mahmood zoghi

In recent years, augmentation of ecosystem services has emerged as a critical concern. However, there is a dearth of information regarding ecosystem services within the realm of planning. This study sought to address this gap by assessing the influence of landscape structure on ecosystem functionality. To achieve this, we utilized InVEST software to model ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, soil maintenance, and flood prevention. Additionally, we employed MSPA and Fragstate software to derive 4 key ecological indicators: biomass quantity, fragmentation, core area, and ratio of environmental area to forest core area. Subsequently, we examined the relationship between these ecological indicators and the selected ecosystem services. Our findings indicated a robust and positive correlation between the presence of forested and verdant areas, as well as larger and more interconnected cores within these areas, and the provision of desired services. Notably, in forest patches, a decrease in ecosystem service provision was observed with increased fragmentation and instability, underscoring the importance of preserving and expanding the Hyrcanian forests while also prioritizing integrity and reducing isolated patches for enhancing ecological productivity in the northern provinces of the country.

Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on ecosystems have caused concern. This research seeks to test whether vegetation changes are sensitive to climate shocks and also how the ecosystem recovery process is through this index. In this regard, by using the GEE platform, Java coding, GIS and statistical analysis, vegetation and Palmer indices were calculated and based on time series climate data, vegetation and climate changes were presented. The results of Palmer's drought index show that during the statistical period (1985-2020) the study area is facing drought or is moving towards drought. Also, the results indicate the longest period of drought in the region from 2013 to 2020. Totaly from 420 evaluated months, the NDVI index is below the change threshold in 70 months. Among these, 31 months of the study period is below the acceptable threshold in green and non-reservoir seasons, which is ecologically worrying. The distribution of the vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 had a normal and almost normal distribution; But in 2020, the graph deviated from the normal state and skewed towards the vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. According to the analysis of the indicators, it is predicted that the Gorgan region is on the border of such ecological developments and the historical ecosystem of the region is moving towards new ecosystems or being in a new equilibrium state with climatic conditions and human disturbances

Understanding the problems of cities and also their physical pattern and form at different scales are very important. In addition, urban structure planning requires the use of localized data at the appropriate scale. Choicing of the optimal scale in studies is one of the principles that can make the results of studies more accurate and practical. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of scale on urban spatial and environmental studies of 1 and 3-district in Tehran. The present research approach describes the effects of scale on urban land scape by using ecological land scape pattern and satellite images in meso-scale (Landsat satellite) and micro-scale (Quickbird satellite). Comparing the results of land scape quantification in the meso and micro scales in 1 and 3-district in Tehran, indicates the difference in the results. In the first scale 1747 green patches and in the second scale, 36516 green patches were distinguished, which both of them are used. Also some differences are in the size and density of the edge as well as the shape of the patches in the two study scales. In addition, the results show that the characteristics of patches in micro-scale of 1 and 3-district in Tehran are closer to the natural state of green space of these deistricts and more applicable in urban and local planning but they arrangements are less. This less order has nothing to do with the destruction of such space. The importance of arrangement of patches is important in regional studies. At this level, mid-scale images survey are recommended. In general, by guiding studies based on the principles of scale, the uncertainty of the results can be minimized and the quality of decisions will be improved.

Ecotourism or natural tourism is one of the tourism areas that has the most compatibility with nature and is significantly considered by nature lovers in recent years. But sometimes, ecotourism development has been done only for economic benefits and regardless of ecological values in different areas. Hence, in order to better manage and preserve the environmental values, it is necessary to develop with planning and based on the specific strategies of each region. Kolah Ghazi National Park, located in the south of Isfahan province, which has multiple genetic resources and unique landscape and diverse habitats can be a destination of tourists and create the ecotourism development. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors of strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats and providing appropriate strategies for the development of ecotourism in the region by a descriptive-analytical approach. To analyze the data and to determine the strategies for developing ecotourism, SWOT model was applied. At the end, to avoid the limitations of the model and quantifying the values and prioritizing strategies, AHP and Freeman methods were used. Freeman matrix called the matrix of stakeholders which is prepared based on the economic, social, cultural and ecological priorities of the park. The results showed that the region's strengths are more than the weaknesses and threats are in the region are more than opportunities. Therefore, considering the park's situation, it is necessary to use competitive strategies. In order to maintain park health and sustainable development in the region, two strategies for establishing a comprehensive management plan for protecting species diversity and ecotourism development in the region with a score of 107 and elaborating long-term environmental monitoring programs for the park in order to identify the polluting and destructive resources with a score of 104 as the main strategies required for the region. The planning based on the proposed strategies can ensure the ecotourism development of the region in keeping with the environmental conditions and reducing the threats and improving the weaknesses.

