m. a. karimi torshizi

In this research, the effect of zinc and selenium synthesized from nano-mineralized probiotics was investigated on yield characteristics, egg quality characteristics, antioxidant status, and immune response of laying hens. A number of 576 high-line laying hens at the peak of production (from 25 to 37 weeks of age in three four-week periods) were used as a completely randomized design with a 3x3 factorial experiment with eight replications and eight birds per replication. Experimental treatments are 1. The control diet (without selenium and zinc), 2. Control diet + selenium chelate, 3. Control diet + zinc chelate, 4. Control diet + zinc synthesized from probiotics, 5. Control diet + selenium synthesized from probiotics, 6. Control diet + zinc chelate + selenium chelate, 7. Diet Control + zinc chelate + selenium synthesized from probiotic, 8. Control diet + zinc synthesized from probiotic + selenium chelate, 9. Control diet + zinc synthesized from probiotic + selenium synthesized from probiotic. The results showed that using zinc and selenium synthesized from probiotics increased production percentage, average egg weight, and improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The serum concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride and malondialdehyde in chickens receiving probiotic zinc and selenium was the lowest. The serum HDL concentration and total antioxidant index were the highest compared to other treatments (P<0.05). In general conclusion, zinc and selenium synthesized from nano-mineralized probiotics have a better performance in laying hens.

Egg is one of the most valuable food items in the human diet. Several factors, such as diseases, bird age, diet, temperature, humidity, transportation, and storage time can affect the quality of eggs. The longer the storage time, the more CO2 penetrates the eggshell, particularly at room temperature, resulting in decreased internal quality. Eggs are a perishable product and must be stored in the refrigerator from production to consumption. Refrigeration increases production costs and ultimately leads to an increase in the final product price. Currently, there is a growing interest in developing effective methods to preserve the internal quality of eggs. The use of edible coatings after washing the eggs can help preserve the internal quality of the eggs during long-term storage. Edible coatings are an available technology that is currently used to control moisture, gas exchange, and oxidation processes for many products. The use of suitable active and antimicrobial edible films and coatings can potentially reduce the microbial load of egg surfaces, reduce undesirable changes, and increase their shelf life. Proteins are commonly used as film-forming materials. Proteins that have been previously investigated for egg coating development include whey protein isolate or concentrate, zein, and rice protein concentrate. Chicken feathers are a by-product of the poultry industry and are mostly disposed of without any processing, causing severe environmental pollution. To date, hydrolyzed feather protein has not been reported as an egg coating, so this study investigated the effect of hydrolyzed feather protein coating at two concentrations on the shelf life of chicken eggs under room temperature storage conditions.

In this study, a total of 120 fresh white-shelled eggs were obtained from Hy-Line W36 laying hens. The eggshells were washed to remove any surface contamination, then the eggs were numbered and randomly selected for each coating method. The samples were divided into three treatments of 40 eggs each treatment in a completely randomized design. The treatments included control (0%, without coating), a coating containing 10% (w/v) hydrolyzed feather, and a coating containing 20% hydrolyzed feather. Pure glycerol (Serva, Germany) was added to hydrolyzed feathers (2% w/v). The feather hydrolyzed protein was prepared at Tarbiat Modares University using alkaline hydrolyzed raw chicken feathers obtained from a commercial broiler slaughterhouse (Iran Borchin, Tehran). The chemical analysis of hydrolyzed feather protein was performed based on standard methods (dry matter, protein, ash, and fat), and the amino acid profile of the protein was also tested. Some nutritional or toxic important minerals were also measured. Egg weight, Haugh units, albumen weight, yolk weight, yolk color, albumen pH, yolk pH, and shell strength were measured during storage weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

