m. ghaderi

Viral gastroenteritis is one of the most common ailments in all age groups acrosdxdxs the globe, and more than 700 million cases of diarrhea occur in children under five years of age. Rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus are important causes of acute viral gastroenteritis. Co-infection studies have been conducted in Iran in the past, but these studies were limited and heterogeneous. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of co-infection of rotavirus with astrovirus and adenovirus and to investigate clinical parameters such as fever, duration and severity of diarrhea in positive cases of co-infection. In this article, the co-infection of rotavirus with adenovirus and astrovirus among 28 rotavirus positive samples collected from children under five years of age with gastroenteritis was investigated by molecular method. The frequency of simultaneous rotavirus-adenovirus infection was two and rotavirus-astrovirus infection was observed in four children. In addition to this, the documentation available in the patients' files and its relationship with the objectives of the current study show that the positive results of simultaneous infection only increased the duration of diarrhea and did not cause other specific symptoms such as duration of fever and severity of diarrhea. In this study, the sample size was low, but according to the results, it can be said that the current study shows the importance of simultaneous diagnosis of viral diarrhea factors in order to predict the duration of diarrhea and the possibility of other clinical symptoms.

The effect of fatigue on the behavior of steel structures has long been the focus of researchers. However, with the widespread damage of steel structures after the Northridge earthquake, it is important to investigate the issue of low cycle fatigue. The bylaws attempted to address the weaknesses of the connections and introduced prequalified connections. In the present study, the behaviors of two prequalified welded unreinforced flange-welded webs and reduced beam section under low cycle fatigue were investigated. The behavior of high cyclic fatigue was the focus of many researchers, while there is only a limited scope of experimental data available for LCF. In this study, the S-N-curve was used to obtain the Nastar method and available experimental data. This curve was developed using the available experimental results for the low cycle region. Four buildings with different heights were analyzed using linear time history analysis and their behavior under low cycle fatigue was considered. Then, the cumulative fatigue damage was investigated by the Palmgren-Miner fatigue analysis method for the above two connections. Rainflow method was also used for counting cycles. By defining the cumulative fatigue index, for the critical beam of structures, the maximum value of this index was observed at the WUF-W, which was obtained for 0.059 3-storey structure and was increased by 0.24 with the increasing structural height. The index for the critical column in the WUF-W junction in the 15-storey structure was 0.042, while in the other structures, the maximum value was up to 0.197. Also, the fatigue index values for WUF-W binding were higher than those obtained for RBS, indicating that the first connection performance was weaker. Maximum rate of cumulative fatigue index in beams on WUF-W to RBS was 1.29 and for columns, this rate was 1.34. The results indicated the need for greater attention to the effect of low cycle fatigue on connections of steel moment frames, especially on the WUF-W.

The basis of the modern design of earthquake resistant structures is based on the structural ductility for absorption of earthquake energy and stability in large-scale displacement. Although metal materials are highly ductile, the Northridge earthquake showed that moment connections have a certain rotational capacity under cyclic load, and severe earthquakes can lead to failure in the area with low ductility. Therefore, in order to determine the level of actual performance of structures under earthquake, such as the life safety or Collapse Prevention, it is necessary to carry out more serious studies to determine the final cyclic capacity of connections. On the other hand, after the collapse of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal building, a truck explosion in 1995, as well as the collapse of the World Trade Towers caused by the 2001 airplane collapse;Determination of final capacity or failure of fittings under uniform load; to investigate the structural behavior before the destruction or complete destruction began. Since most of the tests carried out on the connections have not been completed due to the limitations of the laboratory facilities and have not been performed until the failure phase of the connection; hence, it does not determine the final capacity of the connection. Mathematical studies are also in the early stages due to the lack of reliable failure mechanism to determine the time and how to start and spread the failure under monotonic and cyclic loading. In this research,it has been attempted to be evaluated the final capacity of the RBS connections under the monotonic and cyclic load . Also, the place of the start of defect in this type of connection is evaluated. In this regard, the final capacity of the reduced-sectional beam (RBS) connections under uniform loading was determined using a column-removing scenario with the SMCS model and the theory of growth and expansion of void under uniform load. Then, the final capacity of the reduced-beam section (RBS) connections under cyclic loading (SAC) was obtained by using the Cyclic Void Growth Model (CVGM) and compared with the proposed final capacity of FEMA350 for RBS connection. The results of this study show that the cyclic rotational capacity of the RBS connections provided in FEMA350 is far more than actual. Also, the results show that the rotational capacity of the RBS connection under monotonic load is almost twice the amount given in FEMA350.

