mahdi heidari

Best ideas refer to trades within mutual funds that are driven by the goal of outperforming the index and are primarily based on expert analysis. According to the extant literature, in this study, we use four measures to detect the best ideas in mutual funds trading activities. By comparing the performance of the best ideas detected by these measures, in this paper, we identify the best method to define the best ideas. Our findings demonstrate that the best ideas yield higher profits than other trading strategies.

Based on the existing literature, we choose four methods to define the best ideas, (1) common trades, (2) aggressive positions, (3) consensus wisdom, and (4) innovational trades. Common trades, introduced by Pomorski (2009), are common trades of funds managed by the same company’s management. Aggressive positions mentioned by Antón et al. (2020), are the top three stocks with the highest weight difference from the market index in the mutual fund portfolio. Consensus wisdom, as introduced by Jiang et al. (2014), refers to the upper decile of average overweighted stocks among all funds, and is considered a measure of the collective expertise of active mutual fund managers. Innovational trades, introduced by Lantushenko (2015), are completely new portfolio positions that a fund has not previously held. To calculate the performance of the best ideas, we create a unique portfolio containing the best ideas. Each month, new best ideas are added to the portfolio, and after one month, they are removed from it. Finally, we use CAPM, Fama-French, and Carhart alphas to measure the portfolio's performance.

By comparing the performance of the portfolios created by the four mentioned methods, “common trades of funds from the same company” is recognized as the best method of defining the best ideas. Also, results show that the portfolio containing the common trades as best ideas can generate an alpha of 4 to 5.1 percent with a T-statistic of 2.641 to 5.329. Specifically, we test our results across two distinct market periods: before July 2020, when the market experienced aggressive growth, and after July 2020, when the market stabilized. Our findings demonstrate robustness in both periods. Common trades of funds in unrelated management companies are fundamentally different from those with the same company, this paper shows that trades made commonly in funds that are in unrelated management companies fail to generate economically positive and statistically significant alphas. In the following, we demonstrate that the performance of best ideas is not driven by the speculative behavior of funds. Additionally, we show that fund herding does not account for the abnormal returns of best ideas.

Results show that the best ideas detected by the common trades method can generate a meaningful and positive alpha (statistically and economically), independent of size (SMB), market value (HML), and momentum (UMD) factors. Finally, the common trades of funds from the same company serve as the best measure for defining the best ideas in Iran's stock exchange.

The present research was written with the aim of compiling an effective and active exposure map of the Broadcasting Organization in the field of cyberspace, and the main question of this research is about how to draw the map and the tools for its compilation. Drawing a map requires determining two basic pillars, i.e. determining the indicators and characteristics of the current situation and the criteria and components of the desired situation, so that goals, strategies and action-time options can be planned based on that. In the first step, this research examines the results of previous researches related to the subject by using the documentary method, then by using the expert panel method which was formed in four rounds, the desirability criteria and various indicators of the current and desirable conditions are determined and finally by using From the combination of the expert panel and various quantitative techniques, including the importance-performance matrix (Martilla and James), the number of 4 drivers (goals), 9 strategies and 36 action-time options were determined and at the end the final model of the roadmap was drawn.

A main characteristics of his poetry is the unity of existence, one of the most important topics among mystics, which can be seen throughout his Divaan. In this research, it is aimed to analyze the theory of the unity of existence and the types of metaphors of this theme, including metaphors with a naturalistic, geometric, anti-religious, romantic and romantic approach, in the Maqrebi Divaan. These metaphors, which are self-explanatory of the images and themes of Maqrebi poems, have been examined by citing examples of their various usages and referring to similar examples in the Divaan of other distinguished poets.

