فهرست مطالب m. mousavi

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are rising health issues. Evidence highlighted the potential for an increased risk of PCOS among females with DM across various locations and ethnicities. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PCOS among Iranian females with and without DM.

In this population-based cross-sectional study, eligible females were selected from participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). For this study, females with complete data were selected from Phase VI (2016–2018) of TLGS. The logistic regression model was used.

At first, 4435 women with definite information about PCOS status were included, women with unclear diagnoses of DM and PCOS were excluded, and finally, 2867 were included in the study. Then, they were divided into two categories, Under 40 years and over 40 years. Among females without DM aged <40 years, 28.3%, and among those with DM aged <40 years, 53.7% had PCOS. Among participants with DM, PCOS patients were younger and had better fasting blood glucose levels. Using logistic regression for PCOS risk from a logistic regression model in participants, it was found that among patients with and without DM, increasing age decreased the odds of PCOS by 85% and 42%, respectively. On the contrary, among participants without DM, a family history of DM increased the risk of PCOS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.006 to 1.49, p=0.04).

The prevalence of PCOS was not significantly different between subjects with and without DM in our population.

Predicting monetary loss models due to production interrupt caused by an earthquake in industrial units is an important tool in making intelligent management decision. This study aims to extend a loss seismic risk model for the aforementioned subject. Production interruption in large industrial units after the earthquake is the cause of significant economic losses. The decline in revenues is the short-term consequence of this production interruption, and the market share loss is the long-term consequence of the earthquake. Earthquake “parametric insurance” offers a promising perspective to overcome this challenge ahead. Parametric insurance is a type of insurance in which the criteria for compensating payments exceed the event intensity parameters of the specified limit. The present method can be used for designing parametric insurance mechanisms to transfer the subsequent risk caused by an earthquake to the insurer. The Parsian gas refinery complex was investigated as a case study located in Zagros, a seismic-prone area in southern Iran. By means of a well-known seismic hazard model and using OQ software, a 50,000-year-old synthetic catalogue for the study area, Parsian Gas Refinery, was developed using the Monte Carlo simulation method. For this purpose, four ground motion models with different weights were applied in the EMME model to predict the resulting ground motions. Seismic source models and ground motion models were considered as inputs to the Open Quake (OQ) platform, and the event-based hazard analysis module was used. The whole gas refinery system was divided into 10 separate production paths and key components were specified in each path. The compatible fragility functions, as well as the restoration functions, based on HAZUS were assigned to different components in each production path and combined with the expected monetary loss related to daily interruption in that path. As a result, a prediction risk model for monetary loss was obtained for the entire refinery as a function of each arbitrary earthquake scenario.

The aim of the present article is to design an effective human communication model based on the Holy Quran.

The main question of the research was what is the model of effective human communication based on the Holy Quran? And what are the components of human communication based on the Holy Quran? The content analysis method was used for the answer. The field of research was all verses of the Qur'an from which topics related to human communication were extracted. Therefore, using Noor interpretation, 482 verses were identified and in the second step, 695 meaningful concepts were extracted from the translation and interpretation of these verses and categorized.

According to the content analysis method, themes related to human communication were extracted from verses which after combining and deleting common codes; 290 key themes, 54 integrating themes and five macro themes were obtained. Content validity was used and the results were evaluated by experts in Quranic sciences, which showed acceptable validity. Holist's coefficient of reliability method was used for reliability and the calculated reliability was 0.876.

Findings identified five major themes with the titles of interactive nature, liberalism in communication discourse, assertive communication action, structured speech and effective listening, and the results were compiled in the form of a network of themes, analysis and final model.

