m. torabi

The stress caused by dryness can affect plant growth and physiology. Several coping mechanisms (recovery, avoidance, tolerance and drought escape) have been developed to mitigate the impact of drought stress, and  most strategies involve survival during stress condition. The aim of this study was to compare the morphological and physiological characteristics of two varieties of sorghum forage (Pegah and Speedfeed) under drought stress conditions in order to provide beneficial and functional recommendations to farmers in the study area. This study was performed as a spit-plot plot in a complete randomised design with 3 replications for two years in Esfahan, Iran. Experimental treatments included drought stress at three levels for two varieties of sorghum. Mechanisms of sorghum response to drought stress, including physiological and morphological  alterations, were also proposed. Treatment means were compared by the Duncan test at 5% and 1% levels of probability. The statistical analysis was applied to the data using the R software. Lower irrigation showed a gradual decrease in plants height, number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, nitrogen and crude protein, with an increase in the length and weight of their panicle. Compared to Pegah variety, Speedfeed cultivar with 12% increase enhanced the contents of chlorophyll (1.7 times) in the two years of experiment. It could be concluded that Speedfeed variety exhibited better yield and quality characteristics against drought stress compared to Pegah variety. Considering the tolerance index and the harmonic mean index, Pegah showed the highest sensitivity to drought stress. This study indicated that sorghum had several adaptive mechanisms for dealing with drought stress, so that it could be applied as a suitable alternative for other crops with higher water needs such as Zea.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of brand community on brand loyalty through the mediation of Customer Identification and Customer Brand Engagement. The present research is a descriptive-correlational and applied study. The statistical population is the customers of Hyperstar store and the sample size was calculated as 374 customers according to Cocaran's formula. Questionnaire was used to evaluate the research hypotheses and the relationships between variables. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, content validity method was used and to determine the reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used. In this research, to investigate the relationships and hypotheses, structural equation modeling and partial least squares methods were calculated using smartPLS software. The findings confirm all the hypotheses, in other words, the brand community has a positive and significant effect on brand loyalty through the mediation of Customer Identification and Customer Brand Engagement.

The study aimed to identify the impact of distress by information and information avoidance on the compliance with preventive measures and to identify the intervention effect of information avoidance about corona virus on distress by information in compliance with preventive measures.

In terms of purpose this is applied research, and in terms of method is a descriptive-survey. The statistical population includes all students of Shiraz University in different academic levels who were studying in the even semester of the academic year 2021 (N = 16643). According to Morgan's table, 375 students selected as the research sample. Data collection tool was a combined questionnaire developed by Siebenhaar, et al. (2020) which had three subscales of distress by information, information avoidance and compliance with preventive measures. Research data was collected after confirming the validity of the questionnaire by three experts in the field as well as calculating the reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of all three subscales of distress by information, information avoidance and compliance with preventive measures (0.788, 0.856, 0.890).

The results showed that the regression model is significant for predicting compliance with preventive measures through the variables of distress by information and information avoidance (F (2, 371) = 18.029, p <.001, R2 = .089). The distress by information explains 13.2% of the variance of compliance with preventive measures (negative and significant) and the information avoidance variable explains 25.8% of the variance of compliance with preventive measures (negative and significant). Findings of block regression model also showed a significant effect of information avoidance intervention (F (2, 371) = 19.628, p <.000) on the relationship between distress by information and compliance with preventive measures with R2 = .096. The distress by information in the presence of the intervention effect of information avoidance explains 34.5% of the variance of compliance with preventive measures.

The results showed that the distress by information variable and the information avoidance variable reduce the compliance with preventive measures. Moreover, the predicting influence of information avoidance is more than the predicting influence of distress by information. On the other hand, information avoidance has a reinforcing intervention effect on the relationship between distress by information and compliance with preventive measures and reduces the compliance with preventive measures. In other words, people who scored higher in distress by information and avoided coronary information more, followed corona preventive measures less than others did.