Analyzing and modeling damage and crack growth in bodies and structures is one of the important issues in designing methods to prevent crack growth or stop it in order to avoid sudden fracture and increase the lifetime of structures. Extensive research has been performed in the field of modeling fracture, crack growth, and damage in bodies and structures. However, there are still many problems in modeling crack growth and damage in bodies with points of singularity and discontinuities. In recent years, a new theory called peridynamic has been proposed to model and analyze such problems. The formulation framework of peridynamic theory is based on integral equations. In addition, points of singularity and discontinuities and damage in the body and modeling them are another type of deformation and part of the structural equations of this theory. As a result, the peridynamic theory is used directly, without the need for additional relations to model crack growth in problems involving points of singularity and discontinuities. In this paper, a bond-based peridynamic modeling for unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer material(UDCFRP) orthogonal cutting process is proposed, and the corresponding composite material bond failure criterion is also investigated for better revealing the machining mechanism of UD-CFRP machining. From comparing between simulation and experimental results, it can be indicated that the peridynamic modeling is capable for predicting the chip formation and surface crack and damages in UD-CFRP machining.

Remote sensing science has been increasingly used throughout recent years in natural resources studies, especially for assessing and preparing vegetation maps. Moreover, aerial photography is widely used as a remote sensing tool, especially the ones taken by quadcopters in inaccessible areas, which could be effective, useful, and innovative. On the other hand, digital observation of the earth is an observed data-based approach in which photos are used to study natural resources. In many cases, using photos in time-specific and comparative studies is highly effective, taking into account the largeness of the area, inaccessibility, and lack of roads. Therefore, this study used a quadcopter to take photos from various points at different altitudes and compared them with aerial images to determine which type of photo from which height provides the best information concerning the investigated land and vegetation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of using a quadcopter in preparing a vegetation percentage map.
 

Considering the costly and time-consuming nature of ground sampling of vegetation, this study used vegetation photography, digitizing and analyzing the collected photos after transferring them into computer systems. To this end, first, the intended photography centers were selected in the study area at different altitudes, from 10 meters high to 100 meters. Then, a quadcopter was sent to the area, taking photos from each selected center.
 In this regard, in a single center selected as the indicator within a kilometer radius of the study area, the required images were taken at each altitude class from four main directions, moving from the 100-meter height class to the ten-meter height one. The images were used to calibrate the collected photos and the numerical values of the calculated vegetation percentage. Then, the intended maps were extracted based on image dimensions and the coordinates of the selected points in Google Earth. Finally, the phases passed for the photos taken by the quadcopter were repeated for photos obtained from the maps so that vegetation percentage could be calculated based on the prepared maps.
 

The analysis of the study’s results suggested that the variations of vegetation percentage occurred at a slower pace in the western direction at 90 meters height and above, indicating that the height is the best altitude for determining the region’s vegetation percentage. However, a direct relationship was found between elevation and the changes in vegetation percentage in the eastern and northern directions at 90 meters height and above, with the vegetation percentage remaining unchanged with an increase in elevation. In other words, from 90 meters height beyond, the elevation exerts no influence on the calculated vegetation percentage, making it optimal for photography.
As for the southern direction, the vegetation variations remain unchanged from 40 meters height beyond, with the increase in elevation not affecting the calculated vegetation percentage. On the other hand, an extremely high correlation (99%) was found between the data collected in the western direction, indicating a very close relationship between the vegetation percentage values collected from different altitudes by the quadcopter and Google Earth.
In the eastern direction, the first flight level lies at 20 meters high. Probably, due to the low density of the vegetation, the larger size of the shrubs, and the small surface shown in the images, the vegetation percentage is considerably different from other points, thus making it unreliable.
 

This study found that the images cover a greater surface of the intended area with an increase in elevation. However, as the pixels become larger in such as process, fewer details are available. Therefore, the scope of the studies becomes limited, and the possibility of error increases. On the other hand, fewer areas were observed, and studies in those photos were taken from low altitudes, whose resolution was higher, though.
The study also found that the more uniform range of variations in the vegetation percentage at different elevations indicates a uniform density, and the more non-uniform density leads to abnormal changes in vegetation percentage as the elevation varies.
According to the study’s results, the best elevation for investigating vegetation in terms of the existing plants in the area was 90 meters in height. Moreover, the error percentage was revealed to be too high at 20 meters elevation due to the small dimensions covered by the images, thus making the altitude unreliable for any such study.
Generally, it can be concluded that the useful elevation for photography depends on the type of vegetation under study and that the optimal height should be determined based on the type of vegetation and its minimum dimensions. Moreover, taking into account the vegetation percentage and the quality of the images taken by quadcopter and Google Earth, it could be argued that the photos taken by the quadcopter enjoy more accuracy, providing higher coverage percentage and more precision in recording greater details.