According to the data of this study, the height of the egg white and Haugh units in the stored eggs were significantly affected by the experimental coatings (P<0.05). The height of the egg white and Haugh units were significantly higher in the treatment with 20% hydrolyzed protein coating compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The yellowness of the egg yolk was significantly affected by the experimental coatings in the third week (P<0.05). The highest egg quality score was observed in the first and third weeks in eggs with 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating (P<0.05). The eggshell characteristics were not affected by the experimental coatings. The egg white and yolk percentages were not affected by the experimental coatings. The pH of the egg white in the first and third weeks decreased significantly in eggs with 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The pH of the yolk was not affected by the experimental treatments. The pH in both the yolk and egg white increased over time. Eggs with coating had significantly less weight loss compared to uncoated eggs (P<0.05). The lowest weight loss was related to eggs with 10% and 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating, which had a significant difference with uncoated eggs (P<0.05). The weight loss after seven days of storage in uncoated eggs (2.12%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (1.16%). The weight loss after 14 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (4.21%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (2.35%). The weight loss after 21 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (6.8%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (3.35%). The weight loss after 28 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (8.27%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (4.80%). Based on the results of this study, it was found that the use of hydrolyzed feather protein coating can improve the internal quality of eggs during the storage period. For future research, it is recommended to conduct further studies on the effect of hydrolyzed feather protein coating on the quality characteristics of eggs during storage. Previous studies have been conducted on improving the internal quality of eggs during storage using protein coatings with different hydrolysis. Some of these studies have shown that protein coating with hydrolysis can significantly improve the quality characteristics of eggs. Additionally, some studies have been conducted on the effect of protein coating using different proteins such as rice protein, meat protein, whey protein isolated, or whey protein concentrate and zein.

There was no significant difference in weight loss between 10% and 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage in different weeks, but the 10% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage provided better protection against weight loss. Since weight loss is mainly due to eggshell water evaporation, it was observed that despite being thinner, the 10% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage provided better protection compared to the 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage. Therefore, the use of coverages during egg storage can increase shelf life while maintaining egg quality.

The aim of the research was to investigate the antibacterial potential of local isolates of probiotic bacteria in the presence of herbal extracts including Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and thyme (thymus vulgaris). Lactobacillus casei(TA0021), L. plantarum(TA0028,TA0026), L.reuteri(TA0034), Enterococcus faecium(TA0033) and Pediococcus acidilactici(TA0049,TA00170) were used as probiotic bacteria, while standard strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteriditis were used as indicator organisms. The antibacterial activity of the mentioned probiotic isolates and the herbal extracts against the selected pathogens were examined by agar well diffusion method. The synergistic effect of the mix of probiotic bacteria and different herbal extracts(1:10,1:100 and 1:1000) were also studied. The viability and synergistic inhibitory effect of the selected probiotic bacteria in the presence of different concentrations of herbal extracts were determined after 24, 48 and 72 hours. In order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), herbal extracts were serially diluted and their effect on fixed concentrations of the indicator organism was measured by microdilution assay. Similarly, the survival percentage of probiotic bacteria in the presence of different concentrations of the herbal extract was determined. MIC values were recorded as the lowest concentration of extract that was able to inhibit the growth of the pathogens. All experiments were performed in triplicate and results analyzed statistically(Using the SAS Software). According to the results the probiotic bacteria in the presence of different concentrations of the extracts was above 70%(P<0/05). Overall, the locally isolated probiotic bacteria with herbal extracts are strong antibacterial agents.

In order to evaluate the effect of alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal on performance and lipid oxidation of meat and egg of laying quails, 64 adult quails at 40 day of age were used. Forty eight female and 16 male quails were randomly used in three to one proportion in separate cages in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates of 4 birds in each. The experimental treatments consisted of control (containing soybean meal as major protein source), and treatments containing 3%, 6% and 9% alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal, respectively. During the experimental period, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, egg mass, feed intake and egg production percentage were measured. At the end of experimental period (82 days of age), two birds per cage were selected, slaughtered and the malondialdehyde content in fresh and stored meat and egg samples were determined. The results of this experiment showed that no significant difference was observed in feed conversion ratio, egg mass, feed intake and egg production percentage (P>0.05). The weight of egg in treatments containing 3 and 9 alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when compared with control and treatment containing 6% alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal in whole experimental period. The malondialdehyde content of meat and egg of laying quails was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in groups fed alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal when compared to control treatment. The results of this study showed that the use of alkaline