Nutritional value, color, flavor and consistency are the major quality attributes of tomato ketchup, influencing the buying behavior of the consumers. In this study, the effects of sugar replacement with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) on the qualitative properties of ketchup sauce were investigated. In the present study, sucrose was replaced with HFCS at various levels in ketchup formulation, and five formulations were developed as follows: 0-HFCS, 25-HFCS, 50-HFCS, 75-HFCS and 100-HFCS, representing the HFCS substitution of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Then the formulations were analyzed for physicochemical, rheological and sensorial characteristics. Water activity of the ketchup samples containing HFCS was significantly lower than the control. Regarding the lycopene content, the 100-HFCS and control sample presented the highest and lowest values, respectively. Lightness and redness values were increased while yellowness values were decreased significantly with a corresponding increase in the HFCS substitution. Serum separation was reduced from 10.96 to 1.66% by increasing the HFCS content from 0 to 100%. Applied ketchup formulations showed non-Newtonian and shear thinning flow with tendency to yield stress at all HFCS levels. The findings revealed the improvement of the organoleptic attributes of ketchup in terms of color, consistency, taste and overall acceptability as a result of sugar substitution of sugar with HFCS. Sugar replacement with HFCS up to 75% can improve the sensory and rheological characteristics of ketchup sauce in addition to increasing the stability of bioactive compounds.

Epigenetics is assumed as the most complex field of biological sciences. Generally, epigenetics includes mechanisms that not only affect gene expression, but also bring about functional changes in the next generation of mitotic cell division (autosomal inheritance) and meiotic cell division (generational inheritance), though DNA nucleotide structure is not changed (Barazandeh, 2016). DNA methylation refers to the enzymatic addition of a CH3 group to a cytosine residue in DNA strand, which occurs almost particularly at CpG dinucleotides (i.e., a cytosine located 5′ of a guanine) in animals. The enzymatic machinery responsible for DNA methylation includes a family of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), including the maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1 (responsible for copying pre-existing DNA methylation patterns to the new strand during mitosis) and the de novo methyltransferases DNMT3A/3B. DNA methylation is considered as epigenetics factor. In mammalian, DNA methylation is necessary for both embryonic development and stem cell differentiation and this phenomenon is basically occurring in CpG dinucleotide. CpG dinucleotide intends to make cluster over genome that is called CpG island. CpG islands are considered gene markers and represent an important feature of mammalian genomes. CpG islands vary greatly among mammalian genomes (Medvedeva, 2011). Some factors such as recombination rate and chromosome size might have influenced the evolution of CpG islands in the course of mammalian evolution. Whenever CpG island in gene's promoter is not methylated and suitable transcriptional factors are accessible, gene expression machine is activated and therefore gene is expressed. However, methylation of CpG islands in gene promoter with compact form of chromatin could lead to inhibition of gene expression (Shi et al., 2012). Hypermethlation of CpG islands could cause a range of diseases such as cancer. Epigenetic process could modify proteins after translation that actually refers to biochemical events inflicting on proteins. Some of these events include: methylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, sulfation, sumoylation, and ubiquitinylation disulfide bonding. Nutrition is seen as one of the greatest environmental determinants of an individual’s health. Although nutrient quantity and quality could impart direct effects, the interaction of nutrition with genetic and epigenetic is often overlooked despite being shown to influence different biological variation in mammals (Murdoch et al., 2016). Understating and unrevealing complex traits, such as those that are nutrition-related, to determine the genetic and epigenetic contributions toward a phenotype would be a formidable job to get it done. Similar to other epigenetic endpoints, patterns of DNA methylation could be susceptible to alterations by exposing to environmental treatments, including contaminants (Head, 2014). These sort of alterations may persist in the absence of the initial treatments as cells divide, and can even be inherited over generations provided that they occur in the germ line. Although our knowledge concerning patterns of DNA methylation in animals is increasing, a big gap remains in the literature, especially when it does come to species outside of those generally used for biomedical researches. Unlike DNA, epigenetic markers could be directly influenced by the environment factors; therefore, epigenetic markers have been shown to be pivotal mediators of phenotypic responses to environmental signals. To understand how epigenetic modifications facilitate and affect gene expression, it is crucial to understand how and when the epigenome is established (Faulk and Dolinoy, 2011). While we do not fully understand how all of the complex epigenetic genome changes occur, yet some epigenetic information is sought to retain and transmit to the next generation. In this study, first of all, some articles and resources that describe candidate genes affecting mastitis were explored and some of the genes which were considered candidate genes in bovine mastitis were chosen. These genes included 14 interleukins (in exception of interleukin 8 and interleukin 9), interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (in total 13 genes). Their DNA sequences and other features of selected genes (for example exon numbering, gene length, guanine percentage and cytosine percentage) were obtained from NCBI database and saved as FASTA format. The C++ based software and Promoter 2.0 Prediction Server were used to extract characteristics of genes and detecting gene promoters, respectively. This software is generally used to predict transcription factor-biding sites of DNA sequences in vertebrata. In order to detect CpG islands, DBCAT, SMS, and Geneinfinity softwares were used. Also, primary structure of proteins derived from these genes was extracted from NCBI database and finally protein methylation was obtained by using PMeS software. Depending on the type of algorithm used to identify the CpG islands, the number and length of the CpG islands found to be different. Predicted CpGs were used as measurements to indirectly investigate the level of methylation over DNA level of genes. The investigated genes in terms of some features like total size based on number of nucleotides, number of exons, total annotated spliced exon length, and percent of GC content were quite different. The essence of gene heterogeneity from different features made grouping of these genes a cumbersome job. In this research, our overall objective was to locate the position and number of CpG in the promoter region of genes. Referencing of applied software to detect CpG islands, number and length of detected CpGs was different. Results shown that methylation was not evenly/ uniformly occurring in considered genes and in average, less than 50 % of CpG islands were in promoter region of genes and methylated CpG was located in intergenic regions. Also, the maximum amount of methylation was seen in interleukin 1, 2, and TNF gene, which are among the most important genes in circumventing mastitis. The degree of methylation in the proteins derived from the investigated genes showed fairly non-concurrence results with their DNA methylation. However, protein derived from interleukin 11 undergoes methylation in large portions of its original protein structure. It should be noted that different algorithm architectures may give different results (Barazandeh, 2016; Medvedeva, 2011). At the DNA level, this gene also had the highest CpG in its promoter. This may indicate the complexity of epigenetic process with this gene. Therefore, this gene could be considered as a suitable candidate for performing demethylation experiments and proving biological drugs to circumvent mastitis. An integrative view to gene structure, DNA methylation and methylation of proteins derived from the investigated genes in this research would provide the better idea pertaining to methylation function in circumventing the mastitis in dairy cattle. Out of the three software tested, the results of the two SMS and Geneinfinity software were almost similar and probably use a similar algorithmic architecture. It should be noted that the algorithms used in this study were not developed to identify specific CpG islands on the bovine genome. The genes under study had undergone a methylation process at many levels of their proteins. The results of this study depend on different algorithmic parameters and changing these parameters were diverse. As matter of fact that mastitis heritability is low in general, such studies could reveal a better role for single and group genes in the epigenetics process.