Pyramidal and network ownership structures, which give ultimate owners greater control rights over companies than cash flow rights, are prevalent in the Iranian stock market. Given the complex shareholding networks and significant changes in the ownership structures of large Iranian firms over the past two decades, this study aims to examine the relationship between ownership structure and company performance. Four measures are used to analyze ownership structure: cash flow right of the largest shareholder, wedge between control right and cash flow right of the largest shareholder, difference in cash flow rights of the two largest shareholders, and type of ownership. The study investigates their relationship with the performance and stock returns of 261 listed companies during the period of 2015 to 2020. The results indicate a positive and significant association between the cash flow right of the largest shareholder and firm performance, but only when the largest shareholder owns at least 15% of the company's shares. For firms with only one owner and less than 50% in control rights, there is no significant correlation between the cash flow right of the largest shareholder and performance. The study also reveals that ownership by insurance companies has a positive correlation with firm performance, while quasi-governmental ownerships have a negative correlation with performance.

Time series prediction methods based on artificial intelligence have been widely developed in recent years. Given that these data have large dimensions in the field of investment and stock price forecasting, traditional data analysis methods have low predictive power. This study examines the predictive power of a variety of models based on machine learning in the Tehran Stock Exchange.

After collecting data from 150 large companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2021, we want to predict the stock price trend- the movement direction of the price- and then validate each method and compare their accuracy. In these methods, we allocate part of the data to the learning section and the rest to the test section. We take these periods as training and trading sets. These methods include linear models, autocorrelation models, trees, and neural networks.

Deep learning models show better performance than other models and have an accuracy of about 70 percent. Also, we show the time series of the best-performance model accuracy of portfolios of some large industries. The best-performance model of DL in this study is Recurrent Neural Networks. In addition, we show that shallow learning models have higher accuracy and most models perform better in predicting descending stock trends.

In this study, after trying to use the models very carefully, the result is that these models do not provide stunning results to investors.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of business groups on dividend policy of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, taking into account the ownership structure of companies and the pyramid structure of business groups formed in Iran.

The statistical population of the present study is Tehran Stock Exchange. Based on the screening, the sample of this research includes 1679 observations from 441 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1397-1393. The required data has been extracted from the site of the Tehran Securities Exchange and Securities and Exchange Organization.

Consistent with the forecasts the results of this study show that the amount of dividends in companies affiliated to business groups is higher compared to independent companies. Also according to the results obtained in this study, among the companies affiliated to business groups, increase of voting rights of the final shareholder in group, the dividend paid by them increases. Also, in each of the business groups, companies located in the lower layers of the pyramid in the groups pay more dividends. In addition, the dividends paid by companies increase as the concentration of ownership in the hands of the largest shareholder or major shareholders increases.

From the results of this study, it is concluded that the formation of business groups and the pyramid structure of ownership formed between them can affect the dividend paid by the group member firms.

Contribution:

These results can help investors who attach great importance to corporate dividends to choose a company to invest in. It can also help shareholders of companies to take advantage of the internal capital market formed among groups and to use the dividends of other companies with more liquidity to address the lack of liquidity of member companies.

Depression has a high prevalence and high mortality and a tremendous negative impact on people’s quality of life. This study was considered to examine the effect of levodopa and spironolactone (SPIR) in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced depression-like behavior.

Parkinson was induced by the unilateral intra-nigral injection of 6-OHDA (8 µg/2 µL/rat) in the central region of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). In the levodopa treatment group, 21 days after the injection of 6-OHDA, the rats were treated with (i.p.) injections of levodopa (15 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. In the other group, only SPIR (25 mg/kg) was added to levodopa (15 mg/kg) as a concurrent therapy according to the treatment protocol. Anxiety and depression-like behavior were assessed by behavioral tests such as passive avoidance task (PAT), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swimming test (FST).