Climate change is one of the most significant challenges in sustainable development that has negative effects on land and marine ecosystems. This phenomenon leads to imbalances that cause effects including hydrological changes, increased soil erosion, increased runoffs and reduced groundwater aquifer feeding, etc. Effects of climate changes over the past decade have significantly increased in Ecology and Hydrology Literature. Therefore, researches have increased in this area with focusing on climate change. Furthermore, researchers know pressure on wetlands likely due to changes in the hydrological regime directly, and the effects of temperature change and lands-use indirectly. The purpose of this study is to predict climate change important parameters in the study area and management planning of Agh Gol wetland in the predicted conditions to be protected against drought in the coming years. Also, knowing the drought years can provide better and more comprehensive management model for the study area. The study area: Natural and seasonal Agh Gol wetland is located in 34 degrees and 49 minutes into eastern longitude and 29 degrees and 2 minutes into northern latitude. This wetland that is a Hunting Prohibited Area in Hamedan province in recent years as other water sources was exposed to extra (ecological) pressure of sources, which led to drying up of wetlands in recent years. In this study, we tried to detect the characteristics, climatic and hydrological changes in addition to land-use and factors influencing the revival of the dry wetland and present the strategies affecting the revival of this wetland. This study was based on data obtained from synoptic stations of around Agh Gol wetland. To determine the severity of the drought, indices including SPI, RAI, and PNPI were used over the last 30 years. Also in this study to show the trend of changes and calculation of time series in climatic parameters, Mann-Kendall graphical test was used. In Mann Kendall graphical test each value in the time series, is compared continuously and subsequently with the rest of the series values. Discussion of Kendall graphical test results in Figure (2) shows that with respect to collision of Diagrams u and u' for temperature indicator outside the critical range a significant trend for the temperature indicator can be recognized in Nozheh Station. Results and the trend of graph changes indicate the occurrence of mutation for temperature indicator in Nozheh station, in the years 2007, 2010, and 2012. Also through 1999, the temperature indicator at the station has shown a positive trend. On the other hand, with the analysis of rainfall indicator at this station the existence of a significant trend in recent years is emphasized and the results indicate observing a mutation in 2013. The rainfall index shows a negative trend at this station and it can be due to reduction of precipitation at the station in recent years. Figure 1. GraphicalKendalltest, Hamedan-Nozhehweather station The results of the analysis of Kendall graph in Weather Station of Hamedan-Airport (Figure 3) in the time period of study (1984-2013) confirm a significant trend for temperature indicator with regard to cross of Line u from the critical point. The results show that in temperature indicator of Hamadan-Airport Station in the years 2008 and 2009 a mutation has occurred that can be a trigger for abrupt climatic change. Changes of Line u in this station has a positive trend considering that this line in the range u> +1.96 has experienced an upward turn and can confirm the existence of time series in Hamedan-Airport station. Figure 2. GraphicalKendalltest, Hamadan-airportweather station The results of Mann-Kandall model in weather station of Malayer in the period 1994 to 2013, due to inclusion of Line u for two indicators of temperature and precipitation in the range and failure to observe the trend due to placement of random series in data of this station does not show a significant trend for these indicators. Figure 3. GraphicalKendalltest, Malayer weather station Investigation of drought indices according to Figure 5 represents that based on RAI index in the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2001, 2008, Hamedan- Airport Station has experienced very dry years and in the rest of the study period, the region has experienced moderate or mild drought. Figure 4.Trends of changes of Drought Indices in Hamadan- Airport weather station Investigating the drought index in Hamedan- Nozheh station showed that for the years 2013, 2012 and 1999, the region has experienced severe dry years according to RAI index. In other years, the region has not been in satisfactory condition, and has experienced years with relative drought. Figure 5. Trends of changes of Drought Indices in Hamadan- Nozheh weather station Evaluating trend of changes of drought in Malayer Station in terms of RAI index showed that in the years 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2008, the drought index has been in cute conditions. And the rest years of the study period in this station are associated with normal or mildly drought. Figure 6. Trends of changes of Drought Indices in Malayer weather station The study area around the wetland, over a 30-year study period (1984-2013), according to climatic conditions in meteorological stations did not have stable conditions. Thus, analysis of the climatic results emphasizes that in the years 1999, 2001, 2005, 2008 and recent years (2010- 2013) a significant trend of drought has been experienced in terms of all analyses. The use of drought indices in this study suggests the tensions that region has endured over a period of 30 years. Comparing these results with evaluating the trend of changes and time course of changes and modifications indicated that the greatest changes occurred in the temperature indicator and precipitation variations usually appear with a delay of up to several years after the temperature mutations in the region. Therefore, by a careful planning and consideration of the interests of all concerned and influential parties we can present a comprehensive plan for the sustainable management, and controlling and mitigating the effects of drought and climate change, in Agh Gol wetland,, to be witness of dewatering of wetlands in the coming years. Also presenting a sustainable agriculture program in accordance with the climatic conditions of the region may contribute to regional stability a lot.