Chronic diseases are one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in this age. Adopting a healthy lifestyle is one of the best ways to cope whit these types of diseases. The aim of this research was to study The structural – capital determinants of healthy lifestyle among patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) before the disease. The research method is a  survey and regarding time, it is cross-sectional. The sample size was 412 patients (including 239 men and 173 women). The results of "Structural Equation Modeling" showed that the collected data, the structural model with exogenous variables "socioeconomic status", "life condition" and "health relevant capital" confirmed to an acceptable extent.  The total effect of these three variables on a healthy lifestyle was equal to 0.46. In other words, 0.46 of healthy lifestyle changes the among patients can be explained by these three variables and 0.54 of unexplained variance is related to the variables out of the equation.

Qamsar cobalt deposit is located 26 km south of Kashan, in the middle part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. Exposed rock units in the area include Eocene volcanics, Qom Formation marine sediments and plutonic bodies. The intrusive bodies have quartz-diorite to granodiorite composition as well as porphyry microdiorite. Intruding bodies into the Eocene volcanics and Qom Formation units caused recrystallization and metamorphism and formed assemblages of skarn minerals such as garnet, pyroxene, epidote, tremolite and actinolite. Mineralization occurred as endo-skarn and exo-skarn in massive, vein, brecciated, open space filling and diffusion forms. Magnetite is the main ore mineral and is accompanied by cobaltite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. Fluid inclusion microthermometry studies were performed on prograde stage garnet and pyroxene and retrograde stage quartz. Microthermometry studies show homogenization temperatures 400 to more than 600°C and 180 to 200°C as well as salinities between 12 and 20% and between 5.8 and 11.9% wt NaCl equiv. for prograde and retrograde phases, respectively. Isotopic thermometry on pyrite-chalcopyrite pair minerals gives 241 to 528°C and that for quartz-magnetite pair minerals gives 441 to 549 °C. Sulfur and oxygen isotopic ratios offer magmatic origin which mixed with basinal fluid for this mineralization.