Intra-nigral injection of 6-OHDA in the SNc increased anxiety and depression-like behavior. Our results showed that the use of levodopa (15 mg/kg) treatment significantly attenuated depression-like behavior induced by 6-OHDA in FST (P<0.001) and TST (P<0.001) in rats. Moreover, levodopa (15 mg/kg) + SPIR (25 mg/kg) significantly reduced the symptoms of depression-like behavior induced by 6-OHDA in OFT (P<0.05), FST (P<0.001), and TST (P<0.001) tests in rats.

Based on the findings, the intra-nigral injection of 6-OHDA into rats could cause anxiety and depression-like behavior in the fourth week onwards. Treatment with levodopa was able to attenuate stress and depressive symptoms. Additionally, our results revealed that SPIR could improve the effect of levodopa on depression-like behavior. Base on the results of this study, it is suggested that levodopa and SPIR could have some improving effects on 6-OHDA-induced depression-like behavior in parkinsonian rats.

Tone is the method of reading words and sentences in the text space; it originates from individual and collective beliefs and moral, spiritual and psychological characteristics of individuals, which are combined with the rhetoric, form and structure of poetry. Tone has always been considered as one of the most important elements of creating space and influencing the audience, because it expresses the inner feelings and emotions of the author. Based on the chosen subject, an author should be able to choose, far from artificiality, a tone that suits his/ her text. After introducing the tone, its types and manner of its formation, this descriptive-analytical study tries to consider the tone of Attār of Nishapur in opposition to the worldly authorities in the book of Mantiq-u-Tayr and to introduce its different types. The results of the study show that anecdotes are one of the most important areas of tone expression, because they are dialogue-oriented and are formed in dialogue. Attār of Nishapur has created different tones in composing Mantiq-u-Tayr, as one of the most important works of mystical poetry. In general, the tone of protest, especially the protest against the rulers and sultans in his works is more noticeable than other tones. Attār uses a variety of tones against those in power, including the protest tone, the preaching tone, the warning tone, etc., each of which is described separately

One of the widely used metaphors in Ibn Arabi's school, used to illustrate Plurality in unity, is the metaphor of water and its various forms. From the point of view of Ibn Arabi and his followers, water is a symbol of existence that is multiplied in various forms such as drop, the sea, wave, river, snow, moisture, cloud, snow and even gem, rose water and living creatures. Malleability, purity, vitality, fluidity, motion, magnificence, covering, and astonishment are among the characteristics of water and its forms which are emphasized in Ibn Arabi's school and the poets influenced by him in Persian literature. In this article, we intend to examine this key metaphor of Ibn Arabi's school in the field of Persian poetry and prose from the seventh to ninth centuries, with emphasis on the works of Sa'deedin Hamuyi, Fakhreddin Iraqi, Azizeddein Nasafi, Sheikh Mahmud Shabestari, Shah Nematollah Vali, Shah Qasim Anvar and Jami.

Azizeddin ibn Mohammad Nasafi (700 AH), student of SaadedDin Hamuyei, is a famous and great mystic in the seventh century, which has written many prose works in the field of Persian mystical Literature. He familiarized himself with the teachings of the mystical school of Ibn Arabi through Saadeddin Hamuyei and his Works. Nasafi identified all the key concepts of Ibn 'Arabi's theoretical mysticism, such as Vahdate Vojud, Ayane Sabeteh, Haghighate Mohammadieh, Feyze Aghdas, Feyze Moghaddas and Hazarate Khams, with the use of metaphors and Literal Language. He emphasized the concept of perfect man in this key word of Ibn 'Arabi, and used metaphors such as the Majune Akbar, Eksire Azam, Jame Jahannama, Aeeneyeh do giti and GrateTeriaq, Mesre Jame and Balade Azam for the perfect man. In this article, we are going to examine and analyze all the fundamental terms and symbols of Ibn Arabi's school in the works of Nasafi. This research has been done through content analysis And the key elements of Ibn Arabi's mysticism are adapted to the works of Nasafi.