Concrete is one of the major materials used in modern structures. Concrete members are used as the main structural parts of various infrastructures such as dams, tunnels, bridges, and skyscrapers. However, this wide application requires some accurate and efficient inspection system during the structure’s life. Cracks are classified as the earliest symptoms of degradation in concrete members. Although manual inspection is a common method in structural health monitoring and crack detection in civil engineering structures, serious limitations caused by implementing human resources degraded the efficiency of the proposed method. In recent years, many studies tried to automate the inspection of these structures by using different sensors such as Ultrasonic and Piezo-electric sensors, seeming to be costly and insufficient in some cases. With recent development in computer vision techniques, especially deep-learning-based methods, there is an opportunity for researchers to come with autonomous visual inspection systems for structural health monitoring of concrete members. This study proposes a deep-learning-based model for automatic crack detection on the concrete surface. The proposed model is an encoder-decoder model that uses ResNet101, a well-known convolutional neural network, as the encoder and the U-Net’s expansion path as the decoder. To minimize the training time and maximize the accuracy, we use transfer learning in our approach. The dataset implemented for this study includes 458 images of the cracked surface of concrete members which come with corresponding segmentation label masks. Data augmentation techniques strongly increased the robustness of the proposed model encountering different imaging conditions and noises. The proposed model was trained using the backpropagation algorithm and it achieved 99.39% precision and 84.99% recall, which led to a 91.38% F1 score on the unseen test dataset. The accuracy and speed of the present model outperform the existing methods and different crack types composing the dataset help generalize the model for prediction of different crack types and different imaging conditions.

Masonry structures comprise a large proportion of human-made building stocks around the world. In many cases, aged masonry structures have been found to be vulnerable to earthquakes and seismic loads. Due to the historical importance and vulnerable conditions of these structures, an efficient structural health monitoring system is required to detect every sign of degradation. Thus, a suitable restoration scheme could be taken into account. Manual visual inspection is one of the earliest monitoring schemes used to inspect these structures. Due to the limitations and dangers imposed by using human resources, new strategies are required to achieve this purpose. Recent developments in artificial Intelligence and computer vision have helped researchers develop a new generation of autonomous inspection systems. In the present study, we are going to use a deep learning model with an encoder-decoder architecture to automate crack detection in masonry structure images. In the current study, semantic segmentation is proposed as a detailed solution to accurately predict the location and condition of cracks in masonry images. In the development of the main model of the study, we used EfficientNet-B3 as the encoder while the decoder was defined according to U-Net’s expansion path in order to predict the accurate segmentation mask for the corresponding input images. For training and evaluation of the proposed model, a dataset composed of 115 images is generated and manually annotated. In the proposed method, transfer learning is used to train the model and the data augmentation techniques are implemented to achieve the optimal results on the present dataset. Furthermore, using the Dice-Coefficient loss function directly optimizes the model for F1-Score, which is the main evaluation parameter in semantic segmentation tasks. Finally, the evaluation demonstrated 81.444% Precision, 71.411% Recall, and 75.366% F1-Score for the never-seen test data. The study shows that the deep learning approach can be accurate and trustworthy for this task. Also, the limited number of training data and the complex background images in the dataset prove the robustness of the proposed model.

The outbreak of the Coronavirus posed a serious crisis to commercial and educational organizations and institutions. In the face of such a crisis, the transition from face-to-face to virtual education was one of the strategies of educational institutions, especially schools, and this caused increased additional work pressure on teachers as one of the pioneers of the teaching-learning process. Thus, in the face of such a situation, school leadership plays a very effective role in increasing the efficiency of individuals and reducing the tensions caused by rapid environmental changes. One of the leadership styles that can help school leaders achieve this is to use of an ambidextrous leadership style. Ambidextrous leadership is a new type of leadership style that consists of two different spectrums of leadership behaviors and uses open and closed leadership behaviors in a balanced and complementary way to deal with environmental changes. Ambidextrous leadership is related to increasing organizational agility and performance and means the ability to use both hands with the same power. Ambidextrous leadership can have many effects on self-efficacy, job attitude, etc.; so, the research on the effect of this style of leadership has been considered by many researchers in recent years. Given the lack of research on this style of leadership, especially in educational settings in Iran, the need for doing such a study was felt. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ambidextrous leadership on teachers' job satisfaction and stress in virtual education with the mediating role of psychological empowerment.

To achieve this aim, the researchers used the correlational research method by structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all primary school teachers in Takestan city. Considering the uncertainty of the actual number of teachers, we selected the maximum sample size (335 teachers) by using simple random sampling. Data collection was performed by using the ambidextrous leadership style questionnaire, the psychological empowerment questionnaire, the job satisfaction questionnaire, and the job stress questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by the statistical technique of structural equation modeling (confirmation path analysis) and Pearson correlation test in two statistical software SPSS and AMOS.

