فهرست مطالب leili abedi

The birth of a premature baby needing to be hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) endangers the initial mother-baby relationship, affecting mother-baby attachment. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide mothers of premature babies with appropriate nursing support. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of spiritual self-care training on the mother-baby attachment of mothers giving birth to premature babies hospitalized in the NICU.

This was a semi-experimental study with pre-test/post-test design conducted on 60 mothers with babies admitted to the NICU of Taleghani Hospital of Ilam (30 participants in each of the intervention and control groups).Two questionnaires were used for data collection, including a demographic information questionnaire and the Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS). Five self-care training sessions (45 minutes each) were held for mothers of the intervention group according to a self-care booklet prepared by the researcher. The attachment questionnaire was again completed after one week of the last training sessions by all participants, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. Descriptive statistics were used to present quantitative (mean ±SD) and qualitative (frequency, %) variables. The normality of the data was checked using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, and the MANOVA and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests were used to investigate the effects of the training on mother-baby attachment. The statistical significance level was considered P<0.05.

The means of the total attachment score in the intervention and control groups were obtained as 51.73 and 56.43 at the pretest and 53.36 and 49.77 at the post-test, respectively, indicating that spiritual self-care training was effective in improving mother-baby attachment (P<0.05).

Our results showed that spiritual self-care training augmented mothers’ attachment to their babies hospitalized at the NICU. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested to pave the ground in clinical environments by educating nurses and caregivers and supporting the mother and the baby through spiritual self-care interventions to promote maternal attachment and improve their conditions.

According to the results of the present study, it is suggested to pave the ground in clinical environments by educating nurses and caregivers and supporting the mother and the baby through spiritual self-care interventions to promote maternal attachment and improve their conditions.

Soon after the outbreak of COVID-19, Universities of medical sciences was forced to shift from face-to-face education toward online educational activities according to WHO recommendation to observe physical distancing. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the quality of virtual education classes from the perspective of students and professors at Ilam University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in five faculties of Ilam University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Thirty professors and 370 students participated in the study by convenience sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the viewpoint of university professors and students about the quality of virtual classes. The questionnaire included 30 questions in four sections: the ability to use the educational system, feelings and attitudes towards the virtual class, learning and educational environment, interactive learning and perceived effectiveness, plus five questions addressing satisfaction with the training course. The data were analyzed using independent t-test at a significance level of P <0.05 by SPSS 22 software.

The mean and standard deviation (SD) score of the quality of virtual education classes from the perspective of professors and students was 48.6(16.2) and 47.9(25.9), respectively, which is considered moderate. There was a significant difference between professors' and students’ viewpoints about satisfaction with virtual education classes (P= 0.004), indicating that the professors were more contented than students.

Generally, professors and students rated the overall quality of virtual classes as moderate, and they were also relatively satisfied with the course.

Road traffic accident is one of the most important causes of disability and death in the young population. A significant number of people injured in road traffic accidents die after they arrive at the hospital.
This study aimed to assess the trend of mortality in road traffic accidents and forecast it for the coming years using time series modeling.
This study investigated the trend of road traffic accidents and their victims in Najafabad, Iran, between 2011 and 2017. The ARIMA time series model was fitted on the obtained data and the best model was selected based on the least mean square error. Moreover, the model’s goodness of fit was investigated by residuals ACF and PACF plots as well as Ljung-Box chi-square statistics.
The trend analysis and ARIMA models were investigated, and the results showed a descending trend of fatalities due to traffic accident during 2011-2017. Afterwards, some models were fitted and ARIMA was selected (0, 1, 1), because it had the lowest mean square error value. By fitting the best model, the trend of traffic accident mortality was forecasted for five years (2018 to 2022). Finally, the forecasted values showed that future traffic accident mortalities had a decreasing trend.
The trend of mortality due to road traffic injuries declined, indicating a decreasing trend in deaths for the upcoming years. Therefore, the interventions that have been applied in recent years may be considered as useful.

Estimating the population who use drugs is essential for planning, monitoring, and evaluation of substance use prevention and treatment. This study aims to estimate the population who misuse tramadol in urban population in Iran.

We used the wisdom of the experts (WOTE) and network scale-up (NSU) methods to calculate the population of tramadol misusers in 10 provincial capitals of Iran, in 2016. The WOTE was conducted among pharmacists in drugstores and the personnel of traditional medicinal herbs stores. They guessed the best estimation of tramadol misusers population in their cities. The NSU method was conducted among the general population and participants were questioned about ever and daily, non-medical use of tramadol during last 12 months in their network. The median of the methods was used to calculate the proportion of the adult population (15-49 years old).