One of the common tools used to make pre-trade transparency in financial markets is the Limit Order Book. In spite of several researches on the Limit Order Book, there is no consensus about the impact of increasing pre-trade transparency on market quality. Increasing the number of Limit Order Book levels from 3 to 5 levels, in May 2017, for online traders in Tehran Stock Exchange, gave us the opportunity to study the issue. In this paper, based on the even study, we examined the impact of transparency of Limit Order Book on market quality using Quoted Spread, Effective Spread, Market Depth and Return Standard Deviation. According to the results, after increasing the number of Limit Order Book levels in Tehran Stock Exchange, there was a significant decrease among all of the selected criteria with the exception of Market Depth. The results indicated that increasing the number of Limit Order Book’s levels for online traders in Tehran Stock Exchange led to deterioration in the market quality.

There were Conflicts of opinion among Iranian scholars traditionally. Although mental conflict helps the intellectual development of society but because of the extremes, has made heavy damage to the cultural and community intellectuals. So intellectual elite were most vulnerable to these pests and Governors also took advantage of this weakness for their own political purposes.
Sufis are one of the groups that were criticized from the beginning by the elite. In this article, we answer the question why early Sufis were plagued by these problems and how cultural biases involved in the incident. So to get closer to the roots, we have discussed the words and deeds of Sufis like Ahmad ebn Abelhavari, Haris Mohasebi, Zonnun Mesri, Bayazid Bastami, Sahl Tostari, Mohammad ebn Fazl, Halaj, Joneid, Abolhasane Nuri, Abolhosein Vaseti, Abubakr Vaseti, Mohammad ebn Karram and Abusaeed Abulkheir.

The power generation from wind turbine are variable because of dependence on environmental conditions and it is important to extract maximum energy from wind. This paper proposes a new method to extract maximum energy from wind turbine systems. The artificial neural network (ANN) is used to estimate the wind speed based on the rotor speed and the output power. In addition to ANN, a predictive controller is used to maximize the efficiency of the boost converter. In predictive controller, duty cycle of boost converter is controlled to obtain the maximum power point based on the slope method. One of the most interesting advantages of this controller is simplicity of control and implementation that is leads to fast response and exact tracking. The method has been developed and analyzed by utilizing a turbine directly driven permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The simulation results verify the performance of the proposed method. Results show that this method maximizes wind energy extraction with more accuracy and fastness.

Ibn Arabi’s symbolic and metaphorical look at natural and geometric elements provided the basis for the emergence of unity of existence metaphors in Persian literature. His dual metaphors, which often refer to the emergence of multiplicity out of unity, penetrated the works of other Persian mystic poets and literary scholars. The point and circle is one of these dual metaphors that points to the simultaneous contradiction and identicalness of creator and created. This metaphor has been studied in Ibn Arabi’s works from various aspects and different features of unity point and multiplicity circle have been explicated. Sometimes the relationship between the point and circumference of the circle is considered through the radius of the divine names; other times the circular structure of the circle and its identicalness at the beginning and end of the curve of descent and ascent are referred to, and sometimes renewal of essences is explained through applying point of fire metaphor. After Ibn Arabi, this view was adopted in the literary writings of the mystics like Sadeddin Hamuyeh, Fakhreddin Araqi, Azizeddin Nasafi, Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari, Shirin Mahadi Maraghei, Shah Nematollah Vali, Shah Daei Shirazi and the commentators of Fusush al-Hekam; either in the same way or with new similarities. In this article, we will examine the metaphorical application of point and circle in these works. The research methodology is library-oriented and based on the works of the above-mentioned poets and authors.