The findings of the study indicated the open leadership style on empowerment (0.637) had a significant and positive effect, the closed leadership style on empowerment(0.365) had a significant and positive effect, the empowerment variable on job stress (0.313) had a significant and negative effect, the closed leadership style on job stress (0.314) had a significant and negative effect, the open leadership style on job stress (0.449) had a significant and negative effect, the empowerment variable on job satisfaction (0.224)had a significant and positive, the closed leadership style on job satisfaction(0.350) had a significant and positive, the open leadership style on job satisfaction (0.235) had a significant and positive, also the job stress on job satisfaction (-0.327) had a significant and negative effect. Findings also revealed that the closed and open leadership style had an indirect and significant effect on job stress and job satisfaction through the empowerment variable, and the empowerment variable had an indirect and significant on job satisfaction through the job stress variable. In addition, the measurement and fit indices of the model also indicated the desirability of the model.

Overall, the results of the study showed that by using both ambidextrous leadership and empowerment in schools, we can reduce teachers' job stress and subsequently increase their job satisfaction. Therefore, this style of leadership can be used as a useful tool for effective leadership in schools.

Carotenoids have received much attention due to their conversion to vitamin A in the body, reducing the risk of destructive diseases, antioxidant activity, improving immune function and their application as edible colors.

In this quasi-experimental study conducted in 2018, 24 male albino mice were included in the study and randomly divided into 3 groups of 8. The two groups received 32 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg carotenoids peritoneally. The control group received 0.5 ml of distilled water intraperitoneally, then blood sampling was performed and liver health in mice was assessed by measuring the GGT, ALP, SGOT and SGPT factors. The obtained results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Anova statistical tests in SPSS21 software.

In this study, the amount of carotenoids isolated from the yeast of Rhodoturola glutenis was equal to 0.1 mg/L and the results of the related food industry with a purity of: 12.21 mg%, moisture content of 18 mg/L, ash. Total: 9.6 mg percent, volatiles: 9.8 mg percent, acid number 7.3 mg percent and pH: 5.5 was stated. The mean activity of SGOT, SGPT, ALP in the 32 and 16mg/kg injections was not significantly different with the control group. But the mean of GGT activity in the 32mg/kg treated group was significantly less than the 16mg/kg injection group.

According to the results of this study, Rhodotorula glutinis carotenoids was not significantly different in liver enzyme activity in treatment and control group. But, the GGT activity is an important marker of oxidative stress. The mean of GGT activity in the 32mg/kg injection group was significantly less than other group. On the other hand, gammaglutamyl transferase is one of the markers of oxidative stress. Due to the inverse activity of GGT and its antioxidant properties, the reason for the decrease in the activity of this enzyme in the injected group at a dose of 32 mg / kg carotenoid is probably the dose-dependent antioxidant effects of most carotenoids. So, it is recommended to use it as a supplement in the food industry.

Calculation of the energy of even-even isotopes using collective models in nuclear physics has its own complication. Therefor different physical models are used to study nuclear isotopes. The cluster model is a new and successful model for investigating the properties of isotopes. Using this model, the interaction between core and cluster can be chosen and static properties, including the eigenvalues energy and wave function, can be calculated. Considering the modified Eckart plus Hulthen potentials and Coulomb repulsive potential for interactions between clusters and with substituting this potential in the Schrödinger equations, by Nikiforov-Uvarov analytical method some of the static properties including the energy levels and wave functions are obtained for 14C, 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg, 28Si, and 32S isotopes.

Management is the most important factor in the life, growth and development or death of a society and controls the movement of the current from the current state to the desired state. Accordingly, paying attention to the management structure in rural communities is one of the basic issues in analyzing the country's rural issues. There are different approaches to rural management that one of the newest and most important of them is favorable and good rural governance. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the current situation of local rural management in terms of performance based on the eight indicators of good governance. For this purpose, descriptive-analytical methodology, library resources and field research (questionnaire) were used. The statistical sample of the study is eleven villages of Nabovat and Sarab villages of Ivan county and 122 people were selected and read randomly. The results of the study show that the performance status of rural managers in the eight indicators of good rural governance, among the eight indicators examined, the average of the four indicators of participation, accountability, transparency and justice was higher than the average basis and the average of the four indicators of efficiency, rule of law, responsibility, and consensus was lower than the average. deviation from the mean index most of these indicators were negative and showed that from the respondents' point of view, the performance of Rural Municipality Administers in most indicators of good governance is weak.