Development of tourism activities is one of the important topics in sustainable development and it has been introduced as a dynamic and growing industry. So, providing a suitable platform for identifying tourist attractions and planning for development them is an essential issue. Also, recognition of these attractions and natural talents in each region in order to make proper planning, leads to the formation of prone base of sustainable development and economic profit. In special natural and protected areas, assessment of tourism potential can be beneficial in order to reduce the damages and costs and minimize the negative impacts. Moreover, to achieve rural tourism in protected areas, applying rural cooperation approach can be helpful. Ecological potential assessment is assessment of inventory and potential of land by specific and pre-planned criteria. Ecological potential assessment studies are used as a basis for land use decision making and planning in all the world. For this purpose, determination of tourism areas in different classes according to natural ability, is important. Locating and planning based on natural condition can bring positive economic and social effects, and in the case of proper operation, it will have little negative environmental impact. For the development of tourism activities, selecting areas consistent with the ecological characteristic, on the one hand, reduces its negative effects on the environment and on the other hand, leads to boom tourism activity. Misheh Pareh village with cold and semi-arid climate is one of the villages of center part of the Kaleibar city in East Azarbaijan province. This village is in the Caspian catchment and the Aras river watershed and bordered by Khodaafryn city, Varzegan and Peyghanchay villages. Part of the largest mountain range of East Azarbaijan (Kharabakh Mountain) is in this area. Unique position of this village for tourism development is because of being in the Arasbaran conservation area and close to the border of Azerbaijan country and Aras commercial and free zone.

Firstly in this study, review of research, methods of evaluating and interpreting the contents recorded by other researchers have been discussed by library studies. More for potential assessment of this village to determine the most appropriate place to development tourism, multi criteria evaluation method analytic hierarchy process AHP was chosen based on the purposes of the analysis. One of the reasons for using this model compared to other models is in the ability of this model in quantification the qualitative indicators which is the most important reason for using this model in the present study. Since in this technique it is taken for granted that the study area is spatially homogeneous, these methods do not have the space dimension. Hence, a framework for multi criteria decision analysis based on GIS is necessary for using GIS capabilities in the acquisition, storage, retrieval, processing and analyzing data, integrated with the technical capabilities of multi criteria decision model. Combining GIS and AHP is a decision support method with powerful visualization and mapping capabilities, which in turn will facilitate proper use of land through creating a map. In this study, weighting and prioritization criteria were performed by using expert opinions. Then quantitative information of criteria entered into the GIS by using Marynouny help software and for each criteria a spatial layer was prepared. Selecting proper criteria, especially in optimal locating for different activities and organizing the structure of geographical spaces, creates the chance of comparing the alternatives and choosing the best of them. The important criteria to choose the best place to develop tourism in the area under study were identified and weighed through hierarchical analysis technique. Table 1 shows the final weight of the criteria. Totally, 10 criteria were selected and constructed as maps, as important criteria in potential rural tourism potential assessment based on research, data and expertise. Layers weight include: (Height: 0.0188), (slope: 0.0438), (aspect: 0.0171), (current land use: 0.691), (vegetation density: 0.2995), (distance from river: 0.1703), (distance from Water Fountains:. 0658), (close to the road: 0.0392), (close to the ancient site: 0.1482), (close to some villages: 0.1281). The four layers was considered as the limit and were deducted from the final output. Classification of layers in GIS by consideration of protected areas were divided into four categories. The valuation of areas in four category include Tourist prone areas)good), semi-prone areas for tourism (medium), areas with high tourism potential (voltage) and tourist areas without power (inappropriate) has been done. Criteria were evaluated according to SAATI method between 1 to 9. Then in the final step each of the layers were combined based on their weight, and the final tourism development potential map obtained in the region. In the studied area, important criteria for selecting a suitable place for tourism development were identified and weighted by using the AHP technique. After that restrictive layers include important habitats, ranging from the ancient site, the privacy safe of the river safe, the privacy safe Road were deducted from the final map.