Addiction is a modern social issue، especially in countries like Iran. One of the side effects of substance abuse، it is its negative impact on the academic performance of students. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between drug use، alcohol، smoking and psychiatric drugs with the academic progress in university students in Bam city.

In this descriptive-correlational study، 760 students of Islamic Azad University، School of Nursing and the Payamenoor were randomly selected in Bam. Data were collected by questionnaire «Drug Use Questionnaire» that consisted of two parts. The first part included 5 questions about demographic characteristics and the second part consisted of 12 questions on smoking، psychiatric drugs، alcohol and drugs. Validity of the questionnaire was measured by content validly (by asking 10 experts people) and reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 88. 0. Collected data was analyzed by the software SPSS/17.

The drug use in students in psychiatric drugs was 13. 8%، in alcohol was10. 8%، in drugs this value was 9. 9% and finally in tobacco was5. 7%. Average score for the previous semester and final semester of students with use cigarettes، alcohol، drugs and psychiatric medications than other students were significantly lower (P <0. 001).

Usage of smoking، alcohol، drugs and psychiatric medications in the students was significant. Employing these drugs has negative effects on students’ achievement. Therefore، university is authorized for prevention and treatment of students. This certainly will lead to a much healthier society. Keywords: Academic progress، Drug use، Students، Bam.

Gomish-Tappeh Zn-Pb-Cu (Ag) deposit is located 90 km southwest of Zanjan, in northwestern part of Urumieh-Dokhtar volcano-plutonic zone. Exposed rocks at the area include Oligo-Miocene volcano-sedimentary and sedimentary sequences as well as Pliocene volcano-plutonic sequence (andesite porphyry dykes, dacitic subvolcanic dome and rhyodacitic volcanics). Alteration in the deposit developed as silicic, silicic-sulfidic, sericitic, carbonate, argillic and propylitic. Main mineralization at the Gomish-Tappeh deposit is observed as veins occurring in a steeply-deeping normal fault defined by an NE-SW trend in host rocks such as dacitic crystal litic tuff, dacitic subvolcanic dome, specifically the rhyolitic tuff. Paragenetic minerals in the ore veins consist of pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, low-Fe sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite and specularite. Gangue minerals accompanying the ores include quartz, calcite, chlorite, sericite and clay minerals. Based on geochemical data, average grades for samples from the ore veins at the Gomish-Tappeh deposit are: 4% Pb, 6% Zn, 2% Cu and 88 ppm Ag. Moreover, REE distribution patterns for altered samples of the dacitic subvolcanic dome and acidic tuff when campared with fresh samples, show enrichment in LREE, while HREE demonstrate various bahaviours. The negative Eu anomaly in chondrite-normalized REE patterns for these rocks is related to the increase in fluid/rock ratio and destruction of those grains of plagioclase enriched in Eu. REE distribution patterns for the silty tuff (footwall to the ore) campared with acidic tuff represent enrichment in all REE as well as positive Eu anomalies. However, the ore samples indicate more enrichment in LREE/HREE ratios and higher Eu contents when campared with wallrock of the ore veins (silty tuff). This is due to the influence of chloric magmatic-hydrothermal fluids that caused alteration along the ore zone, releasing LREE and Eu from the host rocks and finally, concentrating and transporting these elements in the ore fluid.

One of the main complications of hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure is hypoxemia which is related to several factors including the type of filter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoxemia levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis with focus on the type of filter.

In a crossover clinical trial, 29 patients from emodialysis ward of Fatemieh hospital were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly divided in two groups (allocation). First group was hemodialyzed using Polysulfone filters while the second group was hemodialyzed by Hemoph an filters for one month. After a period of 24 hours washout, filter was changed and hemodialysis was done for another month. Arterial blood O2 saturation at different times, before and after hemodialysis was determined and amount of decrement was measured and compared in both groups.

Mean decrease in the arterial blood O2 saturation during 5, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after initiation of hemodialysis was higher in Hemophan filter than Polysulfone filter (p<0.001). In both groups, peak of decreasing levels were 30 and 60 minutes after initiation of hemodialysis.

As use of polysulfone filters causes lesser decrease in arterial blood oxygen saturation, it is recommended in igh risk, especially cardiopulmonary disease patients