فهرست مطالب mahdi raei

There are many signs that the current world order is changing and a new order will rule the world. As in the literature of international relations, there is a murmur of repetition and return to the concept of empire. This article summarizes the concepts of global governance, media empire, American empire, with the assumption that there are many points of commonality between these concepts, emphasizing the role of the media in shaping the concept of the American empire, with a descriptive-analytical approach. examines. The findings of this study show that mass media have a special capacity for fundamental changes in people's social life, which is very important. They have also found the ability to standardize and converge public opinion on domestic and international policies. In the field of economic governance, the role of the media is unmatched. Therefore, by raising issues such as human rights, justice, equality and freedom in social media at the global level, America creates a new identity for itself in the form of an empire.

Respiratory support during the patient's anesthesia is done in different ways, such as endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask. Endotracheal intubation is inevitably used for respiratory support in general anesthesia patients. The use of alternative methods for respiratory support during the process of general anesthesia is one of the most significant ways to control anesthesia complications. The laryngeal mask is placed around the larynx to allow spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Both of the respiratory support methods can cause complications. The purpose of this study is to compare the side effects of sore throat and hoarseness caused by two methods in surgical patients.

This study was conducted in the period from September to November 2022 on patients who were referred and underwent surgery at Baqiyatallah Hospital. The study is a cohort study that was conducted retrospectively on 60 patients who underwent any surgery with two methods of anesthesia by ETI and LMA. In order to evaluate hoarseness, the standard Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10) questionnaire was used. In order to evaluate the complication of sore throat caused by the respiratory support method, a 4-point pain checklist was used for 24 hours and 14 days after the surgery.

The findings of our study showed that the average amount of sore throat 24 hours after surgery in the LMA and ETI groups was 2.13 and 2.2, respectively, and these values 14 days later were 1.17 and 1.07, respectively. The average level of hoarseness in the 24 hours after surgery in LMA and ETI groups was 2.66 and 3.13, respectively. The statistical comparison of the severity of side effects between the two groups showed that in the LMA method, the amount of sore throat and hoarseness is less than the ETI method, although this reduction does not have a significant difference.

The results of this study showed that the rate of complications of sore throat and hoarseness in the laryngeal mask group is reduced compared to the endotracheal intubation group, although this difference is not significant.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic at the end of 2019 posed a global health concern. It has been found that health education is one of the best methods for health promotion, changing inappropriate personal behaviors, and increasing people's awareness and attitude through major health concerns, including the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational interventions with environmental health approach on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of people in the COVID-19 epidemic era in one residential complex in Tehran.   

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran in 2021. The study population was households of a residential complex in Tehran, which was selected by a random sampling method. A researcher-made checklist was used to gather data for this study, and its validity and reliability in the domains of environmental health and knowledge, attitude, and practice in the COVID-19 setting were evaluated before it was used. An intervention was made through social media and the checklist was reevaluated after the intervention.  

A total number of 306 participants were enrolled in this study. In the assessment of the knowledge, attitude, and practice after the intervention, the mean score of the mentioned values increased significantly (P < 0.001). However, the influence of intervention was more prominent in the improvement of knowledge and attitude than practice.

Public health intervention with an environmental health approach can increase people's knowledge, attitude, and practice against chronic diseases and epidemics such as COVID-19.

Hand hygiene is an international priority for the elimination of nosocomial infections. This research aimed to investigate the effects of handwashing conditions on bacterial removal efficiency and its economic estimation in a military hospital in Tehran.

In total, 20 hospital staff were selected from volunteers. The water temperature (WTe) (20 ºC, 30 ºC, and 40 ºC), soap volume (SV) (0.5, 1.25, and 2 ml), and washing time (WTi) (10, 20, 35, and 50 sec,) were investigated. The standard strain of Escherichia coli with identified ATCC (25922) was prepared from a reference laboratory and fresh culture was prepared on nutrient broth medium. Primarily, the hands of participants were thoroughly washed with soap and water, then contaminated with 1 ml of bacterial suspension with 1.5×104 colony-forming unit/ml density. After 3 min of handwashing, sampling was performed based on research protocols. The samples were transferred on eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 37 ºC for 48 h. After this time, the growth bacteria were considered the residual contamination on the hands.