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of probiotic on productive traits, blood parameters, serum lipoproteins, and blood immune response of broilers fed with pumpkin seed oil. A total of 480 one-day-old Arian commercial broilers in a 2×3 factorial experiment, with two plant oil sources (canola and pumpkin) and three additives (no additive, probiotic and antibiotic) in a completely randomized design with four replicates and 20 chicks per replicate, were randomly distributed among the experimental units. The results showed that probiotic application with plant oil sources had no negative effect on productive traits including relative weight of carcass, breast, thigh, abdominal fat, survival percentage, and feed conversion ratio. The percentage of blood hematocrit in the chicks receiving the additives was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The effect of oil source and additives on other blood parameters including total protein, glucose, and uric acid was not statistically significant. The use of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. convar. pepo var. styriaca) seed oil significantly reduced triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and increased total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P<0.05). The effect of oil source on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was not statistically significant. The lowest levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, and VLDL were observed in chicks fed with pumpkin seed oil and virginamycin (P<0.05). The highest amount of triglyceride was observed in chicks fed with canola oil and antibiotics (P<0.05). The effect of oil source and additives on blood immune response and relative weight of lymphoid organs was not statistically significant. Generally, using pumpkin seed oil resulted in a partial improvement in serum lipoproteins. On the other hand, the efficiency of the additives depended on the type of oil (fatty acid profile) used in the diet.

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the application of different magnetic intensities on the sperm freezing medium.
Material and In this experiment, the magnetic field induction of 0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 Gauss was used to determine the optimum intensity during the freeze-thawing process. Semen samples were collected from 10 pieces of 24-week-old Ross 308 broiler chickens using abdominal massage technique. In this study, the experimental treatments were: 1) ordinary diluent, 2) G2000-intensive magnetic diluent, 3) G4000-intensive magnetic diluent, and G6000-intensive magnetic diluent. The used diluent in this study was the Lake diluent. This diluent was mixed with 1% soy lecithin and 5% glycerol, and then on the basis of the experimental treatments, they encountered different magnetic intensities. Diluted sperm was frozen based on each treatment, after cooling in a 0.25 ml straws. After freezing some sperm parameters such as total and progressive motilities, morphology, membrane integrity, MDA production, apoptosis status and mitochondrial activity were evaluated.
Results showed that different magnetic fields had no significant effect on total and progressive mobilities, membrane integrity, morphology, lipid peroxidation, acrosome integrity and apoptosis mechanisms of rooster sperm. Just mitochondrial membrane potential in the control group was higher than other groups (60.5%, P It seems that exposure of rooster semen cryopreservation media with magnetic field cannot be efficient for quality of sperm after thawing.

This experiment was designed to study the effects of feeding diets containing different levels of yucca extract and antibiotic on growth performance, blood parameters, immune system and ascites index. Three hundred and twelve, one-day old broiler chicks (Arian) were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments, consisting of three replications and 26 (male & female) chicks per pen. The treatments consisted of control (without supplementation), Yucca schidigera extract at 150 and 225 mg/kg, and virginiamycin at 15 mg/kg up to six weeks of age. Significant differences were found for feed intake, feed efficiency, and body weight gain in the studied treatments (p < 0.01). Immune responses, expressed as a primary and secondary antibody response to SRBC, were affected by treatments (p < 0.01). Treatment groups did not affect the weights of organs (p < 0.05). Effects of treatments on cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL levels, at 35 days of age, were significant on the parameters evaluated in different experimental groups (p < 0.01). The trends observed indicate that Yucca schidigera extract could have beneficial effects on broiler chicks performance.