Nowadays, cities’ population has been encountered with rapid growth. However, the urban transport infrastructures are not developed with this rate. This issue yield to the common problem which is the traffic jam in streets. The practical approach to solve this problem is the efficient use of the infrastructure and proper traffic control which plays an important role in this performance. Based on the aforementioned issues, the aim of this study is an urban traffic control system using the agent-based simulation approach. In this study, the microscopic model for efficient network traffic junctions in the context of the flow of traffic at intersections has been used. The proposed approach, by defining the main parameters of traffic as a collection of micro-scale smart agents, is expected to address the issue mentioned more effectively. These agents consist of three categories (vehicles, traffic control centers and traffic lights) with different functions. In our approach in addition to the defined scenarios for intersection with a focus on optimizing time, total optimization of traffic flow will also be followed. Also, path finding is used to test the performance of the model. Having the traffic lights with three phase and two methods of path finding, six scenarios are defined and are implemented in a simulated environment. The results of the comparison parameter stop time and the average speed of vehicles reveals the fact that using the intelligent path finding and smart traffic light (sixth scenario) would lead to the downturn about 3.12 seconds per kilometer for stop time and upturn near 1.83 km/h for average speed of cars using the proposed method. We used the controlled data for the evaluation process and the relative accuracy was 83% for stop time and 94% for average speed of vehicles. The results of this study revealed the efficiency as well as reliability of the developed agent-based model in traffic smoothing.

The use of web applications has become increasingly popular in our routine activities, such as reading the news, paying bills, and shopping on-line. As the availability of these services grows, we are witnessing an increase in the number and sophistication of attacks that target web applications. SQL injection attacks are a serious security threat to web applications in the cyberspace. SQL injection attacks allow attackers to gain unlimited access to a database that includes applications and potentially sensitive information. Although researchers and practitioners have proposed different methods to solve the SQL injection problem, current approaches either fail to solve the full scope of the problem or have limitations that prevent their use and adoption. This study is designed to provide a method for detecting and preventing SQL injection attacks at runtime, which can detect and continuously monitor the existing and new attacks. The proposed detection and prevention method by runtime monitoring and implementation of the decision tree classification on the SQL injection database, blocks existing SQL injection attacks and also detects new attacks using the database supervisor. In the end, the proposed method is compared with other methods for detecting and preventing existing SQL injection attacks, the results showing that the proposed method is significantly successful in detecting and preventing SQL injection attacks. Compared to the two methods explored in this article, the presented method increases the accuracy by 12% for one method and 16% for the other.

Increasing the popularity and profitableness of cloud computing is dependent on providing the capabilities and features that the users desire. Elasticity is one of the strongest features that distinguish the cloud computing domain from other distributed system approaches. Cloud computing takes into account an unlimited capacity of the resources for the consumer, and the consumer can take the resources in demand based on competitive rates and increase or  decrease the number of resources. There have been many improvements to elasticity management by previous   researches. However, further researches are necessary to manage elasticity more efficiently. In this paper, an  approach for improving elasticity is presented using the fuzzy control system based on threshold changes for high-performance computing applications in cloud computing. In the proposed approach, elasticity management is based on continuous monitoring and decision making. The results indicate that the proposed approach has a better performance in terms of response time, cost and service level agreement (SLA) violation, compared to previous      studies. In comparison with each of the two specified approaches, the response time of the proposed method has decreased by 6.5% and 9%, cost by 6% and 12%, and service level agreement (SLA) violation by 68% and 77.5%, respectively.

This paper presents performance evaluations for two spectrum-sharing cognitive-radio systems employing cooperative amplify-and-forward relaying in which the best relay is selected for the transmission. In these systems, a secondary user (SU, unlicensed user) shares the spectrum of a primary user (PU, licensed user), in such a way that the interference to the PU is always kept below a predefined threshold. To this end, a power control for the SU is used. In these systems, the SU employs an amplify-and-forward relaying with several relays, where the best relay who has the best channel condition is selected for the transmission. The considered systems are different in the employed relay selection schemes, such that: 1) In the first system, partial relay selection is employed, in which the partial channel state information (CSI) is used to select the best relay. 2) In the second system opportunistic relay selection is employed, in which the full CSI is used to select the best relay. To analyze the system performances, at first the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for each considered system is derived. Then, using the obtained CDF expressions, closed-form expressions are obtained for three performance metrics: outage probability, the average bit-error-rate (BER), and the average channel capacity. Finally, using the numerical results obtained from the mathematical formulas derived in this paper, we evaluate and compare the systems performances in different cases under different conditions. In addition, to verify the accuracy of the performed analysis, Monte-Carlo simulation results are also provided.