Based on the Results Forested areas with dense vegetation 50-75 percent that is near the village centers, especially Osklu because of having more facilities and good access roads, has the highest potential for tourism development. Also due to the view point of safety in determining the potency of tourism development, privacy habitats and archaeological sites and forest areas with density of 75-100, have the lowest potential for rural tourism development. According to the comparison criteria and weights, vegetation, closeness to rivers, archaeological sites and central villages have the highest ratio of weight, and height and aspect have the lowest weighted coefficient. This coefficients indicate the importance of them.

Development of tourism activities is one of the important topics in sustainable development and it has been introduced as a dynamic and growing industry. So, providing a suitable platform for identifying tourist attractions and planning for their development i is an essential issue. Also, recognition of these attractions and natural talents in each region in order to make proper planning, leads to the formation of prone base of sustainable development and economic profit. Totally, 21.63 percent of the land of the region has good potential, 18.5 percent is mediocre, and 44.94 percent lacks the potential tourism development. Therefore, according to the good potential of the region, tourism development programs can be offered in this area in order to achieve sustainable development by a principle detailed plan.

The erroneous move towards the modern lifestyles has led to uncontrolled population growth, urbanization, disorderly expansion of cities to natural habitats and ecosystems, destruction of traditional rural communities and farm lands, indiscriminate utilization and destruction of natural resources, growth of air pollution and environment in large cities. On the other hand, the problems of environmental pollutions and exhaustion of energy resources have long been considered as one of the main issues of societies and the utilization of clean and natural solar energy has been introduced as a substantial approach to resolve this issue. Today, one of the important aspects of sustainable development is environmental considerations of which the appropriate use of energy sources is a significant part. It is clear that offering energy consumption patterns and higher utilization of renewable resources can be useful in this regard. As defined, sustainable development of energy includes policies, selection and exploitation of technologies which supply the energy needed for all demands while they contain the minimum expenses in terms of price, environmental and social impacts. Today, the role of energy in world economy indicates the significance of the energy issue more than ever before. In this regard, development and expansion of theories and uses of energy leads to the attainment of new methods for adjusting the issues of energy and environment. The amount of solar energy intake at one point on the earth’s surface depends on various factors including: latitude, longitude, the sundial, humidity, evaporation, air temperature, angle of the sun, and other factors. The amount of solar radiation received by the top of the atmosphere is a function of latitude. After reaching the earth’s atmosphere, some of these solar radiations would be destroyed due to the atmospheric diffusion and absorption phenomena and this amount would increase when the sky is cloudy or when there are more particles in the air. Knowing the amount of solar radiation in each area has a great significance for many practical issues such as evaporation, transpiration, architectural design, agricultural crop growth models, etc. However, despite the importance of measuring these parameters, due to economical problems, the right tools and equipment for measuring radiation are not available in all regions, as is the case with other meteorological parameters such as temperature and rain and it has to be somehow estimated. Consequently, the need for the researchers’ inclination to utilizing radiation models has increased. This study is an endeavor to model and calculate the amount of solar energy intake in Isfahan Province by using the new research approaches based on the r.sun model. Isfahan province is located between latitudes 30° 43´ to 34° 27´ North and longitudes 49° 36´ to 55° 31´ East and covers an area of 107017 square kilometers, equivalent to 0.5% of the total Iran country territory by having 23 cities, 106 towns and 126 villages. Because of the number of major industrial workshop and industries and industrial estates, Esfahan is one of the most important industrial centers in Iran. All factors above have caused high consumption for electricity power in this province. This province is one of the arid and semi-arid regions of the country generally in term of climate. In this study, the GRASS geographic information system, or GIS was applied for modeling solar radiation, taking into consideration the diversity of different modeling algorithms. To this end, the r.sun rule as one of the