The population size of tramadol misusers in studied cities was 83300 [95% uncertainty limits (UL): 47960-256220]. This corresponded to 6.6 per 1000 (95% UL: 3.88-20.30) of the 15-49-year-old population. The projected number of tramadol misusers for all 31 provincial capitals was 118290 (95% UL: 68100-363130840) and 212440 (95% UL: 122310-653410) for all urban areas. NSU also estimated the number of people who misuse tramadol on daily basis. These numbers were 52000 (95% UL: 19940-176570) for studied cities, 73840 (95% UL: 28320-250740) for all 31 provincial capital cities, and 132610 (95% UL: 50860-450310) for all urban areas in Iran.

This study presents information on high prevalence of tramadol misuse in urban population. We need national control measures and demand reduction programs to control tramadol misuse.

Use of helmet by motorcyclists decreases the incidence and severity of an injury and its related death. Unfortunately, the helmet use rate is not in an acceptable level in Iran. This study aimed to systematically identify the determinants and barriers of helmet use among Iranian motorcyclists.
A systematic search of literature was done using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of knowledge databases for English literature and SID for Persian articles by specified keywords. Manual searching and reference of references were used to improve the articles identification. Articles published before 1995 and those which did not report the barriers and determinants of helmet use were excluded. Data were extracted using an extraction table.
Out of 49 retrieved articles, 13 articles were included in the study. Most of them (70%) had a cross-sectional design. Personal factors (such as older age, marital status and education) and motorcyclist's attitude and beliefs about the helmet effectiveness were reported as important determinants of helmet use. Helmet weight and its visual and audial limitation for motorcyclists were known as the main reported barriers to use a helmet.
Interventions affecting the motorcyclist's attitude must be employed along with the legal interventions. Moreover, cost-effective engineering improvements in helmet production remain an important policy to improve the compliance of helmet use.

Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors during young adulthood can have negative impacts on health for the rest of a person’s life. University students are in a transition stage to adulthood and face considerable changes in their life during their time at university. Therefore, the evaluation of their lifestyle and its changes over time using a valid and reliable tool is very important. This study aimed at assessing reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Healthy Lifestyle Scale for University Students (HLSUS).
The HLSUS was developed by Wong et al., based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model, and was translated into Persian using forward/backward translation methods. Content validity of the scale was assessed by a panel of eleven experts. Moreover, Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated to examine internal consistency. The construct validity was assessed via detecting the factor structure of measurements on a sample of 400 students from different faculties of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Scale-item correlations and known group analyses were used to evaluate. convergent and discriminant validity.
The HLSUS demonstrated good content validity (content validity index [CVI] values 0.80-1.00 and content validity ratio [CVR] values 0.71-1.00), internal consistency (α = 0.87) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.89). Based on exploratory factor analysis, it was determined that the eight factor solution was optimal for distinguishing the underlying factors.
The Persian version of the HLSUS demonstrated initial reliability and validity.

Road traffic injuries are the eighth leading cause of death worldwide which usually occurs among people aged between15-29 years. In most LAMICs, half of fatal road traffic injuries occur among motorcyclists, which little is known about purpose of riding among motorcycle riders.
To map out epidemiological aspects of motorcycle traffic injuries with a focus on purpose of riding among victims admitted to referral centers, Tabriz, Iran. Materials/Patients and A descriptive study was carried out on 200 motorcycle traumatic patients admitted to Shohada and Imam Reza trauma centers in Tabriz((because these two hospitals are referral for trauma in East Azarbyjan Province), Iran from April till November 2013. A questionnaire was filled out through face to face interview for all subjects. Statistical analysis was done using Stata version 11.
All subjects were male with mean age of 29 years old. Among injured riders, 70% and 22% of them used helmet and had a riding license, respectively. About 23% of motorcycle riders stated that their main purpose of motorcycle riding was only for fun. Among motorcycle riders who used the motorcycle for fun purposes, the rate of helmet wearing was 43.5% versus 78% among those riding for other purposes (P 0.05; Odd ratio=1. 56, 95% CI: 0. 67-3.4). Crashes have happened more in the summer and during the afternoon times.
Motorcyclists who rode motorcycles for fun and amusement, not having rider licenses and helmets wearing were less than other motorcycle riders. Since motorcyclists are mainly young, the rate of risky behavior in this group is higher. Therefore, it is suggested that young motorcycle riders who ride for fun, needs the priority for safety promotion intervention.