To evaluate the interaction pattern of genotype × environment and grain and dry forage yield stability of 10 promising dual purpose sorghum lines, a field experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with four replications in six field stations of Karaj, Mashhad, Birjand, Zabol, Moghan and Isfahan in 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Combined analysis of variance showed that the main effects of year, location, and genotypes as well as their interaction effects were significant (p <0.01) on grain yield, dry forage yield and biological yield. Mean comparison showed that line No. 3 (KDFGS9) with grain yield of 7.8 tha-1 had the highest grain yield, and line No. 1 (KDFGS4) and line number 9 (KDFGS26) with 26.2 and 26.1 tha-1 had the highest dry forage yield, respectively. Line No. 1 (KDFGS4), No. 2 (KDFGS6) and No. 9 (KDFGS26) were superior to the others by producing of 34.3, 33 and 32.5 tha-1 of biological yield, respectively. Analysis of variance by AMMI model and fitting of main components to the genotype by environment interaction effect showed that two main components for grain yield, dry forage yield and biological yield were significant. The first two components explained 67.8 percent of the sum of the squares of the interaction. According to the AMMI model and ASV stability parameter, lines No. 2 (KDFGS6) and No. 3) KDFGS9( with high grain and dry forage yield stability were the most suitable lines for dual purpose with the priority of grain production. On the other hand, lines No. 9 (KDFGS26) and No. 1 (KDFGS4) can be released as dual-purpose cultivars with the priority of forage production.

In order to investigate the effect of water deficit tension on different growth stages on yield, yield components and produced grain quality of sorghum seeds cultivars,  an experiments was performed as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications in Isfahan Ghiam Cultivation and Cattle Farm Company in 2017. The main factor including irrigation cut at four levels (irrigation cut from the pollination stage onwards, irrigation cut from the milking stage onwards, irrigation cut from the paste stage onwards and normal irrigation (control)) and sub-factor including three cultivars of seed sorghum (Sepideh, Kimia and Payam). The results showed that plant height traits, panicle length, one-thousand grain weight, panicle weight, grain weight in panicle, grain yield, protein percentage, sugar, starch and seed fat were affected by irrigation cut at different stages of growth. There was also a significant difference between different cultivars based on height traits, number of claws per plant and length of panicle. The results of the mean comparison showed that water deficit tension reduced grain yield and in terms of water cut-off tension before pollination compared to control caused 63.95 percent of yield loss and in terms of irrigation cut in milking stage compared to control, 34.4 percent of yield loss. While by cutting off the water in the paste stage, the yield increased by 2.2 percent compared to the control. In general, the highest grain yield, one thousand grain weight and panicle weight were obtained in Kimia cultivar, which could represent a more tolerant cultivar to water deficit tension.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is known as the most valuable forage in the world due to its resistance to drought, the high quality of forage and high adaptability, high shelf life and high protein. Desirable nutrition of alfalfa is one of the key factors in the quantity and quality of seed and forage production. In alfalfa production, optimum nutrition is one of the key factors in the growth and development of the product and has a direct effect on the yield of forage and seed. The provision of phosphorus and micronutrient elements of soil in order to balance the nutrients of soil plays an important role in quantitative and qualitative improvement of the product, and it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive research on alfalfa. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of phosphorus and micronutrient fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative yield of alfalfa seed and forage.