Shivering after anaesthesia and surgery is a common complication. Different methods are used for control of shivering in the recovery room. The opioids such as pethidine are very common in shivering control. Pethidine can be induced apnea, respiratory depression and nausea &vomiting. The respiratory rate and spo2 can lead to more rapid diagnosis and treatment of serious hypoxemia and possibly avoid serious complication.The present study is a randomized clinical trial aimed to survey Rrespiratory Rate, SPO2, nausea and vomiting in the use of three methods(warmed intravenous fluids, combined warming and pethidine) in the abdominal surgery patients with shivering.
87 patients in randomized clinical trial study with abdominal surgery by general anesthesia were assigned to three groups (two intervention groups in comparison with pethidine as routine) randomly. When patients meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study, entered one of the three groups by simple Lottery. Patients in warmed intravenous fluids group received pre-warmed Ringer serum (38°C), patients in combined warming group received pre-warmed Ringer serum (38°C) accompanied by humid-warm oxygen, and patients in pethidine group received intravenous pethidine routinely. The Respiratory Rate and SPO2 of the participants were assessed for 20 min postoperatively in the recovery room. Then the collected data they were analyzed by chi-square, ANOVA, repeated ANOVA test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Wilcoxon test, Mann–Whitney U test, Tukey test, Friedman test, and repeated measurements through software SPSS (v. 18) with the significance level (P The mean of SPO2 and RR in the pethidine group was decreased, spo2 from 98% to 97% and RR from 16 to 15. But those changes werent statistically significant (p>0.05). In the combined warming groups the mean of SPO2 was clear increased from 96% to 98% and this change was statistically significant (p=0.031) but the mean of RR have no change. In the warmed intravenous serum group, the RR and SPO2 were slight decreased and werent statistically significant (P >0.05). In the pethidine group 11% of patients have nausea& vomiting.
The pethidine induce apnea and respiratory depression. despite this effects and other side effects, the combined warming can be useful for shivering treatment.

This study was carried out in Manesht and Qalarang protected area in Ilam province to study the flora of vegetation and soil seed bank. The study of vegetation was carried out with releve method and the soil seed bank was estimated using the seedling emergence method. In total, 192 plant species belonging to 38 families and 131 genera were identified, of which 67 species were common in both seed bank and vegetation and 13 and 112 were found only in the seed bank or in the vegetation, respectively. The vegetation of the study area was represented by 179 species, belonging to 125 genera and 36 families. The Asteraceae and Poaceae were the most dominant families in terms of number of species. The soil seed bank included fewer taxa: 80 species belonging to 63 genera and 26 families, respectively. The Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Papilionaceae were the most dominant families in terms of number of species in the soil seed bank. The dominant life form in the soil seed bank and vegetation were Therophytes (42 %) and Hemicryptophytes (48 %) respectively. From the chorological point of view in both the soil seed bank and vegetation the largest proportion of the flora belongs to the Irano-Turanian (68.7 %) elements. The dominant growth forms in the soil seed bank included herbaceous annual (40 %), herbaceous perennial (32.5 %) and in the above-ground vegetation included herbaceous perennial (48.6 %) and herbaceous annual (25.1 %).

Inscriptions ornamentation is one of the impressive factors in the beauty and majesty of Iranian architecture. In addition to the beauty of the buildings, architects and designers exhibit the concepts symbolically in the context of theology and order and unity in the world in the formats such as arabesque, geometric, using of beautiful colors and holy words and verses of Quran in inscriptions on monuments using architectural decorations to the public. What is discussed in this article, will be contained introducing the art of calligraphy and inscriptions in the form of Timurid tiling industry and the second period of Azeri School. Getting this purpose, two mosques of this consequence era of Iranian art (Medieval Islamic art) is considered as case studies. Gowhar-shad and Blue (Masjid-e Kabud) mosques are the outstanding and established phenomena which can be properly surveyed and studied their present inscriptions. Gowhar-Shad Mosque is one of the architectural masterpieces of the Timurid period according which the 3rd inscription on the south side (constructed in 821 AH) finished by Gowhar-shad efforts, Shahrukh Timurid’s wife and Blue mosque (constructed in 870 AH) was built at the time of Abu al-Mozaffar Jahānšāh Ibn Qara Yusuf from Qarāqoyunlu Turkmen dynasty. Though it has been previously done the studies in the field of Stylistics and compares Timurid mosque decorations, but the comparative analysis of the inscriptions used in these two buildings is a something new and the reason for the importance of the research in this study. Here, studying of the differences and the inscriptions’ similarities, Color combinations as well as how to replace the inscription on the monument are also analyzed. The authors are pursuing to find a turning point of calligraphy in the Timurid and Qarāqoyunlu Turkmen with case-study on two Gow-harshad and blue mosques. The research has been done by the description-analytical approach and comparatively comparison between inscriptions of two monuments. The research method is based on the data compilation through the library documents and field work. In this research which is conducted comparatively, it has obtained significant results that can help the researchers in the field of Islamic art and architecture. The consequences of the research can be expressed as: finding the distinction as well as the similarity between the inscriptions of these mosques and regarding to the writing methods of inscriptions and how to use various colors in the body decoration of these two monuments (background of the inscriptions) and also the subjects and content expressed in the inscriptions which has been thoroughly analyzed in the main text. The similarity of the two building is obvious in using of azure blue background color in decorations and also the same selection of some of the verses and chapters (Sura). The scripts used in the monuments are also similar to some extent to each other however, differences can also be seen.