Based on findings, various studied conditions had no effect on bacterial removal efficiency. Accordingly, WTi=20 sec, SV=0.5 ml, and ordinary WTe (20 ºC) can be used for handwashing with appropriate perfornance. For 500 people, annually 627 million Rials for water and water heating, 135 million Rials for soap, and 316 days a year on handwashing can be saved.

Optimization of the handwashing process while ensuring hand hygiene saves costs.

Infused black tea is one of the conventional drinks in Iran. Soil contamination with heavy metals can lead to accumulation in tea and causes adverse health effects. This study investigated the hazard potential of the residual heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd) in infused black tea samples in military centers.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. Six brands of high-consumption tea samples in military centers, including three Iranian and three foreign brands selected and randomized triplicated 5 g samples collected from each brand. After twenty minutes of infusion in boiled distilled water, the concentrations of heavy metals measured using ICP-OES. The results analyzed using Excel and SPSS software (Ver. 13) and the hazard potential indices calculated by THQ, TR, and HI.

Heavy metals concentration in Iranian brands was higher than the foreign with no significant differences (P >0.05). The maximum and minimum concentrations of arsenic in foreign brands (Ahmad and Golestan) were 0.019, 0.011 mg/l and in Iranian Brands (Damaneh and Fumenate) were 0.021, 0.006 mg/l respectively. The maximum and minimum concentrations of cadmium in Golestan and Ahmad were 0.002 mg/l and non-detectable and in all of the Iranian brands were 0.002, 0.001 mg/l respectively. The maximum and minimum concentrations of lead in Golestan and Ahmad were 0.068, 0.006 mg/l and in Refah and Fumenate were 0.021, 0.006 mg/l respectively. Hazard potential including THQ, TR, and HI indices for all brands, was lower than the recommended guideline values (>1).

Concentrations of arsenic and lead in all of the samples were higher than the national standards and WHO Guidelines. However, the hazard potential of the residual metals based on the calculation of indicators was lower than the recommended values from points of health consequences.

Drinking water disinfection is an essential process for elimination of the microbial contaminations. Water disinfection by chlorine compounds can lead to formation of Trihalomethanes (THMs) as a disinfection by-products and carcinogenic effects. The aim of the study was investigation of potential risks assessment of THMs occurrence in drinking water in selected military centers in Tehran province.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted in 2020. Thirty samples were collected from urban and groundwater sources. Free residual chlorine, temperature, pH and THMs of the samples were measured by conventional methods in which GC Mass measured THMs concentration. The hazard potential of THMs was calculated based on THQ, TR and PTDI indexes.

The average concentration of THMs in groundwater and urban water was 2.25 µg/L and 2.39 µg/L respectively. The THMs concentration had positive but non-significant correlation with free residual chlorine, temperature and pH. Provisional tolerable daily intake of groundwater and urban water was 0.10×10-3 and 0.11×10-3 mg/kg.day, respectively. The target hazard quotient for all selected centers was 0.001 and the target cancer risk for groundwater and urban water was 0.32×10-8and 0.34×10-8, respectively.

The results revealed that in selected centers, drinking water had not health risks from point of THMs concentration.

Over the last two decades, the prevalence of type2 diabetes (T2DM) has more than doubled worldwide. Researches have shown that with changes in lifestyle, especially diet, the incidence of complications of diabetes could be reduced. Understanding the beliefs of diabetic patients can result in more effective interventions to change their lifestyle. This study was performed to evaluate the health action process approach (HAPA) for explaining healthy dietary behavior in diabetics.

The current study was conducted as a descriptive study according to the HAPA. Data were collected by psychometric scales administered to 141 diabetics living in Isfahan city. The studied constructs were intention, outcome expectancies, risk perception, action self-efficacy, action and coping planning, maintenance self-efficacy, and dietary style. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.

The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the health action process approach adequately fits with the dietary behaviors in diabetic patients. Action self-efficacy construct was the best predictor of intention. Action planning mediated the effect of intention on action behavior. The results indicated that action planning (β=0.019, p<0.009) and maintenance self-efficacy (β=0.044, p<0.01) were the constructs that significantly predicted behavior.

According to the results, the health action process approach can be used as a framework for interventions promoting dietary behaviors among type 2 diabetics.