In a three-year research (2011-2014), the effects of using phosphorus and micronutrients including iron, manganese, copper and zinc on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of seeds and forage production of alfalfa were studied at Golpayegan Research Station Isfahan province. For this purpose, using a split- plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, the effect of two alfalfa ecotypes (as the main plot) and 6 levels of phosphorus and micronutrient fertilization (as a sub-plot) on the yield of seed and forage production was investigated. The main plots were consisted of alfalfa Hamedani (V1) and Rehnani (V2) and sub plots (sub-treatment) were included phosphorus (P2O5) at three levels: zero (P0), 65 (P65) and 120 (P120) kg.ha-1, and micronutrient elements in two levels of no applied (R0) and micronutrient application as spraying (R1). Parameters were measured, including forage weight, dry forage weight, seed yield, 1000 seed weight and seed vigor percentage. In the first year, there were two cutting for forage and one for seed production, in the second year there were three cutting for forage and one for seed production, and in the third year there were three cutting for forage production and one for seed production.

The results showed that there was no significant difference in forage production, seed yield, 1000 seed weight, and percentage of seed vigor between two ecotypes of alfalfa, and the average yield of forage and seed in Hamedi and Rehnani ecotypes was 35.40 and 34.77 ton.ha-1 and 498 and 487 kg.ha-1 respectively. The year had a significant effect on the yield of fresh and dry forage, seed yield and 1000-seed weight. Also, the maximum of these traits were observed in the second year. The effect of the year on vigor seed was not significant. Comparison of means showed that P fertilizer application of 120 kg.ha-1 with micronutrient spraying (P120-R1) had the highest seed production and increased of 105% compared to control treatment. The application of 120 kg.ha-1 phosphorus without micronutrient application was in the next place. The percentage of seed vigor in the treatment of 120 kg.ha-1 P, with the micronutrient application (95.1%) was significantly higher than other treatments.

In this three-year research, the study of the use of phosphorus and micronutrients on fresh and dry forage yield and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of seed produced in two alfalfa ecotypes was carried out. The results showed that the highest amount of forage production with the amount of 42.45 ton.ha-1 and the highest amount of seed produced with the amount of 689 kg.ha-1, belonged to the treatment 120 kg.ha-1 phosphorus with micronutrient spraying.

Maintaining oral health during pregnancy is considered as one of the most important public health issues for mother and children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of midwives about oral health in pregnant women,infants and children in Kerman. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 118 midwives in Kerman who were selected by census method. Data collection method was a questionnaire consist of 12  and 14 questions about oral health knowledge and practice,  demographic information,which its validity and reliability were confirmed  previously. Data analyzed by SPSS 21 software and using statistical T test, ANOVA and linear regression. The significance level was considered 0.05. In this study, the average age and years of graduation were 38.52±8.84 and 14.60±8.83,respectively. The average years of  service was 15.68±9.36. The mean score of knowledge and practice were8.65±2.46 and 6.97±1.37 respectively. (59.3%)  of participants had moderate knowledge and (63.6%) had favorable practice. There was a direct and significant relationship between the practice of individuals and participation in oral hygiene courses with years of service and information source. participants who were older, had lower awareness. Midwives who worked in the clinic and who had more years of service, had significantly more knowledge. The findings of this study showed that the practice of individuals about oral hygiene in children and infants is favorable and knowledge is moderate. It is recommended to spend oral hygiene courses to raise knowledge.

Sudden impacts may afflict wide damages on structures. Therefore, it is required to investigate these incidents when designing structures. In this paper, different failure types in steel column are investigated and, for each type, numerical results are compared with the experimental ones for the sake of validation. Initiation and development of structural failure due to truck collision with one of the corner columns was modeled dynamically and was investigated. For this purpose, the three dimensional moment frame steel for a 4-story building with medium ductility using ETABS software under dead, live, and seismic load was designed; then, was loaded with the ABAQUS software under impact load. For validation of the molding process, the experimental results in the field of vehicle collisions with steel columns were used. The nonlinear dynamic analysis was used for simulation of impact caused by the collision of trucks having different masses and speeds. Using the appropriate plasticity and shear failure model, the stresses and internal forces in the structure, especially in the damaged column, were extracted. To study the effects of various parameters on structural response, a parametric study was conducted, and the results were compared with each other. The results showed that mass and speed play an important role in building damage. When the collision occurs, the entire structure, including columns, is affected by the dynamic load. As a result, the current method of elimination of only one column and applying static loading to the structure cannot show progressive collapse accurately.