location models of solar energy was used and analyzed. R.sun computes beam (direct), diffuse and ground reflected solar irradiation raster maps for given day, latitude, surface and atmospheric conditions. Solar parameters (e.g. time of sunrise and sunset, declination, extraterrestrial irradiance, daylight length) are stored in the resultant map's history files. Alternatively, the local time can be specified to compute solar incidence angle and/or irradiance raster maps. The shadowing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated. This can be done either by calculating the shadowing effect directly from the digital elevation model or using rasters of the horizon height which is much faster. The solar geometry of the model is based on the works of Krcho, later improved by Jenco. The equations describing Sun – Earth position as well as an interaction of the solar radiation with atmosphere were originally based on the formulas suggested by Kitler and Mikler. This component was considerably updated by the results and suggestions of the working group co-ordinated by Scharmer and Greif (this algorithm might be replaced by SOLPOS algorithm-library included in GRASS within r.sunmask command). The model computes all three components of global radiation (beam, diffuse and reflected) for the clear sky conditions, i.e. not taking into consideration the spatial and temporal variation of clouds. The extent and spatial resolution of the modelled area, as well as integration over time, are limited only by the memory and data storage resources. The model is built to fulfil user needs in various fields of science (hydrology, climatology, ecology and environmental sciences, photovoltaic, engineering, etc.) for continental, regional up to the landscape scales. As an option the model considers a shadowing effect of the local topography. The r.sun program works in two modes. In the first mode it calculates for the set local time a solar incidence angle [degrees] and solar irradiance values [W.m-2]. In the second mode daily sums of solar radiation [Wh.m-2.day-1] are computed within a set day. By a scripting the two modes can be used separately or in a combination to provide estimates for any desired time interval. The model accounts for sky obstruction by local relief features. Several solar parameters are saved in the resultant map's history files, which may be viewed with the r.info command. Discussion and According to the outcomes, northern and north-eastern parts of the province and the southern parts as well, contain the most sundials; the north-eastern parts also have the least sundials. Maximum hour of receiving sunshine in the province is 3392 hours and the least is 2918 hours (Fig 1). The analyses obtained from modeling also confirm the high potential of the region in receiving solar energy. Isfahan province naturally possesses a great potential and good share in receiving solar energy since it is mainly situated in the angle between 46 and 67 degrees (Fig 2). The highest reflection irradiance of Isfahan province is assessed as 1194 and the lowest is 40 watts per square meter (Fig 3). Most of Isfahan’s zones have the average level and receive an amount between 600 and 1000 watts per square meter. The important point in this research is that highlands, i.e. mountain peaks have the most irradiance. Namely, 90 degree angles receive the irradiance higher than 1000 watts per square meter. Generally speaking, the region’s condition in terms of receiving solar energy can be assessed as adequate. Based on the results, the number of sunshine hours is with a gentle slope that represents the damping of the area sundial. The area is in a balanced state in term of mean radiation. Irradiance reflection map from the surface shows that observed fluctuations are variant due to topographic lines and area altitude; and the higher the altitude the more slope with a larger number. Moreover, radiance angle has constant changes that are directly associated with total solar irradiance changes. Generally, the area situation can be assessed as suitable for investments and the utilization of energy in terms of most solar energy parameters and its received energy. Solar energy is an essential parameter in various models related to energy in industries, landscaping, vegetation, evaporation and transpiration, snowmelt, and or remote sensing. Maps of solar radiation angles can be useful in correcting radiometric and topography of mountainous and hilly regions. Moreover, the outcomes of this study can be cited as one of the most significant criteria of the region’s potential to organize and plan the utilization of solar energy. All in all, the innate potential of the region has made Isfahan province capable of developing solar power plants and establishing solar panels in order to exploit solar energy. In addition, to improve the researches in this field, we propose further study on energy zoning and locating potential zones for establishing solar power plants in the province, such that we can see the sustainable development of energy in the region and utilization of clean and renewable solar energies.