Lysozyme is one of the bioactive components of eggs with well known antibacterial potential، widely used in food industry، medicine and pharmaceutics. In this study، the possibility of quail’s egg lysozyme concentration and activity (modified via amino acids dietary supplementation) was investigated. In accordance with lysozyme amino acids profile، four amino acids of: asparagine، arginine، glycine، and methionine were added to layer quails’ feed. For supplementation of amino acids، provision of the same level of protein content in all the groups was considered، so that amino acids were supplemented in such a way as to add 0. 235% protein to the basal diet. A total of 72 Japanese quails were employed in a completely randomized design experiment of six experimental groups، three replicates and four birds in each of the 18 cages. Amino acids supplementation was proved to have significant increasing effect on egg number and on total egg،s mass production (P<0. 05). Feed conversion ratio did not significantly differ among the experimental groups، but the most desirable ratio was observed in the control group. Egg shell weight، percentage of albumen، percentage of yolk، albumen height، Haugh unit and yolk height showed significant differences among the experimental groups (P<0. 05). Supplementation of amino acids to the diet improved these parameters of eggs. Lysozyme activity was assessed via lysoplate and turbidity methods. Supplementation of arginine and asparagine alone and in their combinations increased the lysozyme activity as evaluated by lysoplate (P<0. 05) and by turbidity (P<0. 05) methods. Lysozyme concentration was also influenced by a supplementation of the mentioned amino acids (P<0. 05).

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding of two commercial absorbent products in feeds and to compare the results with the effect of adding of natural zeolite in reducing the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 on broiler growth, performance and immune system. In this study, 200 one day old Arian 386 broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 10 chicks per each treatment. Experimental groups were as follows: negative control fed basal diet; positive control fed basal diet plus 1 mg aflatoxin B1 kg-1 diet; and three other groups fed 25g/kg Milbond-TX, Polysorb and Zeolite with 1 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, respectively. Feed intake did not significantly differ between the groups. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds fed contaminated diets were significantly decreased and increased, respectively but adding of the absorbent materials to contaminated feed caused a significant improvement in body weight gain and feed conversion. Among the internal organs, the spleen relative weights increased by consumption of aflatoxin B1contaminated feed. Aflatoxin B1 use without absorbent materials significantly decreased antibody production against Newcastle disease vaccine in 21 day. In addition, produced antibodies against sheep red blood cells in 35 day of age in birds fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets were reduced. The results of this study showed that the adding of natural zeolite and commercial absorbents in feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1 causes improved performance and immune system compared with the group that received the aflatoxin B1 alone.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of some mycotoxin absorbents on biochemical and hematological parameters of broiler chickens fed on aflatoxin B1 contaminated feed. Total of 200 broiler chickens Arian 386 in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications (10 birds for each replication) were used. Experimental treatments were: group A or negative control (soybean meal and corn diet)، group B or positive control (basal diet+1mg/kg aflatoxin B1)، groups C، D and E were formed by addition of 2. 5 g/kg of Milbond-TX، natural zeolit and Polysorb، into diet B، respectively. The results showed that aflatoxicosis significantly increased AST، ALT and LDH enzymes activity in comparison to the negative control group (P<0. 05). Adding absorbent additives decreased these enzymes activity compared to positive control. The amount of total protein and serum albumin were significantly lower in positive control group compared with the other groups (P<0. 05). The use of additives significantly reduced the serum cratinine in comparison with positive control group (P<0. 05). Addition of zeolit reduced serum uric acid compared to other absorbents. Serum cholesterol، triglyceride، glucose، calcium and Zn were not affected by aflatoxicosis (P>0. 05). Red blood cell counts in positive control group was significantly lower than the other groups except E (P<0. 05). Hematocrit in positive control group was significantly higher than the negative control group (P<0. 05). The hemoglobin value and erythrocytes osmotic fragility were significantly influenced by the type of added absorbent. In conclusion natural Iranian zeolit as well as the two commercial mycotoxin absorbents reduced the aflatoxin B1 induced biochemical and hematological alterations in broilers.

This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of heat stress and antioxidant (100 IU vitamin E and 50 mg/kg zinc) on birds receiving diet containing fish oil (unsaturated fatty acid) on performance and oxidative stability of thigh chicken meat. One hundred and sixty arbor acres female broilers were randomly assigned into 2x2 factorial treatment groups، temperature in 2 levels 300C and 200C and diet content %5 USFA with and without antioxidant (100ppm vitamin E and 50 mg/Kg. Zn) There were 4 replicates of 10 birds each. Meat samples stored at 40C and MDA produced at 0، 3، 6 days were measured by TBA method. The results showed that high environment decreases weight gain and increased feed efficiency (p<0. 05) but antioxidant addition to diet had no significant effect on these parameters. Results also demonstrated that heat stress increase USFA، mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)، proportion unsaturated fatty acid to saturate fatty acid (USFA/SFA) and increased MDA produce in 0، 3 and 6 days (p<0. 05). Heat stress increased percentage fatty acid، gross energy and serum MDA Diet supplemented with antioxidant decreased USFA، omega-6 (n-6)، omega-3 (n-3)، polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)، USFA/SFA and MDA produced at 0، 3 and 6 days. Also، USFA and gross energy of meat were higher in diet supplemented with antioxidant.