Pistachio is a strategic product with high economic value in Iran، which is cultivated in arid regions withlimited water resources and poor water quality. Therefore، it is essential to use irrigation systems capable of yielding high irrigation efficiency along with effective management of soil water and salinity. In recent years، application of Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) system has been widely accepted by manypistachio growers. Since، irrigation water is of poor quality in major pistachio plantations، utilization of this irrigation method will result in accumulation of salt in the vicinity of soil surface، hence a reduction in pistachio yield. In addition، appropriate irrigation interval for Pistachio orchards irrigated by SDI systems is unknown. A field experiment was conducted on 15-year old pistachio trees grown on loam silt soil and irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation with saline water (EC= 4. 2 dS/m) in a region under desert climate to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes on the soil moisture and salinity distributions as well as pistachio yield. Two irrigation frequency treatments، namely I3 (Once every 3 days) and I14 (Once every 14 days)، replicated three times were applied to one hectare block of a farm in Sirjan. The results revealed that irrigation frequency had significant effects on the spatial distribution of soil water content within 0-100 cm depths with a higher soil water contentforI3. In contrast to I14، salt accumulation in the root zone for I3 was significantly (p<0. 05) low due to more water application. Pistachio yield for I3 and I14 was 3. 3 and 3. 7 kg/tree، respectively، indicating non significant difference. However، I3 showed marked enhancement in quality traits such as osteoporosis and smiling.

We show how Daubechies wavelets are used to solve Kuramoto-Sivashinsky type equations with periodic boundary condition‎. ‎Wavelet bases are used for numerical solution of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky type equations by Galerkin method‎. ‎The numerical results in comparison with the exact solution prove the efficiency and accuracy of our method‎.

In this paper, a method based on binary-coded genetic algorithm is proposed to explore an optimization method, for obtaining an optimal elliptical tank. This optimization method enhances the rollover threshold of a tank vehicle, especially under partial filling conditions. Minimizing the overturning moment imposed on the vehicle due to c.g. height of the liquid load, lateral acceleration and cargo load shift are properly applied. In the process, the width and height of tanker are assumed as constant parameters. Additionally, considering the constant cross-sectional area, an optimum elliptical tanker of each filling condition is presented to provide more roll stability. Moreover, the magnitudes of lateral and vertical translation of the cargo within the proposed optimal cross section under a constant lateral acceleration field are compared with those of conventional elliptical tank to demonstrate the performance potentials of the optimal shapes. Comparing the vehicle rollover threshold of proposed optimal tank with that of currently used elliptical and circular tank reveals that the optimal tank is improved approximately 18% higher than conventional one.

Sepahan is a new bread wheat cultivar derived from progenies of a cross made between Azadi cultivar and some high yielding and resistant to rust advanced lines. All selections were made in Kelardasht and Iranshahr stations and early evaluations in Karaj. It was also studied in regional uniform yield trials in moderate stations including Kaboutar Abad. Results revealed that this line is more tolerant to drought, thus it's suitable for arid areas of Iran and it has higher yield than check cultivar (Mahdavi). It is of spring habit and early maturity, 95-100 cm plant height, grain color amber and thousand kernel weight of 40 gram. Sepahan has grains with average protein and gluten content 10.3% and 23% respectively. Based on these superiorities and good performance, the new line was released in 2006, under the name of Sepahan