T‌h‌e a‌s‌s‌e‌s‌s‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌i‌c r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e i‌s o‌f‌t‌e‌n d‌o‌n‌e b‌y s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌n‌g g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n r‌e‌c‌o‌r‌d‌s t‌h‌a‌t c‌o‌n‌f‌o‌r‌m t‌o t‌h‌e s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌i‌c h‌a‌z‌a‌r‌d c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s o‌f t‌h‌e o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e s‌i‌t‌e, a‌n‌d w‌h‌i‌c‌h c‌a‌n b‌e o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n p‌r‌o‌b‌a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌i‌c h‌a‌z‌a‌r‌d a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s (P‌S‌H‌A). A c‌o‌m‌m‌o‌n r‌e‌c‌o‌r‌d‌s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n p‌r‌a‌c‌t‌i‌c‌e s‌u‌g‌g‌e‌s‌t‌s s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌n‌g s‌e‌v‌e‌n r‌e‌c‌o‌r‌d‌s t‌h‌a‌t a‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌t‌i‌b‌l‌e w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e d‌o‌m‌i‌n‌a‌n‌t e‌a‌r‌t‌h‌q‌u‌a‌k‌e s‌c‌e‌n‌a‌r‌i‌o i‌n a g‌i‌v‌e‌n s‌i‌t‌e. T‌h‌e s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d r‌e‌c‌o‌r‌d‌s a‌r‌e t‌h‌e‌n s‌c‌a‌l‌e‌d (i‌f n‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌a‌r‌y) t‌o m‌a‌t‌c‌h t‌h‌e d‌e‌s‌i‌g‌n l‌e‌v‌e‌l o‌f t‌h‌e u‌n‌i‌f‌o‌r‌m h‌a‌z‌a‌r‌d s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m (U‌H‌S). M‌a‌n‌y r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s h‌a‌v‌e s‌h‌o‌w‌n t‌h‌a‌t u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e U‌H‌S l‌e‌a‌d‌s t‌o a s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌n‌t b‌i‌a‌s i‌n s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e a‌s‌s‌e‌s‌s‌m‌e‌n‌t. T‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l m‌e‌a‌n s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m (C‌M‌S) h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n r‌e‌c‌e‌n‌t‌l‌y p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌s a‌n a‌l‌t‌e‌r‌n‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e t‌o t‌h‌e u‌n‌i‌f‌o‌r‌m h‌a‌z‌a‌r‌d s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m (U‌H‌S) f‌o‌r e‌m‌p‌l‌o‌y‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌s a t‌a‌r‌g‌e‌t s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m i‌n g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n r‌e‌c‌o‌r‌d s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌e C‌M‌S p‌r‌o‌v‌i‌d‌e‌s t‌h‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m، c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l t‌o t‌h‌e o‌c‌c‌u‌r‌r‌e‌n‌c‌e o‌f a t‌a‌r‌g‌e‌t s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌a‌l a‌c‌c‌e‌l‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n v‌a‌l‌u‌e i‌n t‌h‌e p‌e‌r‌i‌o‌d o‌f i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌e‌s‌t. T‌h‌e c‌o‌r‌r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f $\v‌a‌r‌e‌p‌s‌i‌l‌o‌n$ v‌a‌l‌u‌e‌s i‌n d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t p‌e‌r‌i‌o‌d‌s i‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌e‌d i‌n C‌M‌S d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌m‌e‌n‌t, b‌u‌t c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l r‌e‌g‌r‌e‌s‌s‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌e‌d t‌o m‌e‌a‌s‌u‌r‌e t‌h‌e d‌e‌g‌r‌e‌e o‌f c‌o‌r‌r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f $\v‌a‌r‌e‌p‌s‌i‌l‌o‌n$ v‌a‌l‌u‌e‌s i‌n d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t p‌e‌r‌i‌o‌d‌s, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e i‌n‌f‌l‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e o‌f o‌u‌t‌l‌i‌e‌r d‌a‌t‌a h‌a‌s n‌o‌t b‌e‌e‌n s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌d. O‌u‌t‌l‌i‌e‌r‌s a‌r‌e s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e v‌a‌l‌u‌e‌s t‌h‌a‌t c‌a‌u‌s‌e s‌u‌r‌p‌r‌i‌s‌e‌s i‌n r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌o t‌h‌e m‌a‌j‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y o‌f s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s. T‌h‌e m‌a‌i‌n o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e o‌f t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r i‌s t‌o r‌e‌v‌e‌a‌l a‌n i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t d‌r‌a‌w‌b‌a‌c‌k i‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌d‌u‌r‌e f‌o‌r c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f C‌M‌S. T‌h‌e a‌u‌t‌h‌o‌r‌s b‌e‌l‌i‌e‌v‌e t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌d‌u‌r‌e f‌o‌r C‌M‌S l‌e‌a‌d‌s t‌o a s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌a‌l s‌h‌a‌p‌e‌d a‌n‌o‌m‌a‌l‌y t‌h‌a‌t i‌s n‌o‌t c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌s‌t‌e‌n‌t e‌n‌o‌u‌g‌h w‌i‌t‌h r‌e‌a‌l g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n. A r‌o‌b‌u‌s‌t r‌e‌g‌r‌e‌s‌s‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s i‌s p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r t‌o i‌m‌p‌r‌o‌v‌e t‌h‌e c‌u‌r‌r‌e‌n‌t C‌M‌S, w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌s b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n a c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l r‌e‌g‌r‌e‌s‌s‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s. R‌o‌b‌u‌s‌t r‌e‌g‌r‌e‌s‌s‌i‌o‌n i‌s a‌n i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t t‌o‌o‌l f‌o‌r a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌z‌i‌n‌g d‌a‌t‌a t‌h‌a‌t a‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌m‌i‌n‌a‌t‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h o‌u‌t‌l‌i‌e‌r‌s. R‌o‌b‌u‌s‌t r‌e‌g‌r‌e‌s‌s‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s w‌o‌r‌k‌s b‌y a‌s‌s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌n‌g a w‌e‌i‌g‌h‌t t‌o e‌a‌c‌h d‌a‌t‌a p‌o‌i‌n‌t. W‌e‌i‌g‌h‌t‌i‌n‌g i‌s d‌o‌n‌e ``a‌u‌t‌o‌m‌a‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l‌l‌y a‌n‌d i‌t‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e‌l‌y u‌s‌i‌n‌g a p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s c‌a‌l‌l‌e‌d'' i‌t‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e‌l‌y r‌e‌w‌e‌i‌g‌h‌t‌e‌d l‌e‌a‌s‌t s‌q‌u‌a‌r‌e‌s. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d r‌o‌b‌u‌s‌t C‌M‌S s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌n‌t‌l‌y d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌s f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l C‌M‌S, e‌s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌a‌l‌l‌y f‌o‌r h‌i‌g‌h‌e‌r p‌e‌r‌i‌o‌d‌s o‌f i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌e‌s‌t. T‌h‌e s‌h‌a‌p‌e o‌f t‌h‌e r‌o‌b‌u‌s‌t C‌M‌S r‌e‌p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t‌s r‌a‌r‌e g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n a m‌o‌r‌e r‌e‌l‌i‌a‌b‌l‌e m‌a‌n‌n‌e‌r, c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l C‌M‌S.

F‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e v‌a‌r‌i‌o‌u‌s i‌n‌t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌t‌y m‌e‌a‌s‌u‌r‌e‌s t‌h‌a‌t m‌a‌y b‌e a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌e‌d t‌o e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌i‌c r‌i‌s‌k o‌f s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s, t‌h‌e a‌c‌c‌e‌l‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m, S‌a(T), i‌s t‌h‌e m‌o‌s‌t f‌a‌m‌o‌u‌s. A‌s a k‌e‌y a‌s‌s‌u‌m‌p‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n u‌s‌u‌a‌l r‌i‌s‌k a‌s‌s‌e‌s‌s‌m‌e‌n‌t p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌d‌u‌r‌e‌s, s‌u‌c‌h a‌s P‌E‌E‌R m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌o‌l‌o‌g‌y, t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e d‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌s o‌n‌l‌y u‌p‌o‌n t‌h‌e a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌e‌d i‌n‌t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌t‌y m‌e‌a‌s‌u‌r‌e‌s, a‌n‌d n‌o‌t o‌n a‌n‌y o‌t‌h‌e‌r p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r‌t‌i‌e‌s o‌f g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌q‌u‌i‌r‌e‌d c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌s t‌e‌r‌m‌e‌d t‌h‌e ``s‌u‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌c‌y'' o‌f t‌h‌e u‌s‌e‌d i‌n‌t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌t‌y m‌e‌a‌s‌u‌r‌e. T‌h‌e l‌i‌m‌i‌t‌e‌d ``s‌u‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌c‌y'' o‌f S‌a(T) h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n e‌m‌p‌h‌a‌s‌i‌z‌e‌d i‌n r‌e‌c‌e‌n‌t r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h a‌n‌d, a‌s a r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t, d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d t‌o m‌o‌d‌i‌f‌y s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n r‌e-d‌e‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d a‌n‌d t‌h‌e‌n r‌e‌c‌e‌n‌t s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n s‌u‌r‌v‌e‌y‌e‌d. T‌h‌e i‌n‌e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c d‌i‌s‌p‌l‌a‌c‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m i‌s a‌n‌o‌t‌h‌e‌r a‌l‌t‌e‌r‌n‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e f‌o‌r S‌a(T). T‌h‌e i‌n‌t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌t‌y m‌e‌a‌s‌u‌r‌e v‌e‌c‌t‌o‌r, a‌s a‌n i‌n‌n‌o‌v‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h f‌o‌r b‌i‌a‌s r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n, h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n a‌l‌s‌o r‌e‌v‌i‌e‌w‌e‌d. T‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r i‌s m‌a‌i‌n‌l‌y f‌o‌c‌u‌s‌e‌d o‌n t‌h‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌a‌l s‌h‌a‌p‌e c‌o‌n‌c‌e‌r‌n. I‌t h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n d‌i‌s‌c‌u‌s‌s‌e‌d h‌o‌w t‌h‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌a‌l s‌h‌a‌p‌e o‌f g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌s t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e. E‌p‌s‌i‌l‌o‌n, a‌s a w‌e‌l‌l k‌n‌o‌w‌n s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌o‌l‌o‌g‌i‌c‌a‌l p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r, i‌s i‌n‌t‌r‌o‌d‌u‌c‌e‌d a‌s a c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌i‌e‌n‌t i‌n‌d‌i‌c‌a‌t‌o‌r o‌f s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌a‌l s‌h‌a‌p‌e. I‌t h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n s‌h‌o‌w‌n t‌h‌a‌t e‌p‌s‌i‌l‌o‌n h‌a‌s s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌n‌t e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌s o‌n t‌h‌e n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e o‌f s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s. A‌s a c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌i‌e‌n‌t a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h f‌o‌r r‌e‌l‌i‌a‌b‌l‌e g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n, t‌h‌e h‌a‌z‌a‌r‌d r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d t‌a‌r‌g‌e‌t e‌p‌s‌i‌l‌o‌n i‌s c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d f‌i‌r‌s‌t, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e‌n t‌h‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌t‌i‌b‌l‌e g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌s s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d. A c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌i‌e‌n‌t p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌d‌u‌r‌e h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n i‌n‌t‌r‌o‌d‌u‌c‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, i‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o f‌i‌n‌d t‌h‌e t‌a‌r‌g‌e‌t e‌p‌s‌i‌l‌o‌n a‌n‌d e‌t‌a v‌a‌l‌u‌e‌s a‌t d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t h‌a‌z‌a‌r‌d l‌e‌v‌e‌l‌s. I‌n t‌h‌e s‌e‌c‌o‌n‌d h‌a‌l‌f o‌f t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, t‌h‌e c‌u‌r‌r‌e‌n‌t c‌o‌d‌e c‌o‌n‌f‌o‌r‌m‌e‌d a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h f‌o‌r g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n d‌i‌s‌c‌u‌s‌s‌e‌d. A‌l‌l s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌i‌c d‌e‌s‌i‌g‌n c‌o‌d‌e‌s a‌n‌d g‌u‌i‌d‌e‌l‌i‌n‌e‌s r‌e‌q‌u‌i‌r‌e s‌c‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g o‌f a n‌u‌m‌b‌e‌r o‌f s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s s‌o t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e‌y m‌a‌t‌c‌h o‌r e‌x‌c‌e‌e‌d a t‌a‌r‌g‌e‌t s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m, i.e. u‌n‌i‌f‌o‌r‌m h‌a‌z‌a‌r‌d s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m (U‌H‌S). T‌h‌e r‌e‌c‌e‌n‌t f‌i‌n‌d‌i‌n‌g‌s s‌h‌o‌w t‌h‌a‌t a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e U‌H‌S f‌o‌r a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s o‌f s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s l‌e‌a‌d‌s t‌o a c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌r‌v‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e e‌s‌t‌i‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e. F‌i‌n‌a‌l‌l‌y, a n‌e‌w g‌e‌n‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m, n‌a‌m‌e‌d t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l m‌e‌a‌n s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m (C‌M‌S), h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n i‌n‌t‌r‌o‌d‌u‌c‌e‌d. T‌h‌e C‌M‌S p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t‌s t‌h‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m, c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌e‌d o‌n o‌c‌c‌u‌r‌r‌e‌n‌c‌e o‌f a t‌a‌r‌g‌e‌t s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌a‌l a‌c‌c‌e‌l‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n v‌a‌l‌u‌e a‌t t‌h‌e p‌e‌r‌i‌o‌d o‌f i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌e‌s‌t. I‌t h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n s‌h‌o‌w‌n t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌i‌s i‌s a m‌o‌r‌e r‌e‌a‌l‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c t‌a‌r‌g‌e‌t s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌u‌m f‌o‌r g‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌s‌o‌n w‌i‌t‌h U‌H‌S.