Vegetation is decreasing as a result of various destructive factors in semi-arid areas. This study examined the effect of protective management on vegetation and soil characteristics. So¡ the managed and unmanaged forests were compared in Ilam city forests. In each of the two sites¡ four sampling points were randomly positioned.
Four main sample plots were established at a distance of 100 meters from the center. In each main plot¡ vegetation and three soil samples were taken (0 to 20 cm depth). Edaphic characteristics including total nitrogen¡ phosphorus¡ organic matter¡ organic carbon¡ pH¡ salinity¡ bulk density were measured. The results showed that management significantly increased the amount of available phosphorus¡ organic carbon¡ total nitrogen¡ organic matter and plant species number. The results showed that conservation management can be useful measures to improve the diversity of vegetation and soil nutrient status in Zagros forest ecosystems.

In this paper we restrict every set splitting problem to the special case in which every set has just three elements. This restricted version is also NP-complete. Then, we introduce a general conversion from any set splitting problem to 3-set splitting. Then we introduce a randomize algorithm, and we use Markov chain model for run time complexity analysis of this algorithm. In the last section of this paper we introduce "Fast Split" algorithm.

In recent decades، due to environmental pollution، many countries focus especially on improving pollutant industries. The power generation industry is of pollutant nature as it uses the fossil fuels and imposes the great social costs and threatens the public health. This issue hasn''t been evaluated at the macroeconomic level in our country up to now. One way to reduce pollution in electricity generating industry is the implementation of electricity tax. The reallocation of this tax in R&D process can lead to reducing and optimizing in electricity generation and as a result environmental pollution reduction. In this article، the tax impact Reallocation has been investigated by Stackelberg''s game model and numerical analyzing، so the optimal rate of electricity tax has been determined. According to the results، if the electricity tax rate applied، is equivalent to 2/26 Rials per one KWH electricity، the electricity production and consumption will be optimized and R&D will be done perfectly too. Keywords: Green Taxes، Pigou\''s Theory، Stackelberg\''s Game