Line N-78-14 with the pedigree of SHA4/CHIL CM91099-25Y-OM-3N-1Y-OYZ-O10M-OY-3M-O10 was obtained from CIMMYT, Mexico in 1996 through High Rainfall Wheat Screening Nursery. Preliminary evaluation of the genotypes in International Nursery in Gorgan and Sari Research Stations during 1996-97 cropping season, resulted in selection of this line as one of the most high yielding genotypes. Selected lines were evaluated in preliminary regional wheat yield trials of north warm and humid climate in 1997-98 in four locations of Gorgan, Sari, Gonbad and Moghan. Line N-78-14 together with other selected lines were tested then in advanced regional wheat yiled trial (ARWYT-N) in 1998-79, and later in ellite regional wheat yield trials (ERWYT-N) for three years in four locations. In all these experiments line N-78-14 was the most high yielding line compared to the check cultivar and other lines. Evaluation of line N-78-14 for resistance to different diseases in special disease nurseries in different locations under artifical inoculations indicated that in most locations, this line was resistant or moderately resistant to yellow rust and leaf rust while tolerated well fusarium head blight and septoria leaf blotch diseases. Line N-78-14 has been evaluated as a good baking quality wheat containing high molecular weight glutenine allels 2*, 7+9 and 5+10. Due to high yield, yield stability and compatibility, resistance to diseases and good baking quality, this line was introduced as Darya in 2006 for cultivation in warm humid climate regions of Khazar, Iran.

Wheat is grown on 6.2 million hectares under different agr-climate conditions in Iran. Of 6.2 million hectares irrigated wheat, Khazar warm humid climate regions (Gorgan, Mazandaran and Moghan) with 350 thousand hectares are the most important wheat growing areas of the country. Productive and rich lands, high rainfalls and favorable temperature and light in these regions provide good conditions for production of high quality wheat yield. In the other hand, due to the presence of important diseases such as yellow rust, leaf rust, powdery mildew, septoria leaf blotch, fusarium head blight and crown and root rots in these regions, introduction and release of high yielding cultivars is rather difficult. Therefore, breeding programs are undertaken continuously in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) to develop new high yielding and diseases tolerant cultivars with good adaptability to the warm and humid climate. Line N-80-6 with the pedigree of Luan/3/V763.23/V879.c8//Pvn/4/Picus/5/Opata was selected from the breeding materials obtained through ''North Wheat Breeding Programs'', CIMMYT, Mexico in 1994. F2-F6 generations were evaluated in Moghan Research Station. In 1999-2000, 78 pure lines were selected for further experiments, among them line No. 67 (2071) was superior. These lines were tested in preliminary regional wheat yield trials of north warm humid climate for one year and selected lines were evaluated in advanced regional wheat yield trials for another two years. Line No. 67 with 6.641 tha-1 grain yield compared to the check cultivar Tajan with 5.451 tha-1, was the most high yielding line. Because of resistance to diseases especially to yellow rust and fusarium head blight, this line (coded as N-80-6) together with 16 other lines were selected for ellite regional wheat yield trial (ERWYT-N) and were evaluated for two years in Gorgan, Gonbad, Sari and Moghan. Mean yield of line N-80-6 was 6.183 tha-1 which was higher than yield of Tajan cultivar (check), 5.390 tha-1, and other lines. Line N-80-6 was evaluated for resistance to different diseases in special disease nurseries in different locations under artificial inoculations for several years. It was resistant or moderately resistant to yellow rust and leaf rust, and tolerant to septoria leaf blotch and fusarium head blight. Line N-80-6 is good for quality and contains high molecular weight glutenine alleles null, 7+9 and 5+10. Due to high yield, yield stability stability and compatibility, resistance to diseases and good baking quality, this line was introduced as Moghan 3 in 2006 for cultivation in warm humid climate regions of Khazar, Iran.