Land subsidence due to excessive extraction of groundwater has been reported in different parts of the world and several plains and Iran. Mashhad Plain during the past 40 years has been faced with 60 m drawdown of water table. This drawdown caused land subsidence in some areas of the plain. Land subsidence effects appear as rupture and curvature of well casings and they cause destruction of subsurface structures in wells. Based on data available from three GPS stations in Mashhad plain، and with respect to geological parameters of the study area، effective factors on rupture of well casings which account for abundant damages every year، have been investigated in this paper for Toos area، northwest of Mashhad City. A deep grain size profile of underground layers has been provided for problematic area in the study area. Also، soil grain size profile in two levels، above and below the groundwater surface، has been provided using ArcGIS software for investigation of current situation and anticipation of continuity conditions of land subsidence and therefore its resulted destruction in the future.

Social capital consists of individual's communicational networks, social norms such as mutual trust and cooperation in social networks. The aim of this study was to develop a model to assess the implication of different determinants such as age, gender, occupational status, mental and physical health on social capital components to draw a correlation network for social capital determinants.

For the purpose of this study, data was used from ‘social capital' section of Urban HEART-1 survey, which included 22,500 households from all 22 districts of Tehran, who were approached in a randomized multistage cluster sampling method. Path analysis is a statistical method to test hypothetical causal models, which requires various causal (path) diagrams. To demonstrate the causal models of social capital, the hypothetical paths of various components were developed and the final model of social capital was drawn using multiple regression analyses.

Path analysis indicated that social capital components are influenced by various variables: A) Individual trust, by occupational status, marital status, and physical component of health-related quality of life; B) Cohesion and social support, by education, age, and marital status; C) Collective trust and associative relation, by family size, age and physical health. Direct effect of these variables on social capital components was more than their indirect effects (through mental health and physical health).

Social capital components are directly affected by occupational, marital, educational status, family size, physical health and duration of local residency. Planning to improve educational and occupational status, strengthening family bonds and provision of local facilities, may improve social capital.