Bronze Age is one of the important prehistoric periods of Iran, especially central zagros with its inter-mountain plains which requires more study and investigation aiming to understand the cultural data of every region and also the chronology. One of the important and key regions in Central Zagros is “Alaeshtar” plain, located in north of Luristan, has 26 archaeological sites attributed to Bronze Age which its largest sits is “Tappeh Gariran”. But, comprehensive and accurate study Carrie out on the region Here, we address the study and investigation of potteries related to the Bronze Age of Tappeh Gariran and then new approach is done aiming to chronology the site and Alaeshtar plain by the presence of early and Late Bronze Age pottery. Gariran is located in the north of Alaeshtar with 13 ha, in diameter having cultural sequence from the 4th millennium B.C to Islamic period respecting to have a sequence of three different periods of early and late bronze; it can be resolver of Bronze Age studies and chorology in the region. This query, 102 shreds from Gariran Bronze Age been studied. Based on known index samples of central Zagros Bronze Age, potteries have clustered into four groups of buff, red, brick and brown; then each of them have analyzed and compared with the same samples from the neighboring regions. Regarding that, Godin Teppe is used as a comparison and chronology reference, but in order to reinforce the potteries typology, other neighboring index sites have also been referred. Comparison the potteries with the similar samples from identified sites in the neighboring regions of Alaeshtar indicates typological relationships in between potteries from Alaeshtar and Tappeh Gariran But, majority of potteries, respecting to the chronological tradition which was common by the Bronze Age, is concentrated in middle and late periods. Early Bronze chronology in central Zagros regions is uncleared regarding to the influence of different phenomena and respective, Yaniqcultural data. Yaniq culture has permeated in the west and plains around central Zagros to Kangavar plain, Nahavand and finally Malayer plain moving toward southern boarders. according to carried out studies on the chronology of pottery, Yaniq pottery have adapted to the east areas of central Zagros this approach is offer able from Kangavar to Malayer plain due to the presence of this type of cultural material in the central Zagros. Whereas, less sample is obtained from Kangavar valley southward. Base and criterion of placing Yaniq pottery as a basic approach for understanding early bronze of central Zagros, especially north regions of Luristan, is cussed turbulence of chronology status of the large areas from north of Luristan to south of Kermanshah. Only two from 102 shreds of the research in Tappe Gariran are comparable with early bronze pottery, polychrome pottery, Majority of samples indicate pottery types of Godin III. On the other hand, polychrome pottery similar to Posht-Kuh (Luristan) regions and Khozestan plain is also less than one cannot find certain chronology relationship between Alaeshtar plain and southern regions in Posht-Kuh and Khuzestan plain by the early Bronze Age, but it cannot be denied that the cultural tradition and it can be known homogenous with same works. But, these low numbers of pottery sample related to early period of Bronze Age are showed and confirmed the presence of early bronze in Tappe Gariran. It seems that common pottery of early bronze in Tappe Gariran has other specification (maybe local) respecting to the given materials; chronology method used in Godin Teppe which is done and used in majority of central Zagros is not adaptable and applicable in Tappe Gariran.

In this study, molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sample obtained from water buffalo originating from southwest of Iran was performed using comparative sequence analysis of cox1 mitochondrial gene. DNA was extracted from protoscoleces removed from hydatid cyst from the liver of a 2-year-old male buffalo slaughtered in Khuzestan province. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on cox1 mitochondrial gene. We found the presence of a new microvariant of G3 genotype for E. granulosus in Iran which isgenetically differentiated from reference G3 sequence (M84663).The difference was a transition mutation of adenine to guanine in position 214 (A214G) resulting in a substitution of the threonine (ACT) by alanine (GCT). These findings extend the knowledge of heterogeneity and distribution of G3 genotype for E. granulosus in world.

Muslim mystics have turned to political issues relying on both unity and plurality criteria. They have explained the characteristics of a mystic politician emphasizing the necessity of mysticism for politicians and even the necessity of politics for mystics. Taking a social viewpoint، the early Sufis، paid a particular attention to this important matter in their speech and behavior، and invited other Sufis to be bounteous and to get a fair and compassionate approach to their disciples. The Sufis who lived in the reign of oppressive Umayyad [1] and Abbasid caliphs tried to clarify the real face of Islamic ruler explaining the features of a mystic ruler and modeling the manner of holy prophets and the companions of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon Him). They have also had some political attitudes in their works which can be discussed independently. Considering the primary sources and trying to establish a close association to the main origins، in present essay، we have determined the range of the research up to the 4th Hijri century with a glance on the works and speeches of some mystics such as Hasan Basri، Sofyan Suri، Fozeil Ayāz، Hārith Mohāsebi، Zonnun Mesri، Yahyā bin Maʻāz، Abu-Hātam Rāzi، Bāyazid Bastāmi، Sahl Tostari، Abu-Saeed Kharrāz، Termazi، Joneid، Shebli، Kolābāzi، Sarraj، Makki، Khargushi and Solami.