m. moayyed

The extraction method and particularly the type of solvents used in the procedure are one of the most crucial steps for isolating antimicrobial compounds and extracts that potentially affect various microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water, ethanol (100%), methanol (100%), ethanol-water (50:50), and methanol-water (50:50) burdock (Arctiumlappa) root extracts (BE) on total phenol content and polyphenols as well as the antioxidant activity. In the next step, the solvent with the highest efficiency to have phenolic compounds were selected and employed to investigate the antibacterial effects of BE on the pathogenic bacterial strains (i.e. Yersinia ruckeri, Lactococcus garvieae, Pseudomonas putida and Aeromonas hydrophila) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by using disc diffusion test and tube dilution techniques. Maximum mean total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were detected in the water-methanol mixture. Additionally, High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis revealed that both hesperidin and trans-ferulic acid compounds existed in all solvents. The antimicrobial activity of water-methanol BE was varied based on the type of microorganism. In this context, Y. ruckeri as a gram negative bacterium was found to be the most susceptible one compared to other pathogens. According to our findings, water-methanol solvent was more efficient to isolate phenolic compounds and exert antioxidant capacity, as the level of phenolic compounds in the extract was increased. Moreover, Y. ruckeri was recognized as the most sensitive pathogen in all tests.

The study area is located in the south of Qushadagh mountain range, in the north of Asbkhan village, Heris township. In terms of structural geology of Iran, this area is located in the main zone of Central Iran and Alborz-Azerbaijan sub-zone. The geological units of the region are including Eocene igneous and pyroclastic rocks with combination of andesitic, trachyandesitic, basaltic, tuffic and ignembritic. The semi-deep intrusive mass with Oligocene age, with the combination of quartz diorite, diorite and quartz monzonite in the form of stock and dyke is exposed in the area. Under the influence of hydrothermal processes originating from this intrusive mass and infiltration of fluids through the sedimentary-volcanic units of the Middle Eocene, extensive alterations (sericitic, medium argillic, propylitic and siliceous) have been taken place in the region. Preliminary results of geochemical studies of stream in the region led to the identification of several areas with grade 1, 2 and 3 anomalies of heavy minerals. The most important heavy minerals identified, include hematite, goethite, magnetite, pyrite-oxide, pyrite and zircon, These minerals and have closely relation to the alteration zones and veins mineralization. The conformity of the geochemical halos map with the geostructure and alteration map of the region shows a very high correlation between these regions and possibly the important role of faults and joints in the occurrence of alteration zones and abnormal regions. Anomaly maps and geostatistical analyzes performed on the findings in stream sediments and heavy minerals show that the enrichment of Ag, Au, Mo, Cu, As, Pb, Sb and Zn elements is higher than the background and the Au, Ag, Cu, As and Pb elements can be used as trace elements for epithermal gold reserves.

Tarazoj-Soushab tectonic window is located between Tarazoj and Soushab villages at the upper corner of the northeast of 1:100,000 Hashjin sheet. This area is a part of the West Alborz Tertiary magmatic belt. Mafic igneous rocks include basaltic pillow lava and gabbro bodies and felsic igneous rocks include granite and trachytic flows. The main minerals of the gabbroic and basaltic rocks are plagioclase, olivine and clinopyroxene and the main minerals of the granitic rocks include plagioclase, orthoclase and quartz, and the trachyte consists mainly of potassium feldspar. Gabbroic and basaltic rocks show calc-alkaline nature and granitic and trachytic rocks have shoshonitic nature. Examination of chondrite and primitive-mantle normalized spider diagrams in basalts and gabbros indicates enrichment of LREEs relative to HREEs. The LILE and LREE enrichment and HREE depletion in the pattern may indicate low melting rate, high fugacity of CO2/H2O in the magma formation environment or high depth of generation of basaltic and gabbroic magma. Examination of chondrite and ORG-normalized spider diagrams in granites and trachytes indicate enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) and incompatible elements relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE). These patterns show a marked depletion of Eu (especially in granites). Gabbroic and basaltic rocks are located in an oceanic environment with E-MORB basalts tendency and the granites and trachites associated with this assemblage belong to anorogenic granitoids (A-type) and subgroup A1. These features indicate that the studied outcrops in the Tarazoj-Soushab tectonic window belong to the rift-related magmatism and opening of the Paleo-Tethys ocean (Paleo-Tethys II) in the northwest of Iran.

The Kalaibar nepheline syenitic body is located in East Azabaijan, NW of Iran. This alkalic body generally intruded semi-deeply into the Cretaceous and Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Based upon chemical classification, the composition of studied intrusive bodies are nephelines bearing syenite (nepheline syenite), nepheline bearing gabbro (alkalic gabbro), syenite and quartz monzonite (syeno-diorite) in order of abundance. In addition, the composition of accompanying dyke and pegmatitic units are nepheline syenite, syenodiorite and gabbro. Common textures of studied rocks are prophyritic granular and granular and accompanying dykes have fine grained granular, porphyritic and coarse grained granular textures. According to mineralographic studies and XRD analysis results, the main mineral phases contain orthoclase, albite, nepheline, oligoclase, hornblend, augite and Melanite. The nature of parent magma of these intrusives is potassium rich alkaline, metaluminous and miaskitic. Petrographical and geochemical studies based upon accessory and rare elements illustrate that these intrusives formed in a subduction or post collision related tectonic setting, which their lithological variety is justifiable by fractionation crystallization. The studied intrusives show the enrichment of Zn, Ba, Sr, Th and Pb and enrichment of Co, Sr, Pb and V in accompanying dykes. LREEs relative to HREEs show enrichment. Comparison of studied body with some other ones of corresponding type of the world in terms of the amount of accessory and rare elements shows that the Kalaibar nepheline syenitic body is resemble to the central Anatoly (Turkey), Zijinshan (china) and Musale (India) bodies.

Misho granitoid pluton is exposed at the North Western part of the Misho Mountains and at the South Western part of the Marand compresional depression. The minerals in the rocks of this pluton include unhedral to sub – hedral quartz, K – feldspar both as microcline with tartan twinning and sub - hedral to unhedral orthoclase, two generations of biotite and zircon, subhedral to euhedral plagioclase (oligoclase - albite), magmatic epidote, titanite and apatite. One generation of zircon and biotite show restitic characteristics. The samples show distinct textures indicating the effect of pressure during crystallization (such as myrmekitic textures, slight alignment of mica, fragments of microcline in orthoclase). The samples exhibit syn-collisional, displaced and S-type geochemical features and the pluton is exposed in an area which is tectonically very faulted. The relative age of the pluton is Paleozoic. The source material for this pluton was a mixture of Meta – greywacke and metapelite. Field relations, mineralogy, geochemistry, existence of mica – rich enclaves and horse – shoe shape of the pluton all suggest a rapid ascent due to dyking and fracture distribution as the main mechanism for melt transport and formation of two generation of zircon and biotite. Therefore diapirism had negligible rule in emplacement and characteristics of misho granitoid.

Amphibolitic rocks are the main part of the north of Khoy metamorphic complex. Petrographicaly these rocks are normal amphibolite, muscovite amphibolite, biotite amphibolite, garnet amphibolite and pyroxene amphibolite. The protolith of these rocks is mainly igneous. These rocks belong to tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series and Ocean Floor Basalt and Arc tectonic setting. These two distinctive tectonic setting clearly are distinguishable in REE and spider diagrams as samples from Oceanic Floor Basalt are steeper and enriched LREE than those from Arc samples.Considering the fact that Sialic Back Arc Basins can show MORB and Arc characters together, therefore probably amphibolitic rocks of study area generated in this tectonic setting.