Septoria leaf blotch of wheat (Septoria tritici) is one of the most important diseases of wheat in the world. To detemine yield reduction caused by this disease and the effects of infection in different growth stages on yield and yield components in three wheat cultivars, a field experiment for two years (2003-2004) was carried out using a factorial design in form RCBD with four replications. Artifical inoculation at different growth stages including tillering, stem elongation, flag leaf opening and ear emergence were levels of a factor and cultivars Tajan, Zagros and Kouhdasht were levels of other factor. A treatment without infection was considered as check. Grain yield, number of ears per squar meter ,number of kernels per ear and 1000 kernels weight were measured. The results showed that the effects of different stages of infection on grain yield, 1000 kernels weight and number of kernels per ear was significant, but on number of ears per square meter was not . The extent of yield reduction differed on wheat cultivar and infection at different stage. In this experiment, yield reduction were recorded from 9.07 to 28.95 percent .Daily yield reductions in cultivars Tajan ,Zagros and Kouhdasht assessed 0.30, 0.24 and 0.25 percent and total yield reductions were 28.95, 26.67 and 24.69 percent, respectively.

  Flag smut of wheat (Urocystis agropyri) has been recently developed in some fields in Khuzestan province and causes sever damages on wheat. Infection was estimated up to 45% in these fields. The most important and economical control method is use of resistant cultivars. This experiment was conducted to evaluate some commercial and promising wheat cultivars and lines for resistance to disease. For this, 186 commercial and promising bread and durum wheat cultivars and lines, after artificially infection with smut spores, were sown in disease nursery. Each cultivar was planted in two rows with one meter length. This experiment was conducted in 2003-2004 with one replication and in 2004-2005 with two replications and on the basis of average of infected Plants, reactions were evaluated. The results of two years showed that among 186 cultivars and lines, 22 were very susceptible with infection between 20.61 to 52.45 percent, 33 were susceptible with infection range from 10.41 to 19.05 percent, 25 were moderately susceptible with 5.21 to 9.67 infection percent, 18 were moderately resistant with infection percent between 2.36 to 4.49, 36 were resistant with infection less than 2 percent and 52 were immune. The majority of bread wheat genotypes were very susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible or moderately resistant.Form 80 evaluated durum lines and cultivars, 50 lines and cultivars were immune and 30 were resistant to the disease, and only two bread wheat cultivars were immune. Â

Several samples of wheat leaves infected with powdery mildew were collected from Mazandarn, Golestan and Fars provinces in 2003 and 2004. After purification, 23 isolates of the pathogen were selected for pathotype determination. Seeds of 17 near-isogenic lines carrying the known Pm genes, were grown in pots in a greenhouse with 18-22 C, 95-100 RH and 12 hours light and darkness period. Each set of the isogenic lines were inoculated separately with pure condia of each isolate. Infection types of each line were recorded 12 and 16 days after inoculation. Twenty one different pathotypes were identified, having different virulence formula. Based on the results, 95% of the isolates were virulent on Pm3c and Pm5. Virulence for lines carrying Pm4b, Pm2,6, Pm1,2,9 and Pm2,4b,8 genes was rare among the isolates. This is the first report on the presence of virulence for Pm1,2,9 gene combination in Iran. Frequency of virulence for genes Pm4a, Pm8, Pm2,6, Pm1,2,9, Pm7 and Pm2,4b,8 was higher in 2004 than in 2003, but frequency of virulence for genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3b, Pm3a, Pm6, Pm5, Pm3d and Pm9 was higher in 2003. No change in frequency of virulence for Pm3c was detected during two years. Pathotypes of Gharakhil in Mazandaran province, contained the highest number of virulence factors among the isolates.

Forty-four barley (Hordeum vulgare) dryland promising lines, were tested for their reactions to four isolates of barley leaf stripe disease caused by Pyrenophora graminea in the greenhouse using seed inoculation method, and also in field conditions in four locations, Karaj, Gorgan, Marogheh and Miandoab, using infected seeds of susceptible cultivars as disease spreader. Because of non-conformity of flowering date between spreader and the experimental lines and/ or non-desirable environmental conditions, the disease did not develop uniformly and sufficiently on the materials in field, but in the greenhouse, lef stripe developed up to 100% on emerged seedlings. The lines were grouped into four reaction categories, based on percentage of infected seedlings. Analysis of variance of the data showed that the experimental lines differed in their reactions to the pathogen isolates, as 38% of lines were resistant, 51% moderately susceptible, 9% susceptible and 2% highly susceptible. The most susceptible lines were Pirat 1//Aljer/ceres 362-1-1 IC, T-2 (2R)//Lignee131/Arabia Abiad, Alpha//Gumhuriyet/ Ligkee 131 and Yesevi-93 and the most resistant ones 4697/105//Yea 132 TH/3/ Tipper followed by ICB-100974/Action, Alpha//Sul/Nacta/3/80-5001 and 132TH/Tokak Yia 147. Frequency of resistance reaction among lines with facultative spring and spring growth habit was higher than that of winter type lines. P. graminea isolates differed in pathogenicity at P>1% level based on the mean of percent infection of lines. This indicating physiologic specialization in population of P. graminea.