The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal time of fish oil inclusion in broiler feed formulation on antibody response and concentration of serum cholesterol and triglyceride. A 49 day study was conducted on 600 one-day old chicks from a commercial hybrid (Ross) which were randomly allocated to 6 groups. The control group was fed a diet containing 5 % corn oil and in experimental groups the fish oil was substituted for corn oil from 2,3,4,5 and 6 weeks. Serum concentration of cholesterol and triglyceride were determined on days 37 and 44. Titer of antibody against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were determined 7 days after immunization on days 30 and 37. Supplementation of diet by fish oil did not affect concentration of serum cholesterol. However, concentration of serum triglyceride decreased significantly (p<0.01). Titer of IgG against SRBC was affected in first injection (p<0.01) and the maximum antibody response was seen in control group and chickens feeding fish oil for 2 weeks, and antibody response decreased with increase of consumption length of fish oil. Titer of IgM in the second injection (p<0.05) were affected by dietary treatments. Chickens which were fed fish oil for 2, 3 and 4 weeks had higher antibody response than other treatments.

This experiment was designed to investigate the comparison of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.), garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts and virginiamycin antibiotic as growth promoter in poultry industry on performance and carcass characteristics of Broilers. A total four hundred and eighty 1-day old male broiler (Ross strain) chicks were assigned to the basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with 0.15% virginiamycin, 0.1% extracts of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), garlic (Allium sativum) and mixture of extracts with the same dose. At the end of the experiment two chickens from each replication were randomly selected and killed to investigate the weigh of digestive organs and fat pad. There was significant difference in feed conversion ratio (FCR) between the treatments (p<0.05). Highest and lowest body weight and weight gain respected to virginiamycin and coneflower, (p<0.05) respectively. Virginiamycin increased feed consumption but this difference was not significant with other groups except coneflower (p>0.05). Lowest and highest FCR was related to virginiamycin and coneflower (p<0.05) respectively. However there was non significant difference in feed conversion between virginiamycin group and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) (p>0.05). There was no difference in carcass characteristics and fat pad except small intestinal weight. Virginiamycin had the lowest small intestinal weight but the control had the highest (p<0.05).

Sourdough fermentation with interactions between lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, is considered to play a key role in producing bakery products with improved flavor, texture and shelf-life properties. This research focused on evaluation of acidification properties of different starter cultures in liquid sourdough fermentation and selecting an appropriate inoculum based on quality and shelf-life properties of the resultant bread. Liquid sourdough samples were fermented by cultures including L.casei and S.cerevisiae (T1), L.fermentum and S.cerevisiae (T2), L.casei, L.fermentum and S.cerevisiae (T3) and adde to bread doughs (15% w/w). Technological properties (moisture content, specific volume and organoleptic properties) and shelf-life of the sourdough breads were compared with those of a control bread. Sourdoughs fermented by inoculums T1 and T3 had a similar pH-lowering rate (there were only small differences). Inoculum T3 showed the highest acidification rate. In comparison, inoculum T2 showed a lower acidification rate (pH> 4). Liquid sourdough breads had higher specific volumes as compared to the control bread, and sourdough bread T3 ranked first organoleptically. Sourdough breads (T1 and T3) had a lower staling rate than the control value, and bread T3 showed a higher staling rate than T1 (p< 0.05). Sourdough addition can improve organoleptic properties–specific volume and shelf-life–of the breads.. Based on acidification properties and sensory analysis, inoculum L.casei, L.fermentum and S.cerevisiae produce the most desirable effects.