40 mg/mL of essential oil, and the minimum zone of inhibition (17.08 mm) was related to P. aeroginosa in the same concentration.
The results revealed that EO of Mentha pulegium L. had an appropriate inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

This research was carried out to investigate the population structure of the plant flora of weeds in two different microclimates. To perform this experiment, two pieces of lands located in Mashhad, with dimensions of 95 × 20 m were selected; one of them was an abandoned agricultural land and the other was an abandoned garden. Both areas were without maintenance for about 8 years but the garden was irrigated just for grazing sheeps and goats. Sample taking from intersections of regular grids of 5 × 5 m by 1 × 1 m quadrates was conducted. After fitting the theoretical models of empirical variogram with interpolation of points, the maps of the species were drawn. To study the vegetative cover in both regions the α and β diversity indicators, the relative frequency, species richness, uniformity, Shanon-Veiwer and Simpson indices, and also similarity indicators, Ashtyn house, Jaccard and Sorenson similarity coefficient was determined. Totally 35 species which were belonged to 12 plant families were found, 15 species of which were found in the abandoned agricultural land but Alhagi pseudalhaji and two species of Lactuca genus were common in both lands. In the survey conducted, 31 species were dicots and 4 species were monocots. Climate conditions causes that in each region ecotype of plant species vary in terms of the number and families, thus effects on the diversity and distribution in the region.

To investigate the efficiency of herbicides on weed control in tomato, an experiment was conducted on randomize complete block design with three replications in Chenaran - Khorasan Razavi - in 2010. The treatments included of herbicide dosage Sulfosulfuron (20, 40, 60 and 80 g ha-1), Aclonifen (1, 2, 3 and 4 L ha-1), Foramsulfuron (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 L ha-1) and Metribuzin (100, 200, 300 and 600 g ha-1).The control plots were consisted as weed free and weedy check, respectively. In order to measure weed density, dry matter, weed control percentage and evaluating herbicide effect on tomato based on EWRC, sampling was taken before herbicide application and 20 days after herbicide treatments. At the end of growing season, traits such as tomato per plant dry matter, per plant yield and total tomato yield was measured. Metribuzin, Sulfosulfuron, Foramsulfuron and Aclonifen provided weak to satisfactory level of weed control, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest weed dry matter and weed density was found at high doses of herbicides that was associated with damage to tomato. Foramsulfuron, Sulfosulfuron and Metribuzin/ resulted the highest tomato dry matter. the highest tomato plant yield, gained by Metribuzin and Aclonifen herbicides, respectively. Totally, Aclonifen (2 and 3 L ha-1), Foramsulfuron (1.5 L ha-1), Metribuzin (300 g ha-1) and Sulfosulfuron (20 g ha-1) not only provided optimal weed control, but also high tomato yield with minimal damage to crop.

To control weed in SC704 corn inbred lines using new herbicides, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replication and ten treatments in AgriculturalResearchCenter and Natural Resources of Khorasan Razavi Province, in Mashhad during 2010. The treatments consisted of Nicosulfuron (Cruz 4%SC, 80 g ha-1), Nicosulfuron + Bromoxynil + MCPA (Nicosclfuron 4% SC+ Bromicid MA® 4%EC, 80 + 400 g ha-1), Rimsulfuron + Nicosulfuron (Ultima® DF75%, 90 and 127.5 g ha-1), Foramsulfuron (Equip® 22.5% OD, 337.5 and 562.5 g ha-1), and Mesotrione + S-Metolachlor + Terbuthylazine (Lumax® 537.5 SE, 1344 and 1881 g ha-1). Two treatments weed free and weed infested were also included as checks. The most frequent weeds were Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., Solanum nigrum L., and Chenopodium album L. The results showed that all herbicides could significantly reduce the density and dry weight of weeds. The most efficient treatment for the weed control was Nicosulfuron + Bromoxynil + MCPA with 76.7% and 80.9% reduction of weed density and weed dry weight, respectively. Further more Mesotrione + S-Metolachlor + Terbuthylazine (1344 g ha-1) was the most efficient in reducing weed density and weed dry weight. Combination of Rimsulfuron + Nicosulfuron (90 g ha-1) with 0.936 t ha-1 was the most inefficient treatment for hybrid seed yield.

Biodiversity of natural ecosystems is often studied at three levels، ecosystem، species and genetic diversity. In fact، agrobiodiversity is the outcome of species، genetic and management diversity interactions. In order to investigate the species and functional diversity and structure of weed communities in sugar beet fields of different cities in Khorassan Razavi and Khorassan Shomali، 178 farms from 12 cities were studied. Data were collected from questioners، weed population sampling and interview with farmers. The results showed that weed population in different cities composed of 56 species in 14 plant families، in which dicotyledon species were more than monocotyledons. This community، 47 species were C3 plants and others were C4 species. These 56 species also included of 36 annuals، 2 biennials and 18 prennials. Poaceae and Asteraceae families showed the most diversity amongst the monocotyledon and dicotyledon، respectively. The results also shown that Chenaran and Khauf had the most (27 species) and the least (5 species) species richness. Sorenson and Steinhaus similarity indices were showed that Chenaran and Ghouchan showed highest similarity (0. 9%) whereas، Ghouchan and Khauf showed the least similarity index (0. 2%).

Diazinon is a chemical pesticide used for a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops. However, its residue in agricultural products could seriously threaten human health. The present study measured diazinon residue in tomato, cucumber and melon by collecting samples from different areas including 2 regions for tomato (Mashhad and Shiravan), 6 regions for cucumber (Disfool, Jiroft, Kerman, Shirvan, Torbate-Jam and Mashhad), and 2 regions for melon (Shiravan and Torbate-Jam). Diazinon residues were determined using gas chromatography (GC) technique. Results showed that pesticide residue in melon samples from Torbate- Jam and Shiravan were 4.98 and 4.11 times more than the permited residue level, respectively. Cucumber samples collected from Disfool,Rafsanjan, Jiroft, Kerman and Shiravan were 6.1, 4.4, 4.2, 2.1, and 1.8 times higher than the permitted level, respectively. However, diazinon residue in cucumber and tomato grown in Mashhad were lower than permitted levels.