فهرست مطالب m daneshyar

In this experiment, the effect organic forms of zinc, copper, manganese and iron on growth performance, morphology and microbial population of small intestinal using 360 one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers in a Completely randomized design with 6 groups and 6 replicates from 1 to 42 days of age under heat stress conditions. The experimental groups were: 1- basal diet (control), 2- basal diet + 5mg copper-methionine, 20mg manganese-methionine and 5mg iron-methionine (CuMnFe) 3-basal diet + 40mg zinc-methionine, 20mg manganese-methionine, 5 mg iron-methionine (ZnMnFe) 4-basal diet + 40mg zinc-methionine, 5mg copper-methionine, 5mg iron- Methionine (ZnCuFe) 5-basal diet +40mg zinc-methionin, 5mg copper-methionine, 20mg manganese-methionine (ZnCuMn) and 6-basal diet +40mg zinc-methionine, 5mg copper-methionine, 20mg manganese-methionine and 5mg iron-methionine (ZnCuMnFe). The consumption of CuMnFe and ZnCuMn groups increased the villus height as compared to other groups. The birds of all groups had the lower abdominal fat weight, higher muscle layer thickness and lower coliform population in ileum compared to control birds. The number of Lactobacillus bacteria in ZnMnFe and ZnCuMn birds was higher than that of the birds in other groups. In conclusion, consumption of ZnCuFe group in broiler diet under heat stress condition causes the decreased harmful microbial population in intestine and improved performance and breast and thigh weights.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of different dietary methionine levels on performance, carcass characteristics, energy and protein efficiencies, breast muscle nutrients, and some blood indices in Japanese quails during 11-24 days of age. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design during 14 days with 490 quail chicks in seven treatments and five replicates each (14 chicks in each replicate). The experimental diets were the NRC requirement of methionine for quail (0.5 percent), three methionine levels of 7.5, 15, and 22.5 percent lower than that of NRC requirement level (0.4625, 0.425, and 0.3875%, respectively), and three levels higher than that of NRC requirement level (0.5375, 0.575 and 0.6125%, respectively). The results showed that consumption of 0.575% methionine level caused the highest weight gain and lowest feed conversion ratio (linear and quadratic responses). The breast protein content was linearly increased by increasing the methionine level to 0.5%. Consumption of 0.6125% methionine (the highest methionine level) caused the highest relative thigh weight (linear and quadratic responses). The best energy and protein efficiencies were indicated by consumption of 0.575% methionine (linear and quadratic responses). The methionine requirement for optimal weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and energy and protein efficiencies were 0.569, 0.578, 0.54, and 0.35% according to the quadratic broken line. In total, the level of 0.569% was determined for methionine requirement based on the cumulative response of weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and energy and protein efficiencies.

The aim of this experimentwas to investiagatethe effects of different levels of valine on performance, carcass traits and quality and insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1) and insulin genes expression in male Ross 308 broiler ckickens. Present study performed using 250 one day male broiler chicks Ross 308 in completiy randomized design including 25 pen, 5 treatments and 5 replicates each (10 chicks in each replicate) with 5 levels of valine (100, 105, 110, 115, 120 percent of Ross starin requirments). At day 42 of age, one chick from each replicate slaughtered to determine the carcass traits, meat quality, serum IGF-1 and insulin and IGF-1 genes expressions. The improved body weight gain and decreased feed conversion ratio during starter, grower and finisher periods were observed by consumption of 110% valine level. Consumption of 110% valine caused the increased carcass, breast and thigh and lowered abdominal fat at 42 days of age. The IGF-1 and insulin genes expression of breast muscle and liver increased by 115% valine. At day 42 of age, consumption of 110% valine improved the protein, dry matter, crude fat and ash content of meat. In conclusion, consumption of 10% higher than Ross valine requirements increases the IGF-I and Insuline genes expressions through up-reguletion of mTOR and promotion of S6k1 phosphorylation signaling mRNA translettion and protein synthesis and hence improves the performance and carcass quality and decreases the abdominal fat in Ross 308 broiler chickens.