Night-shift work has adverse effects on workers’ health, productivity, and occupational safety. Night workers have complaints about sleepiness, decreased performance, and sleep disorders, due to disruption of circadian rhythm function. This research aimed to determine the level and process of sleepiness among night workers of a hot industry and evaluate its correlation with oral temperature. This study was performed as a cross-sectional study on 80 night-shift workers who were exposed to heat. The sleepiness level of the subjects was measured by Stanford Sleepiness Scale and their oral temperature were recorded at different hours (from 22 pm to 4 am) for two consecutive nights. Data analysis was performed using independent and paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The significance level was considered to be p<0.05. In this study, an increasing linear trend over time was obsereved for sleepiness index (p<0.001). The mean of oral temperature had an increasing trend from 11 pm to 1 am and a decreasing trend afterward (p<0.001). Also, the mean sleepiness index in the measurement hours of the second night was higher than that of the first night (p<0.001), but, the mean oral temperature in the second night was onsistent with the results obtained in the first night. The sleepiness index among night-shift workers was significantly decreased with increasing oral temperature (r=0.24, p=0.03). According to the findings of this study, there was an inverse correlation between sleepiness and oral temperature after a few hours of exposure to heat. In this study, sleepiness symptoms were subjectively recorded based on the workers’ self-expression; therefore, it is suggested that paraclinical trials, such as hormonal assessments be considered.

Backgrounds and Assessing the educational services provided for students and determining the gap between the current status and the expected status can pave the way for developing programs to promote the quality of educational services. This study was performed aiming at determining the quality of educational services in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in 2010. In this cross-sectional study, 274 students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences were selected by random sampling method. The data were collected using SERVQUAL standard questionnaire. The 27-question questionnaire included two sections of demographic data and five-dimension educational services quality, which was completed as self-administered. The data were analyzed through independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA. There were quality gaps in all dimensions of educational services quality and the statements to assess them. The biggest quality gap was in the responsiveness dimension (-1.45), and the lowest gap was in the reliability dimension (-1.14). The mean gap scores in female students were higher than male students in all five dimensions of educational services quality, and this difference were statistically significant (p<0.001). The results of this study showed that the students’ expectations are not fulfilled in all service dimensions. Therefore, responsiveness, customer-orientation, improvement of work processes and physical spaces, and paying attention to other dimensions could play a key role in promoting the quality of educational services.

To determine the trend of crude and age standardized incidence rate of lung cancer in Fars province, southern Iran, from 2001 to 2008. In this epidemiological study, using Fars province cancer registry data the incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 people a year and age standardized incidence rate was performed by direct method using the world standard population. Data were analyzed by SPSS, version 16 and Microsoft Excel version 2007. Out of 743 lung cancer cases, 72 percent were male and 28 percent were female. The results showed that through an eight-year period the age standardized incidence rate has increased 3.9 times from 1.5 in 2001 to 5. 9 in 2008 per 100,000 people a year. Also, the lung cancer incidence rate in Fars province exhibited an increasing trend and proved to be higher in male and elderly age groups. According to the results, Fars province considered as low incidence rate area in terms of age standardized incidence rate of lung cancer.

The elderly is raised as an important issue of nations. In our country due to pyramid of the population program, planning for any service, needs to understanding the real demands of the elderly the study of health problems of elderly was conducted in2009. This study was applied the method of cross-sectional study on 1046 people aged 60-69 years rural and urban in Shahroud. Data gathering tool was a questionnaire, 33 questions from the interview, examination and weighing were completed in the elderly. Data analyze using descriptive and analytical tests were performed using the software spss. 61% of elderly were women. 59. 8 % lived in urban areas. 60% were illiterate and 13% of those were alone. Elderly problems were 44.7% sleep, 23% hearing, 62%vision, 45.2% of foot, 21.7% constipation, 45.3% impairment of memory, 14.8% of urinary tract, 90.8% stress and 43% reported dental problems. In this study significant relations were found between Sex with joint pain and sleep disorders, living area with visual impairment, visual impairment with education, sleep disorders and dental problems. findings showed that dental, vision, foot and memory were the main problems in the elderly. Development of care and services for the elderly in health and primary health care networks, Health awareness and life skills training to elderly and their families can have an effective role in improving the status of the elderly.