In Order to evaluated resistance to yellow rust in some doubled haploid lines and their parents in the spring hexaploid wheat, fourty doubled haploid lines together with their parents (Ghods, 9106 and 6605), and two cultivars Bolani (Susceptible check) and Triticum spelta var. album (Resistant check) in a randomized block design with three replications were tested in the greenhouse conditions in seedling stage to four races 134E134A+ , 38E2A- , 7E18A- and 230E62A+ of yellow rust. Resistance components measured were latent period (L. P.) and infection type (I. T.). The results showed that, some doubled haploid lines were resistant to the races of yellow rust, e.g. line (GH 91) DH3 was resistant (I. T. = 2) to race 134E134A+ , in spite of the susceptibility of both parents.

Leaf (brown) rust, caused in wheat by the fungus Puccinia triticina is an important disease in north, west and south of Iran. Leaf rust is an endemic disease in Iran, which apperas in many parts of the country annually. Use of resistant cultivar is the best way to control this disease. To find resistant sources to the pathogen and use in the breeding program, it is necessary to determine virulence factors of the pathogen. In the present study, 12 locations were allocated in different parts of Iran to study virulence factors of the pathogen in trap nurseries with 37 leaf rust near isogeneic lines and a susceptible cultivar Bolani. Each line was sown in two rows of 1 meter length. The nurseries were maintained under natural infection of the pathogen. Reaction of each line was recorded at the time when infection on the susceptible control was at the maximum level, and presence of virulence for different resistance genes was determind. Results indicated presence of virulence for genes Lr1, Lr2b, Lr2c, Lr3, Lr3ka, Lr3bg, Lr10, Lr11, Lr12, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr14b, Lr15, Lr16, Lr17, Lr20, Lr21, Lr22a, Lr22b, Lr23, Lr24, Lr26, Lr30, Lr32, Lr33 and Lrb. No virulence was detected for Lr9, Lr18, Lr19, Lr25, Lr28, Lr29, Lr34, Lr35, Lr36 and Lr37 genes. Use of these genes with combination of adult plant resistance genes is expectd to be a useful method to control of leaf rust disease.

Reactions of fifty commercial wheat cultivars were evaluated aginst common bunt in Karaj during 2000-2004 (ten cultivars in 2000 and 2001, twenty cultivars in 2002 and 2003, and twenty other cultivars in 2003 and 2004 together with a susceptible check). All three experiments were carried out in randomized complet block design with three replications. Race L-10 of Tilletia laevis was used for artificially inoculation of seed before planting. Combined analysis of variance on mean percentage of infected heads showed significant differences between years and cultivars in all experiments. In 2000 and 2001 cultivar Hyrmand with 0.08% and Bolani with 59.8% infected heads showed high levels of resistance and susceptibility, respectively. In 2002 and 2003, cultivars Zarrin with 0%, Alvand with 0.3%, Pishtaz with 1. 3%, Azadi with 1.5% and Soisson with 1.8% infected heads were assessed as resistant cultivars.In 2003 and 2004, cultivars Karaj 3, Bayat, and Aria with 0.3%, 0.3% and 1.5% infected heads were resistant. As sources of resistance to common bunt in irrigated wheat cultivars are rare in the world, resistant cultivars found in the present study are very suitable for cultivation in infected areas or to be used as sources of resistance in breeding programs.