The replacement of inorganic mineral with organic sources can impose benefical effects on broiler chickens. The replacement of 25 and 50% inorganic iodine with organic source had beneficial effects on the determined indices of current experiment (Angelovicova et al., 2012). Higher replacement levels (100% organic iodine) detrimentally affected the blood and tissue indices of broiler chickens (Opalinski et al., 2012; Saki et al., 2012; Peyvastegan et al., 2017). The aim of this study was to investigate the replacement of inorganic mineral with organic sources iodine effects on performance, carcass characteristics, meat iodine, thyroid hormones, and some blood indices in broiler chickens. This experiement was performed to investiage the effects of different levels of inorganic iodine (potassium iodiate) replaced with organic source (yeast iodine) on performance, carcass characteristics, iodine content of meat, and thyroid hormone concentrations and blood indices (hematocrit, RBC, WBC, Hb, ALP, ALT, AST, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL) in broiler chcikens. The experiment was done based on a completely randomized design using 250 male broiler chickens (Ross strain) with 5 treatments and 5 replicates per each treatment (10 birds per each replicate) during a 42 days period. The experimental treatments included different replacement levels of 0.0 (5 mg/kg inorganic iodine without any organic source), 0.25 (3.75 mg/kg inorganic iodine along with 1.25 mg/kg organic source), 0.50 (2.5 mg/kg inorganic iodine along with 2.5 mg/kg organic source), 0.75 (1.25 mg/kg inorganic iodine along with 3.75 mg/kg organic source) and 100% (5 mg/kg organic iodine without any inorganic source) inorganic iodine (potassium iodiate) with organic source (yeast iodine). None of the repleacement levels of inorganic with organic source had effects on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). Inceasing the inorganic replacement with organic form of iodine linearly increased the carcass and thigh relative weight (P<0.05). The birds fed 5 mg/kg inorganic iodine had the highest carcass weight (P<0.05). The birds fed the diets including 75 and 100% of organic iodine replacement had the highest breast and thigh weights (P<0.05). The abdominal fat trended to be lower in birds fed 5 mg/kg organic iodine (100% replamecment) as compared to control diet (100% inorganic iodine), (P=0.065). Moreover, increasing the replacement amount of organic iodine to 100% increased the breast meat iodine content linearly (P<0.05), while breast meat of birds fed 5 mg/kg organic iodine had the highest iodine content (P<0.05). Moreover, the breast iodine content of birds fed the diets with 75% replacement of inorganic iodine (3.75 mg yeats iodine and 1.25 mg potasium iodate per kg) was higher than those of diets with lower inorganic iodine replacements (P<0.05). No effects of inorganic iodine replacement were detected on relative weights of liver, heart, spleen, small intestine, deudenum and ileum (P>0.05), but incressing replacement of organic iodine caused an increase in the relative weights of pancreas, gizzard, jujenum, and thyroid gland (P<0.05). Birds which received the highest replacement level of organic iodine showed the highest pancrease,
gizzard, jejunem and thyroid gland weights wherease the control birds had the lowest weights of these organs at day 42 of experiment. There were no effects of inorganic iodine replacement with organic source on white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and hetrophils at day 42 of experiment (P>0.05). Moreover, increasing the organic iodine replacement to inorganic form increased red blood cells and hematocrit (P<0.05). Blood hematocrit was increased by increasing the organic replacement until 50% (P<0.05). No effects of replacement level were observed for blood triglyceride and cholesterol (P>0.05). Both the blood LDL and HDL contents were affected by the replacement levels (P<0.05). Blood LDL concentration was increased by increasing the inorgainic level replacements but there were no significant difference between the replacement levels of 50, 75 and 100% inorganic iodine. The highest blood HDL concentration was related to the birds fed the 50% replacement of inorganic iodine with organic iodine source (2.5 mg yeast iodine and 2.5 mg potassium iodate). Moreover, the lowest blood HDL content was observed for the birds fed 75% replacement of inorganic iodine with organic iodine source. The blood enzyme activities of alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase along with T3 and T4 contents were increased by increasing the replacement level of inorganic iodine with organic source (P<0.05). The birds fed the control diet (5 mg/kg potassium iodate) had the lowest enzyme activities and thyroid hormone contents while the highest activity of the mentioned enzymes and thyroid hormones were observed for the higest replacement rate (100% inorganic iodine replacement). It is concluded that higher than 50% inorganic replacement with yeast iodine caused functional impairment of vital organs. Hence, replacement of 25 and 50% inorganic iodine with organic form had the benefical effects in broiler chickens by increasing the carcass and thigh weights, the breast iodine content and relative weights of internal organs.

Two hundred and twenty day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly used in five groups to investigate the effects of sodium nitrate consumption or different levels of 0، 0. 2، 0. 4 and 0. 6% thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extract along with sodium nitrate in drinking water on growth، carcass characteristics and some blood indices. No significant differences were observed between the treatments for body weight gain، feed consumption and feed conversion ratio during the whole experiment period (p>0. 05). Thyme extracts or nitrate consumption had no effect on blood glucose، cholesterol and triglyceride and aspartate amino transferase (p>0. 05). Nitrate consumption increased the blood HDL content as compared to control (p<0. 05); however، thyme extract at concentrations of 0. 2 and 0. 4% along with nitrate decreased the blood HDL content (p<0. 05). Moreover، proportional weights of the thigh، breast، liver، heart، lung، spleen and abdominal fat were not affected by dietary treatments (p>0. 05). Totally، thyme extract consumption had no effect on the performance of chickens consuming nitrate but it decreased blood HDL level by reducing the oxidation of LDL.

This experiment was conducted on breeder native hens (West Azerbaijan). For this purpose، two hundred and forty native hens (23 weeks old) were used in four experimental groups. The birds of each group were put in six replicate pens. Furthermore، a rooster was put in each cage for investigate the fertility and hatchability of the hens. The birds of different groups were received the different levels of 0، 0. 25، 0. 50 and 1 percent turmeric rhizome powder. After the feeding the experimental diets for five weeks، 20 eggs were collected from each cages and used for incubation. There were no significant differences between the treatments for hatchability، fertility، embryo mortality and chick quality between treatments (p>0. 05). Turmeric had no effect on blood total protein (p>0. 05) but the highest turmeric consumption caused the increased blood cholesterol (p<0. 05). Furthermore، blood lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activities were not affected by turmeric (p>0. 05). However، all the turmeric levels decreased blood glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity as compared to control (p<0. 05).