m. r. palizvan

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. While there are many treatment options available, including drug and non-drug therapies, there is still a need for effective treatments that can help manage seizures.The present study aimed to investigate the intensity-dependent effects of mild electric foot stimulation on seizure intensity following pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)chemical kindling in rats.

Kindled seizures were induced in rats by repeated injections of PTZ. Twenty-seven male rats were randomly divided into three groups: kindling group, kindling group + 0.1 mA electrical stimulation, and kindling group + 0.01 mA electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation was induced using an electric box equipped with steel rods following acquisition of kindled seizures. The intensity of the mild electric foot stimulation was either 0.1 or 0.01 mA depending on the tested group.

The study found that while mild electric foot stimulation with intensity of 0. 1 mA had proconvulsive effects on PTZ-induced kindled rats, an decreased the latency to the onset of stage 5 seizure (p<0.05), stimulation with intensity of 0.01 mA did not have significant effects on seizure parameters.

Obtained results suggested that mild electric foot stimulation may have anticonvulsant effects, but only at certain intensity. This finding has important implications for future research into the use of mild electric foot stimulation as a treatment for epilepsy.

Some experimental data show that losartan can exert anticonvulsant activity; thereby it could create the potential therapy for treatment of epilepsy. However, there are limited and confusing data regarding the anticonvulsant action of losartan.  The aim of this study was to answer the question why different studies found different effects of losartan on seizure and epilepsy.

The Sub convulsive doses (37.5 mg/kg) of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) were administered (at intervals of one another day), to induce chemical kindling in conscious, free-moving rats. Separate groups of full kindled rats were pretreated with 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of losartan.

The results showed although losartan had no significant effect on seizure stage, this drug induced a dose-dependent U-shaped effect on other seizure parameters.

These results may explain the discrepancy reported about the effect of losartan on kindling model of epilepsy.

Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases of the brain. Because of the drug resistance, finding new drugs is important. Recently, the beneficial effects of Ursodeoxycholic acid on brain disorders have been considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA)on the Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced kindling, and related learning and memory impairments on Morris water maze.
This research is an experimental study. In this study animals were divided into 4 groups. The first (n=7) and the second (n=9)groups have received three injections of 0.5 ml NaCl or 50 mg/kg of UDCA respectively and third (n=7) and fourth (n=9) groups have received fifteen injections of 0.5 ml NaCl or 50 mg/kg of UDCA respectively. All injections were given intraperitoneally(ip)(every 48 hours). In all groups, chemical kindling were started after third injections. Twenty-four hour after the last injection, spatial memory was investigated in the Morris water maze.
FINDING: Fifteen injections of UDCA significantly reduced the seizure stage from 3.5±0.17 to 3.08±0.11 and duration of stages five from 12.37±1.21 to 8.43±1.09 and increased time to reach the stage five seizures from 1021.65±72.07 to 1252.41±49.63 as compared to control group. However, three injections of UDCA have no effect on the kindling process. Three and fifteen injections of UDCA had no effect on spatial learning. In contrast to a 15 injections group, three time administration of UDCA significantly increased reference memory from 18.72±1.2 s to 26.11±1.8 s.
Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits chemical kindling and improves kindling induced memory impairment.

In spite of various and effective anti seizure drugs available, 30% of epileptic patients are not adequately treated with current medications. Based on the effectiveness of phytocannabinoids on epileptic and seizure models, in this study the effects of 2-achidonoylglycerol (2-AG) injection, as an important endocannabinoid, on tonic-clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was examined.
The study was performed on male wistar rats (180-200 g). Tonic-clonic seizures were induced through a single intra-peritoneal injection of PTZ (80 mg/Kg) and then seizure behavior was monitored for 30 minutes. The intra-peritoneal injection of 2-AG (1 mg/Kg) in dimethyl solfoxide (DMSO) was performed 15 minutes before the PTZ injection. In the sham group an equivalent volume of DMSO was injected 15 minutes before PTZ. Data on the delay of seizure stage occurrence, duration of the stages, number of occurrences for each stage and mortality rate due to tonic-clonic seizures were collected for analysis.
PTZ injection in association with DMSO significantly increased the delay for seizure stages 1 and 2, in comparison with just a PTZ injection (P It seems 2-AG injection could be effective in reducing seizure parameters in seizures induced by PTZ.

In recent years, numerous attempts were done to find new treatment methods for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Anandamide (Anandamides; AEA) and di-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-Arachidonoylglycerol; 2-AG) are two major ligands of endocannabinoid system can be produced or deleted by a certain enzymatic pathway. Given the frequency and significance of these endocannabinoid ligands, it seems that endocannabinoid system in the brain can be changed with pharmacologically manipulating in the pathway of these two main ligands. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic elimination of endocannabinoids inhibitors on tonic-clonic seizure caused by PTZ.
In this exprimental study 35 Adult male wistar rats were used in 4 groups. Tonic-colonic seizure was induced through single intra-peritoneal injection of PTZ (80 mg/Kg). Latency and duration of each five behavioral seizure stages were monitored for 30 minutes. To inhibit Anandamides elimination, URB and LY (URB: 1 mg/kg, LY: 2.5 mg/kg, i.p), to inhibit 2-2-Arachidonoylglycerol degradation WWL and JJKK (JJKK: 1 mg/kg, WWL: 5 mg/kg, i.p), were used, all dissolved in DMSO and injected 15 minutes before PTZ injection. In sham group, PTZ was injected after DMSO.Time and duration of all five behavioral stages of seizure were recorded for 30 minutes.
FINDINGS: Delay to stages 4 and 5 in DMSO㴶 group were 206 and 209, respectivly. While in JJKK奢︌쒎 group delay to stages 4 and 5 were 630힟 and 726�, respectivly, which reveald significant increase (p Contemporary using both WWL and JJKK as inhibitors of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol elimination effectivly reduced tonic- clonic seizure.

The role of opioid receptor and voltage dependent calcium channels on the kindling induced by the convulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) were investigated in the rats. Experiment involved 24 rats which were divided into four groups. Kindling was established with PTZ in subconvulsive dose (37.5 mg/kg i.p.) every 48 h and effects were observed within 20 min using five-point scoring system. All animals were kindled to three consecutive-stage five seizures and their stability was tested. Saline, verapamil (calcium channel blocker), naloxone (opioid antagonist) or both of them were then administrated 20 min before PTZ application. Convulsant parameters were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by verapamil. Naloxone had no significant effect on the seizure expression of fully kindled animals, whereas simultaneous application of naloxone and verapamil had profound inhibitory effect on all seizure parameters. The results of the present study suggest that naloxane increased the inhibitory effect of verapamil on the seizure induced by PTZ kindling.

Regarding the high prevalence of epileptic seizures, its complications and the necessity to control them, this study was carried out in order to assess the role of progesterone administration in newborn rats on Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling susceptibility after maturity. This experimental study was carried out on 32 newborn Wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups, which are as follows: progesterone-injected females, progesterone-injected males, sesamoid-injected females and sesamoid-injected males. Progesterone and sesamoid groups were injected with progesterone (100 mg/Kg) and sesamoid (100 mg/Kg) respectively. Sixty days after injection chemical kindling in the rats was analyzed by PTZ administration. Progesterone significantly increased the susceptibility for PTZ kindling in female rats however it did not have a significant effect on seizure parameters in male rats. The results of this study suggest that chronic administration of progesterone can only increase susceptibility for chemical kindling in female rats and not in the males.