The denial of a few affairs in the Islam results in atheism, i.e. denial of each has the same result. For instance, denial of the existence and oneness of God, denial of prophecy of Mohammad (pbuh) and denial of resurrection which causation of each has been proved. Another affair which results in atheism is denying the necessary of religion which about its impact many views and opinions are expressed. In this article it has been tried to explain the criteria of necessity of decree and then make it clear that whether or not denial the necessary of religion results in atheism or knowledge of the necessity of decree is essential. Another question is that whether or not the necessary denial results in atheism independently or only when results in denial of God or Prophet.

Land use change is an example of market mechanism failure in preserving environment. Beside, day to day increasing of population, increase in urbanism and development pressure, has exposed green land close to cities into destruction and land use change. In this condition, beneficiaries and influential are planning to use great and high quality lands in order to have more productivity and maximum benefit. This competition for getting more benefits causes contention formation. Games theory is one of the suitable approaches in order to analysis issues, and offer strategies in conflict of interest situation. Considering land use change crisis of Darabad and impact of different factors on that, current study was carried out based on games theory with the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCRII). According to the results of this study, it is suggested to revise land use change law and regulations; and make a transparent administrative bureaucracy. Moreover, the lands of this area have to classify based on ecological value index and then issue the license of land use change. Also we can found a reserve fund for received duties in order to support the production of low quality and semi-arid lands owners. Creation of a mechanism for receiving taxes from developers in the area and allocating it to preserve high quality lands can also hinder land use change. Totally, by promoting interaction between different players, we can take proper actions in preserving high quality urban lands toward sustainable development.

In this study, 160 fishes were randomly collected from commercial catch by a cone net in Babolsar Port from January to October 2010. The biological features of specimens were measured. 2+ years old fishes made the dominant age group with 33.75% and 1+ and 5+ years old had the least frequency (8.75%). Relationship between length and weight indicated negative allometric growth pattern (b=2.581). The Von-Bertalanffy growth parameters were calculated as L=131.57 mm, k=0.26 and t0=-1.02. Growth performance index was 1.66 and the total mortality (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F) mortality coefficients were 0.9 year, 0.43 and 0.47, respectively. The exploitation ratio (E) was calculated as 0.52.

It is the translation of the article entitled sawm written by C.C. Berg in volume 9 pages 94-95 of Encyclopedia of Islam Leiden.Sawm (fasting) is one of the pillars of Islam and possesses an exalted place from amongst other teachings of Islam with refernce to the Qur’an and hadith of infallibles. Orientalists have also, while studying and researching Quranic sciences and Islam, paid attention to it. The author in his article firstly, discusses the concept of the word Sawm and mentions its place prior to Islam and assumes that the meaning of this word has been derived from Jewish-Armenian and Syrians. Then he has dealt with the subject from juristic perspective of the verse and mentions the peculiarities of fasting, its conditions of accomplishing properly, things that invalids it, Obligatory and recommended fasting and its rulings and penalties. At the end, he discusses the concept of sawm from the traditional and hadith perspective and mentions it importance from ethical and moral viewpoint. However, the most important criticize on this article is on the views expressed in this article. Such as its concept and meaning that whether it has been derived from the Jewish-Armenian and Syrians or not? Conditions of the obligation of sawm, kinds of penalty, the condition of fasting for older age people, pregnant women or feeding women or patients, intention of recommended and obligatory fasting, those days when observing fasting are recommended or forbidden, issues of not recommended fasting, condition of the fasting of traveler, invalidity of fasting, stages of fasting. The critical analysis of this article is based on the view of popular shi’i jurists.