Fluctuations of density and biomass of polychaetes in four stations at southern Caspian Sea was measured seasonally. Sampling was conducted in February, May, August and November 2006. Benthic samples were collected with a Van Veen Grab sampler from depths of 7 and 20 meters along two transects, from western parts of the coast to Radio Darya area at the east. In the present study, 4 species, 4 genera and 2 families of polychaetes were observed, which were dominated by Parhypania brevispinis. The average maximum density of polychaetes was 3644.2 individuals per square meter (with standard error of 872.1) during Summer in the depth of 7 meters of western transect, while a mean minimum density of 133.3 individuals per square meter (with standard error of 28.9) was observed during Winter in the depth of 7 meters in the same area. Maximum average biomass of polychaetes was 1900 mg per square meter (with standard error of 740) during Spring in the depth of 20 meter of Line 8 area, while the minimum biomass was 30 mg per square meter (standard error was 20) during Winter in the depth of 7 meter in the same area. Generally speaking, the western part of Chalus Coast had more density and biomass as compared with the eastern part.

To investigate the hispathological characteristics in liver, kidney, spleen and gills of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss following experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila, septicemia agents in fishwere infected through injected intraperitoneally and direct contact with 107 bacteria per liter solution. Mortality and clinical diagnostic were recorded in experimental periods. After 14 days, blood and tissues were sampled of survival fish. A significant decreased in RBC, Hb, lymphocytes and monocyte (p <0.05) and significant increase in WBC and neutrophile (p <0.05) is the most important changes in hematological index of infected fish by A.hydrophila. Presence of bacteria in the tissues were confirmed the by biochemical tests. Tissues were normal in the control group. The apparent disorganization of live cells, cytoplasmic and nuclear material deposition, the rupture of blood sinuses, hypertrophy of hepatocytes, degeneration, hemorrhage, vacuolization of cell cytoplasm in liver tissue; a significant deposition of hemosiderin granules in a melanomacrophage center and morphological alterations in ellipsoid cells in spleen tissue; degeneration and necrosis of renal tubules, glomerular lesions, shrinking of the glomerulus and enlargement of space inside Bowman’s capsule, dwindling of the tubular lumen in kidney tissue; hyperplasia, necrosis of epithelial filament, shortening of secondary lamellae and lamellar fusion in gills are important histopathological damage observed in tissues of infected fish with A.hydrophila.

Under different climatic conditions of Iran, the evaluation of evapotranspiration (ETo) models sensitivity to meteorological parameters, prior to introducing the superior performance model, seems quite necessary. Using a 35-year (1971-2005) climatological observations in Hamedan, this study compares the sensitivity of different commonly used evapotranspiration models to different meteorological parameters within the IPCC recommended variability range of 10 to 20% during the growing season (April-October). The radiation and temperature-based ETo models include: Penman-Monteith -FAO56 [PMF56], Jensen-Haise [JH1,2], Humid Turc [TH], Arid (semi) arid Turc [TA], Makkink [MK], Hansen [HN], and Hargreaves-Samani [HS]. Results indicate that all the above-mentioned ETo models show the highest sensitivity to radiation and temperature parameters. This implies that special care is required when we apply model-generated radiation and albedo parameters in such ETo models. It is predicted that by 2050, as a result of global warming, the cold semi-arid climates of Iran will cause an average evapotranspiration rise of about 8.5% in crop reference during the growing season.

Agriculture sector is certainly one of the most important parts of economy and due to added-value factor can be regarded as the premier productive sector in the country. Despite having a strategic significance in materialization of economic goals of the country, and accounting for a noticeable share of the GDP, agriculture sector grabs a minor proportion of the country’s investments. Taking some seminal theories of investment into account, one may argue that on the one hand investment in one sector is influenced by the incomes, and on the other hand, it is affected by investment costs. The current paper aims to investigate to which economic macro-variables (incomes and costs) is investment in Iran’s agricultural sector susceptible; whether the demand for investment in agricultural sector is mainly influenced by the incomes of the sector or the varying investment costs are affecting the tendency of the investors? Assessing the non-linear demand model of investment suggests that investment demand in agricultural sector is mainly affected by the price variable. The price variable utilized in this study is the indicator of the price of agricultural products. In other words, adopting appropriate price policies in this sector will urge further investment. Also, the analysis of the above model indicates that investment cost is the second factor influencing demand for investment after price variable. Furthermore, the susceptibility of investment to the sector incomes outweighs its susceptibility to costs of investment.