mahboobeh golchin

COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus and mainly affects the lung tissue. In addition, other tissues are attacked by the virus. Reports have shown that clinical manifestations in Covid-19 patients vary from asymptomatic to acute respiratory symptoms in the lung and septic shock affecting the immune system in other organs. This review article aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with SARS-COV-2 pathogenicity and the relationship between these mechanisms and the severity of various clinical manifestations in patients.

Published articles by researchers in PubMed and Google scholar databases from 2019 to 2021 were collected and reviewed based on the keywords SARS-COV-2, COVID-19 and disease severity.

After entering the SARS-COV-2 virus into the body and the activation of the immune system for reasons such as increased NET production, oxidative stress, activation of cell death pathways including ferroptosis and finally the explosion of cytokine storm and pyroptosis, exacerbate the severity of the disease and increase mortality. In addition, the molecular expression of NLRP3 can play a major role in the development of cytokine storms in patients, some depend on their immune system to fight the virus due to the proliferation of NLRP3 and other destructive molecular mechanisms, thus showing the different severity of the disease.

Individuals in the community show varying degrees of Covid-19 disease depending on the different reactions of their immune systems. Various cellular and molecular mechanisms appear to be activated in sufferers that NLRP3 expression plays a large role.

Covid-19 disease is caused by infection with the SARS-COV-2 virus. The prevalence of the disease is almost similar between men and women, but the mortality rate is higher in men than women. This study assesses the cellular and molecular aspects involved in the difference of severity and mortality of Covid-19 disease between men and women.

papers published in Science direct, Google, Google scholar and Pubmed databases during 2019 to 2021 based on keywords individually or in combination including "COVID-19", "SARS-COV-2", " "sex differences", "gender", "gender differences", "severity" and "mortality" were collected and after deleting similar papers and irrelevant papers, the rest were assessed.

The majority of studies have shown that the prevalence of Covid-19 disease is approximately equal between men and women, while the severity of the disease and the resulting mortality in men are significantly higher than in women.

A combination of genetic and immunological factors, differences in hormone secretion, and lifestyle can be considered as factors which differences in disease severity, and mortality between the sexes. Stronger innate and specific immune systems in women, escape from X-chromosome inactivation in areas of immune-related genes, and the estrogen-boosting effect on the female immune system can be important factors in low mortality of Covid-19 disease in women compared to men. In addition, environmental factors such as smoking can affect the severity and mortality of Covid-19 disease, which is more common in men.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a congenital, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive, motor, and psychological disorders. Clinical diagnosis of HD relies on the manifestation of movement abnormalities. In this study, we introduce a mathematical method for HD detection using step spacing. We used 16 walking signals as control and 20 walking signals as HD. We took a step back from the walking distance signals. Then, using fractal dimensions and statistical features, the control was classified and HD and 97.22% accuracy were obtained.